Unit 1 Science and Scientists Reading and Thinking 课后巩固自测-2022-2023学年高中英语人教版2019选择性必修第二册

选择性必修二Unit1ScienceandScientists课后巩固自测(原文呈现、翻译、划重点、理解透、语法填空、助记效果好)单元重点知识一网打尽SectionIReadingandThinkingToraisenewquestions,newpossibilities,toregardoldproblemsfromanewanglerequirescreativeimaginationandmarksrealadvanceinscience.----AlbertEinstein&LeopoldInfeld译文：提出新的问题，发现新的可能，从新的角度审视已存在的问题，这些需要创造性的想象力，并标志着科学的真正进步。——（美）阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦、（波兰）利奥波德·英费尔德JOHNSNOWDEFEATS“KINGCHOLERA”约翰•斯诺战胜“霍乱王”Cholerausedtobeoneofthemostfeared________(disease)intheworld,until___Britishdoctor,JohnSnow,showed______itcouldbeovercome.Thisillnesscausesseverediarrhoea,dehydration,andeven______(dead).In____early19thcentury,when____outbreakofcholerahitEurope,millionsofpeopledied____thedisease.Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustrated______nooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.____time,herosetobecomeafamousdoctor,andevenattendedtoQueenVictoriawhenshegavebirth.However,heneverlosthisdesiretodestroycholeraonceandforall.在英国医生约翰・斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。它可导致严重腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。十九世纪初，霍乱暴发，肆虐欧洲，数百万人丧命。由于当时无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约翰・斯诺医生很沮丧。后来，他成了一位名医。甚至照料分娩的维多利亚女王。然而，他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望.Ingeneral,doctorsinthosedayshadtwocontradictory_________(theory)toexplainhowcholeraspread.Onetheorywas_____badaircausedthedisease._____wasthatcholera___________(cause)by___infectionfromgermsinfoodorwater.Snowsubscribed____thesecondtheory.Itwascorrect,buthestillneededproof.___________(consequent),whenanoutbreakofcholerahitLondonin1854,Snowbegantoinvestigate.Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassosevere______morethan500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdetermined________(find)outwhy.关于霍乱的蔓延方式，当时医生大体上有两种截然不同的看法。一种看法是空气污染引发，另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。斯诺赞同第二种看法。这一看法是正确的，但他仍需要证据。因此，1854年伦敦暴发霍乱时，斯诺便开始调查。他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查明原因。Snowbeganby_________(mark)onamaptheexactplaces______allthosewhodiedhadlived.There______(be)multipledeathsnearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallyhousenumbers16,37,38,and40).However,somehouseholds(suchas20and21BroadStreet,and8and9CambridgeStreet)hadhadnodeaths.Thesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhad__________(give)freebeer,andsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.Snowsuspectedthatthewaterpumpwas____blame.Whatismore,inanotherpartofLondon,awomanandherdaughterhaddied___choleraaftermovingaway_____BroadStreet.Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuch_____shehadit___________(deliver)toherhouseeveryday.Asaresult____thisevidence,JohnSnowwasabletoannouncethatthepumpwater_______(carry)choleragerms.Accordingly,hehadthehandleofthepump________(remove)sothatitcouldnotbeused.Throughthisintervention,thedisease___________(stop)initstracks.斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。宽街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是16号、37号、38号及40号住宅)，但是有些住户(如宽街20号和21号以及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡。这些幸存者在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作，酒吧为他们提供免费啤酒，因此没有喝水泵抽上来的水。斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。此外，在伦敦的另一个区域，一名妇女和她的女儿从宽街搬来后死于霍乱。该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。有了这个证据，约翰·斯诺就能够宣布水泵抽上来的水携带霍乱病菌。于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。这一干预举措遏制了疾病的蔓延。Thetruthwas_____thewaterfromtheBroadStreetpumphad_________(infect)bywaste.Moreover,Snowwaslaterabletoshow___linkbetweenothercasesofcholera_____thedifferentwater__________(company)inLondon.SomecompaniessoldwaterfromtheRiverThames______waspollutedbyrawwaste.Thepeople_____drankthiswaterweremuchmorelikely_______(get)cholera_____those_____drankpureorboiledwater.事情的真相是宽街水泵抽上来的水被废弃物污染了。此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。有些公司出售的水取自被未处理的废弃物污染的泰晤士河。与饮用纯浄水或开水的人相比，饮用被污染的水的人更容易染上霍乱。ThroughSnow’stirelessefforts,watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwaterandthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworld_______sawasubstantialdecrease.However,choleraisstillaproblem.Eachyear,millionsofpeoplearoundtheworldgetcholeraandmanydiefromit._____________(fortunate),wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,thanks____theworkofJohnSnow.Moreover,inhisuseofmapsandstatistics,Snowtransformedthewayscientistsstudydiseas