河南焦作市普通高中2025-2026学年下学期高一年级期末考试英语(A卷)（含答案无听力音频及听力原文）

秘密★启用前普通高中2025—2026学年(下)高一年级期末考试英语(A卷)注意事项：1.答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、班级、考场号、座位号、考生号填写在答题卡上。2.回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。3.考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。第一部分听力（共两节，满分30分）做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段录音。每段录音后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段录音后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段录音播放两遍。1.Whencanthemanpickuphisglasses?A.OnJuly7th. B.OnJuly15th. C.OnJuly16th.2.WhatwillthemanaskSamtodo?A.Printsomepapers. B.Provideaphonenumber. C.Fixhisprinter.3.Wheredoestheconversationprobablytakeplace?A.Inarestaurant. B.Inahotel. C.Atanairport.4.Whattypeofweatherdoesthewomandislike?A.Sunnydays. B.Warmdays. C.Windydays.5.Whatarethespeakersmainlytalkingabout?A.Aconcert. B.Asinger. C.Afilm.第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段录音。每段录音后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段录音前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完后，每小题都有5秒钟的作答时间。每段录音播放两遍。听第6段录音，回答第6、7题。6.Whatwillthewomandoduringherfirstweekatwork?A.Worklonghours. B.Receivejobtraining. C.Makeaplan.7.Whatdoesthewomansayaboutherjob?A.Sheisnewtoit. B.Shehasnointerestinit. C.Sheisgoodatit.听第7段录音，回答第8至10题。8.Whichwriter’sbookisthewomanlookingfor?A.SarahJones’s. B.IsaacAsimov’s. C.RayBradbury’s.9.Howwillthespeakersgotothelibrary?A.Bycar. B.Bybus. C.Bybike.10.Whatistheprobablerelationshipbetweenthespeakers?A.Brotherandsister. B.Husbandandwife. C.Teacherandstudent.听第8段录音，回答第11至13题。11.Whydoesthewomanrefusetogohiking?A.Shehasnofreetime.B.Shethinksit’stootiring.C.Shedoesn’tliketheoutdoors.12.Whatdidthemanthinkthewomanlikedbefore?A.Gymsports. B.Artmuseums. C.Naturephotography.13.Howdoesthemanfeelaboutthewoman’shobby?A.Inspired. B.Surprised. C.Disappointed.听第9段录音，回答第14至17题。14.WhydidTomandLilypickupwaste?A.Tomakeuseofit. B.Toearnsomemoney. C.Tobeautifythepark.15.WhatdidTomandLilydolastweek?A.Theymadebirdfeeders.B.Theyplantedsometrees.C.Theycollectedplasticwaste.16.WhatdoTom’sparentsaskhimtodo?A.Takepropersafetymeasures.B.Balancehisactivitiesandstudies.C.Learnmoreabouttheenvironment.17.WhatisMissGreen?A.Ateacher. B.Areporter. C.Acommunityworker.听第10段录音，回答第18至20题。18.WhydidEmmastarttheproject?A.Tohelpchildreninneed.B.Tocollectmoneyforherschool.C.Tobuildnewhousesforfamilies.19.WhatdoesEmmathinkofherproject?A.Itisdifficulttomanage. B.Itneedsmorevolunteers. C.Itbringsherhappiness.20.WhyisEmmagivingthistalk?A.Totellpeopleaboutherschoollife.B.Toaskforschoolsupplydonations.C.Toteachchildrenhowtostudybetter.第二部分阅读（共两节，满分50分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。ABookstoreshavealwaysheldaspecialplaceinAmericanculture.Morethanjustplacestobuybooks,theyarecommunitycentersandeducationalplaygrounds.Barnes&Noble(UnionSquare,NY)America’slargestbookstorecompanyhasreinventeditself.Covering62,000squarefeetacrossseveralfloors,thisManhattanstoreincludescarefullychosenbooks,vinyl(黑胶)records,andchildren’ssections.Itnowfeelsmorepersonal,withlocalbookselectionsandacomfortablecafé.Regularauthoreventsdrawlargecrowds,provingthatbigstorescanstillfeelwarmandwelcoming.Powell’sCityofBooks(Portland,OR)ThisPortlandlandmarksitsonafullcityblockwithanareaofover68,000squarefeet.Itsbrightlycoloredroomsguidevisitorsthroughmorethanonemillionnew,used,andrare(罕见的)books.ThestorenowputsauthorreadingsonlineandsellsbooksthroughtheInternet.Thiscombination(结合)ofphysicalpresenceandonlineactivitykeepsPowell’sattheheartofAmericanbookselling.TheLastBookstore(LosAngeles,CA)Housedinaformerbankbuilding,this22,000-square-footspacefeaturesartisticbookshowcases,andaroomofrarebooks.Thestoreoffersworkshops,livemusic,andartshows,mixingartswithliterature.Thiscreativeapproachmakesitbothatouristdestinationandacommunitygatheringplace.BookPeople(Austin,TX)ThelargestindependentbookstoreinTexasservesasAustin’sliterarycenter.At25,000squarefeet,itbuildsstrongcommunitytiesthroughexcellentbookchoices.Thestorehostsayearlyliteraryfestivalandworkscloselywithlocalwriters,makingitimportanttothecity’screativelife.21.WhatmakesBarnes&Noblefeelmorepersonal?A．Hostingayearlyliteraryfestival.B．Offeringvinylrecordsandrarebooks.C．Providinglocalbookselectionsandacafé.D．Goingliveforauthorreadingsnationwide.22.HowdoesPowell’sCityofBookskeepitsleadingpositioninAmericanbookselling?A．Byorganizingworkshops.B．Bycooperatingwithwriters.C．Bycoveringafullcityblock.D．Bysellingbothonlineandoffline.23.Whichbookstoremixesartshowcaseswithitsbooks?A．Barnes&Noble. B．BookPeople.C．TheLastBookstore. D．Powell’sCityofBooks.BWhenLidaFrydrychovafirstclimbedMountTemple27yearsago,shedidn’tknowtherewasa“list”of11,000-footpeaks(顶峰)inCanada.BorninCzechia,shemovedtoCalgaryadecadelater.ToenjoythenearbyRockies,shetriedrockclimbing.“Ilovetheviewsfrompeaks,theadventureoffarawayplaces,andthephysicalchallenge,”shesaid.Shethentookuprockandiceclimbing,skillsneededforhighermountains.CourseswiththeAlpineClubofCanadaimprovedherskillsandhelpedherfindreliable(可靠的)partners.Workingfull-time,sheclimbedonweekendsandholidays,eventravelingtotheAlps.Asshenearedtheendofthe11,000erlist,only10peaksremained.Theseweretough,withlonghikesandnarrowweatherwindows.WithherpartnerAllenChee,shefinallyreachedthetopofherlastone,Hungabee,inAugust,2025.“Iwashappy,butconditionswerehard.Whenthesuncameout,theviewsopened,andIfeltrelief,”shesaid.AmongherfavoriteswereMountEdithCavell’sEastRidgeforitsrockqualityandamazingviews,aswellasTsar,Hungabee,andClemenceaufortheirtechnicalchallengesandwonderfulviews.However,somepeaksprovedfarlessenjoyable.MountRobson,TheHelmet,andWhitehornMountainrequiredmanyattemptsduetobadweatheranddifficultroutes.HerworstexperienceswereWhitehornandLunette,bothhavingverypoorrockquality.LidaisthankfulforthesupportofherboyfriendRobandherexperiencedpartners,nowclosefriends.Mostimportantly,sheencourageswomentotakethelead.“Ibelieveitisevenmoreimportantforwomentobecomeindependentinthemountainsandhavetheconfidencetoleadandmakedecisions,”shesaid.“Don’tjustfollow—makeyourownplanandfindpartnerswhoseskillsgowellwithyours.”Shesaidshewassafebecauseofcarefulplanningandpatience.“Don’trushtryingtogetthemalldone,”sheadvised.“Instead,enjoythejourneyandthepeopleyoudoitwith.”24.WhatmainlydroveLidatoclimbpeaks?A．Fameandawards. B．Loveforadventure.C．Pressurefromwork. D．Easyclimbingroutes.25.WhatcanwelearnaboutthelasttenpeaksLidaclimbed?A．Theyneededappropriatetiming.B．Theyhadmorebeautifulviews.C．Theywerecompletedinayear.D．Theywereeasierthanexpected.26.WhywereLida’sbadexperiencesmentionedinparagraph4?A．Tostresstheskillsofclimbing.B．Toshowgoalscanbeachieved.C．Torecordherfeelingstruthfully.D．Togiveawarningtootherclimbers.27.WhatisLida’smainsuggestiontowomenclimbers?A．Toleadandstaypatient.B．Tochallengerockymountains.C．Tomasterclimbingskills.D．Tofollowexperiencedclimbers.CItwas2021,andSuzanneSimardwasonVancouverIsland,whereactivistsweretryingtostoptheTeal-JonesGroup,anindustriallogging(伐木)company,fromcuttingdownforests.Shedecidedtoexplainthesciencetoanyonewhowouldlisten—inthewayonlyanearnestCanadianforestryscientistcould.Shespokeslowly,lookedeveryonestraightintheeye,andneverjoked.“Forestsgrowbackslowly.Afterclear-cutting,ittakesdecadestobalancecarbon(碳).Ittakescenturiestoreturntonormal,”shetoldthem.“Wedon’thavedecadesfortheseforeststorecoverfromclear-cutting.Inthehundredsofyearsittakesforaforesttodevelop,ourplanetcouldwarmbymorethan5℃.”Herwordscarriedweight.Ifyouhadbeenamongthenearly6millionviewersofSimard’s2016TEDTalk,youwouldunderstandwhy:fewpeoplecouldspeakabouttreeswithsuchdeepbeliefasshedid.ShewasaCanadiannationaltreasureandglobalenvironmentalleader,inspiringthecharacterofPatriciainRichardPowers’2018Pulitzerprize-winningnovelTheOverstory.Bytrackingradioactiveparticles(放射性粒子)betweentrees,Simard’sresearchshowedthatindividualtreeskeptexchanginginformationandresourceswithoneanotherthroughundergroundfungal(真菌)networks.“Treestalk,”washowsheputitinherTEDTalk.“Throughback-and-forthcommunication,theystrengthenedthewholecommunity.”InherbookFindingtheMotherTree,itwasclearthatSimardherselfwasakindofmothertree—alarge,deeplyrootedfigurewithakeyroleinsupportingthenextgenerationofforestscientists.Assheplantedover100,000treesaroundtheworld,Simardwroteofherconnectionswithlocalcommunities,andoftheactivismshehadadopted.“Sciencewasnotenough,”shehaddecided.Therefore,shesoughtotherwaystopromoteprotection,oneofwhichwaswritingbooks.Unlikeacademicpaperswritteninformallanguage,bookslikethisallowedhertoshareherideasthroughpoetryandpassion.Thiswasthekindofbookwithaverylongthankssection.OthershadhelpedSimardfindherway,andshewaswritingsothatmoremightfollowittoo—orcreatetheirownpaths.28.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“earnest”inparagraph2probablymean?A．Clever. B．Serious.C．Humorous. D．Kind.29.Whydoestheauthorstressthefigureof6millioninparagraph3?A．Tocomparedifferentwaysoflearning.B．Toshowthehighcostofonlinespeeches.C．Toencouragereaderstowatchthevideo.D．ToproveSimard’sinfluenceandpopularity.30.WhydoestheauthorcallSimard“akindofmothertree”?A．ShespeaksinaTEDTalk.B．Sheconnectswiththelocals.C．Shewritesbooksofpoetry.D．Shesupportsthenextgeneration.31.WhatdoweknowaboutSimard’sbookFindingtheMotherTree?A．Itiswritteninformallanguage.B．Itliststhepeoplewhohelpedher.C．Itfocusesonfightingloggingcompanies.D．Itincludespoetryratherthanscientificfacts.DInthepast,ourloveforsugarhelpedourancestors(祖先)survive.Itgavethemquickenergyfromraresweetfoods.Today,however,thatsamedesireoftendrivesustobuychocolatelateatnight,eventhoughweknowtherisks.Eatingtoomuchsugarcancausehealthproblems,anditevenharmsourmemory.Thisraisesanimportantquestion:Canwerepairthedamagebysimplychangingourdiet?Accordingtoarecentstudyonanimals,theanswerisyes—butonlytoalimiteddegree.Researchersreviewed27experimentsonmicetounderstandhowswitchingfromanunhealthydiettoahealthyoneaffectsthebrain.Theresultsshowedthatreducingsugarcouldimprovememoryforanimalspreviouslyfedhigh-sugardiets.However,theirmemoryneverfullyreturnedtothelevelofanimalsthathadalwayseatenhealthyfood.Thestudyfocusedmainlyonmemory,whilealsocheckingbehaviorlikeactivitylevelsandsignsofanxiety.Itfoundthatanimalsswitchedtohealthierdietsperformedbetterinmemoryteststhanthosestilleatingjunkfood.Butthoseimprovementswereincomplete.Evenafterweeksonahealthydiet,memorydidnotreturntothelevelseeninanimalsthathadnevereatenanunhealthydiet.Furtheranalysis(分析)showedthatmemoryimprovedmoreclearlyafterstoppinghigh-fatdiets,butnotaftercuttingoutsugar.Dietshighinaddedsugar,whethermixedwithfatornot,showedalmostnorecovery.Thissuggestssugarmaybethemainreasonwhymemorystrugglestorepairitself.Scientistsbelievethehippocampus,apartofthebrainresponsibleformemoryandlearning,playsacentralrole.Unhealthydietsareknowntoreducebothitssizeandfunction,whichmayexplainwhymemorylosscontinuesevenafterdietimproves.Althoughthesefindingscomefromanimalstudies,theycarryanimportantmessageforhumans.Somethinkabetterdietcanquicklyfixeverything.Butthetruthis,youcan’talwaysgobacktonormal.Improvingyourdietisalwayshelpful,butpreventinglong-termdamageisevenmoreimportant.Whenitcomestosugar,actingsoonerratherthanlatermaybethebestwaytoprotectyourbrain.32.Whatisthepurposeofreferringtoourancestors’loveforsugar?A．Tohonorold-timesurvivalskills.B．Toexplainmodernsugaraddiction.C．Toargueagainstunhealthychoices.D．Tocompareancientandmoderndiets.33.Whatdidthestudyfindaboutmemoryrecoveryafterimprovingdiet?A．Itrecoveredpartially.B．Itreturnedtonormal.C．Itstayedunchanged.D．Itbecameworsethanever.34.Whatmighttheauthoragreewith?A．Fixingdamagethroughdiet.B．Dependingonhigh-fatdiets.C．Ignoringsugar’sharmtothebrain.D．Avoidingsugar-relateddamageearlyon.35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A．HowtoImproveYourDietFast?B．Sugar’sDamage:HardtoFindC．CanWeUndotheHarmofSugar?D．Sugar:AQuickEnergySource七选五ThefirsttimeIswamatnightwasinthesea,justoffthebeachinDover.Iwasinmymid-20s,trainingwithagroupofstrangersforaChannelrelay(英吉利海峡接力赛).Backthen,Ididn’tlikethedarkonland,andifsomethingtouchedmyleginthewater,Iwouldgetreallyfrightened.Naturally,thedarkseajustmademeespeciallynervous.However,becauseIknewhowmuchthischancemeant,Itriedtohidemyfearandgetonwithit.___36___.Butinside,myheartraced.WhatIrememberisunclear:thebrownwaterofthatcoastlineandtheredandgreenlightshangingfromourgoggles(护目镜).TherewerenoclearconversationsordetailsIcanremember.___37___.Justunclearmomentsandnerves.Andyet,someofmymostpowerful,emotionalswimssincethenhavebeeninthedark.___38___.ItwasearlysummerandmyfriendAmandaencouragedmetocomealongforanightswiminthehopeofseeingthem.Ihadnoideawhattoexpect.Theexperiencewasamazing.Iwalkedintothewaterandtrustedthepeoplenearme.Afterafewminutes,whenIstartedswimming,Isawalineofsparkling(闪烁的)lightsinthewater.Ittookmybreathaway.Everymovemadelightsappear.Itfeltlikemagic.ThelightsstayedandeverytimeImoved,Isawmoreshininglights.Itwasunusualandquietlyextraordinary.___39___.ItmayseemstrangetoinviteyouintodarknessinMayjustasthedayslengthenandlightstaysfurtherintotheevening.___40___.Whetheryouareplanningyourfirstnightswimortrainingforalonganddifficultchallenge,Ihopeyoucandiscoverthemagicthatwaitsaftersunset.A．OutwardlyIputonabraveface.B．Ican’tthinkofanybeautyorjoy.C．Theotherswimmersseemedcalmandconfident.D．Butthisisabeautifultimetoexperimentandplay.E．MyfriendAmandahadbeenswimmingatnightforyears.F．Oneofmyfavoriteswimmingmemorieswaslookingforsealights.G．Itisagiftfromthewildthatfeelsalmostunrealuntilyouactuallyexperienceit.第三部分语言运用（共两节，满分30分）第一节完形填空IwasheadingoutofmyBrooklynbuildingonemorningwhenaglint(闪光)ofmetalonthedoorstepcaughtmyeye.Asetofkeys________41there.Idecidedto________42themthere,thinkingthatwhoeverlostthemmightcomelookingforthem.Butthatevening,theywereputthroughourmailopeningbya(n)________43deliverypersonwhothoughtthey________44us.Itookapictureofthekeysandmadea________45thatsaid,“Didyoulosethese?”alongwithmy________46.Thenextmorning,I________47putthekeysbackonthedoorstepandpostedthesignattheentrancetotheparkacrossthestreet.Myphonesoonrang.Itwasmynext-doorneighbor,breathlesswith________48.“Thekeysaremine!”hecried.“Thankyousomuch!MayIpickthemupafterIwalkmydog?”“Sure.Theyarerightonourdoorstep,”I________49,hangingupwithasmallsmile.Hecalledbacklatertoexpresshis________50.Iknewthekeyshad________51morethanjusthisdoors.Inabusycitywhereneighborsoften________52eachotherwithoutaword,asimpleactof________53canbreaktheiceandbuildawarmconnection.It________54methatgoodnessisnotaboutbigactions,butaboutthelittlethingswe________55todoforothers—actionsthatturnstrangersintoneighborsandabuildingintoacommunity.41.A．hungB．layC．fellD．spread42.A．hideB．sendC．leaveD．drop43.A．hopefulB．annoyedC．helpfulD．lonely44.A．belongedtoB．cameforC．contributedtoD．stoodfor45.A．listB．markC．planD．sign46.A．familyaddressB．doornumberC．emailaddressD．phonenumber47.A．suddenlyB．carefullyC．heavilyD．rudely48.A．reliefB．curiosityC．fearD．anger49.A．orderedB．jokedC．repliedD．promised50.A．thanksB．regretsC．ideasD．worries51.A．repairedB．changedC．unlockedD．closed52.A．greetB．watchC．supportD．pass53.A．kindnessB．trustC．weaknessD．pride54.A．shockedB．hitC．informedD．attracted55.A．failB．pretendC．forgetD．choose第二节语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Seven-year-oldauthor,JayceJoyceBCyAhaswontheBBCBluePeterGoldBadge(奖章),thehighesthonor___56___(present)bythechildren’sprogramme,___57___(recognize)hisgreatcontributiontoearlyliteracy(读写能力),fairnessandinclusioninchildren’sstorytelling.TheBluePeterGoldBadgeisoneofthemostfamousawardsinBritishchildren’smediaandculture,previouslyawardedtoJ.K.Rowling,SirMoFarah,GretaThunberg,StevenSpielberg,etc.Jayceisamongtheyoungest___58___(winner)intheaward’shistory.Jaycereceivedtheawardforchampioningreadingandwritingat___59___earlyage,speakingupforchildren___60___voicesareoftenignored,andusingstorytellingasatoolforconfidence,creativityandsocialimpact.AsfounderofBooksFromChildrenToChildren,Jayce___61___(inspire)thousandsofchildrenacrosstheUKthroughliteracyworkshops,schooloutreachandthedonationofschoolbagsandlearningresourcestocommunitiesinneedsofar.Therecognitioncomesduringalandmarkyearforliteracy,with2026___62___(official)announcedastheUK’sNationalYearofReading,placingstress___63___theimportanceofdevelopingalifelongloveofbooksfromchildhood.JayceJoyceBCyAsaid,“Iwantchildren___64___(know)thattheirstoriesmatter.Readingandwritingcanchangehowchildrensee___65___(they)andtheworld.”第四部分写作（共两节，满分40分）第一节应用文写作（15分）66.假定你是李华，你校交换生Peter最近准备用AI工具撰写一篇关于中国传统节日的演讲稿。他担心过度依赖AI会缺乏个人特色，因此发邮件向你询问意见。请你给他回一封邮件，内容包括：1．你的看法;2．你的建议。注意：1．写作词数应为80左右;2．请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。DearPeter,______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Yours,LiHua第二节读后续写（25分）67.阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，使之构成一篇完整的短文。SherryHousley,a76-year-oldwoman,satonafallentree,verytired.Shehadjustwalkedfourmilesdownamountainroadblockedbyfallentrees.Lookingattheemptylotwhereherhouseoncestood,shebrokedownintears.“It’sallgone,”shecried.Withouthelp,shebelievedherlifewasover.Shebeganthelongjourneytohersister’shome,whereshehadwaitedouttheworstofHurricaneHelene.HelenewasthestrongesthurricanetohitNorthCarolina’smountainsinmanyyears,damagingthousandsofhomesinYanceyCountyandnearbyareas.However,thedisasterbroughtoutthegoodnessofthosewhosurvived.AlocalhousingworkerStephanieJohnsonquicklyorganizedanonprofitgroupcalled“RebuildingHollers”tohelpsurvivors.Stephanieandherteamraisedmoney,accepteddonationsandevensoldtwojeeps.Theysetupasupplycentertogivetoolsandmaterialstopeoplewhocouldrepairtheirownhomes.Forthosewhocouldnot,likeSherry,Stephanieaskedlocalbuilderstohelp.Fourdayslater,Sherryfinallymadeittotown,hopingtofindtoolstobuildahousefromoldwood.Buteverythinghadalreadybeenclaimed.Justasshefeltdisappointed,Stephanielearnedabouthersituationandimmediatelyfoundasolution.“I’vemadearrangementswiththecarpentry(木工)teacheratMountainHeritageHighSchool,”StephanietoldSherry.“Hisstudentsaregoingtobuildsmallhomes,andyou’llgetthefirstone.”Attheschool’slargeworkshop,teacherJeremyDottsrunsaprogramwherestudentsbuildsmallstructures.WhenStephanieaskediftheycouldbuildahouse,Jeremyagreedbutworriedaboutthecostofmaterials.Stephaniesimplypromised,“I’llfindthem.”Shekeptherword,deliveringatruckloadofwoodandsupplies.Thestudentsstudiedtheblueprintsandgottowork.Tosolvetheproblemofmovingthefinishedhouse,theydesigneditwithafoldingroof(折叠的屋顶).“We’llmaketheroofsteep(陡峭的)sosnowslidesoff,”Jeremyexplainedtohiseagerstudents.注意：1．续写词数应为150左右;2．请按如下格式在答题卡的相应位置作答。WhenSherryvisitedtheworkshop,thestudentsshowedherthesmallhouse.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Twoweekslater,thestudentsandStephanie’steamhelpedtransportthehousetoasuitablespot,____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________