2026年雅思阅读考试试题及答案

2026年雅思阅读考试试题及答案ReadingPassage1TheSilentRevolution:BiomimicryinModernEngineeringA.Forcenturies,humanityhaslookedtonatureasasourceofinspiration,yetforalargepartofindustrialhistory,ourrelationshipwiththenaturalworldwasoneofextractionratherthanemulation.Theindustrialrevolution,poweredbyfossilfuels,treatednatureasawarehouseofresourcestobeplundered.However,aswemovefurtherintothe21stcentury,aprofoundshiftisoccurring.Engineers,architects,andmaterialscientistsareincreasinglyturningtobiologynotjustformetaphors,butforpracticalsolutionstocomplexhumanproblems.Thisdiscipline,knownasbiomimicry,seekssustainablesolutionsbyemulatingnature'stime-testedpatternsandstrategies.Thecorephilosophyissimplebutradical:naturehasalreadysolvedmanyofthechallengeswearegrapplingwith;energystorage,climatecontrol,andevenwaterpurificationhaveallbeenperfectedover3.8billionyearsofevolution.B.OneofthemostcelebratedexamplesofbiomimicryinarchitectureistheEastgateCentreinHarare,Zimbabwe.DesignedbyarchitectMickPearceandengineeredbyArupAssociates,thismid-riseofficecomplexwascompletedin1996.Thechallengewastodesignabuildingthatcouldstaycoolwithoutthemassiveenergyconsumptiontypicalofair-conditionedsystemsinhotclimates.PearcelookedtothetermitemoundsfoundontheAfricansavannah.Thesemoundsmaintainaconstantinternaltemperaturedespiteextremeexternalfluctuations,oscillatingbetweennearfreezingatnightandscorchingheatintheday.Thetermitesachievethisthroughacomplexsystemofventsthatopenandclose,constantlycirculatingcoolairfromthebaseandpushinghotairoutthroughthetop.TheEastgateCentremimicsthispassivecoolingsystem.Thebuildingusesasystemofchimneysandductsthatdrawincoolairatnight,whichcoolsthehollowfloorslabs.Duringtheday,theslabsabsorbtheheatfromtheofficesandtheoccupants,andthewarmairrisesandisventedout.Thisdesignreducesenergyconsumptionby90%comparedtoconventionalbuildingsofsimilarsize.C.Intherealmoftransportation,theJapaneseShinkansen(bullettrain)facedasonicproblem.Whenthetrainsexitedtunnels,theypushedamassivecushionofairaheadofthem,creatingaloudsonicboomthatcouldbeheardmilesaway.Thiswasasignificantdisturbanceinresidentialareas.Thechiefengineer,EijiNakatsu,happenedtobeabirdwatcher.HeobservedtheKingfisher,abirdthatdivesseamlesslyintowatertocatchpreywithoutcreatingasplash.TheKingfisher’sbeakisuniquelyshapedtoallowforasmoothtransitionfromair(alow-densitymedium)towater(ahigh-densitymedium).NakatsuredesignedthenoseoftheShinkansentomimictheelongated,streamlinedbeakoftheKingfisher.Theresultwasnotjustaquietertrain;thenewdesignalsoreducedairresistanceby30%,allowingthetraintotravelfasterwhileusinglesselectricity.D.Materialsciencehasalsoseengroundbreakingadvancementsthroughbiomimicry,particularlyinthestudyofsurfacestructures.In1997,botanistWilhelmBarthlottexaminedtheleavesoftheLotusplantunderanelectronmicroscopeanddiscoveredthe"LotusEffect."Hefoundthattheleaveswerenotsmooth,astheyappearedtothenakedeye,butwerecoveredinmicroscopicbumpsandawaxycoating.Thisroughstructureminimizesthecontactareaforwaterdroplets,causingthemtobeadupandrolloff,pickingupdirtandcontaminantsintheprocess.Thisself-cleaningmechanismhasbeenreplicatedinthecreationofLotusan,apaintandsurfacecoatingusedonbuildingsandcars.Bykeepingsurfacesdryandclean,thepaintpreventsthegrowthofmoldandalgae,significantlyreducingmaintenancecostsandtheneedforharshchemicaldetergents.E.AnotherfrontieristhedevelopmentofdryadhesivesinspiredbytheGecko.Geckosarefamousfortheirabilitytoclimbsmoothverticalsurfacesandevenhangupsidedownonceilings.Foryears,itwasbelievedtheyusedsuctionorstickysecretions,butresearchrevealedthattheirclimbingabilityispurelyphysical.AGecko'sfootiscoveredinmillionsofmicroscopichairscalledsetae,whichsplitintoevensmallerspatulaeatthetips.ThesestructuresaresosmallthattheyinteractwiththemoleculesofthewallsurfaceviavanderWaalsforces—weakintermolecularattractionsthatarenegligibleatlargescalesbutbecomesignificantwhenmultipliedbymillions.Scientistshavesuccessfullycreatedsyntheticsetaeusingcarbonnanotubesandpolymers.These"Geckotapes"arereusable,leavenoresidue,andholdfirmlyeveninwetorvacuumconditions,openingpossibilitiesforroboticsandspaceexplorationwheretraditionaladhesivesfail.F.Despitethesesuccesses,biomimicryisnotwithoutitschallenges.Translatingbiologicalprocessesintoindustrialmanufacturingoftenrequiresacompleterethinkingofproductionmethods.Naturebuildsfromthebottomup,usingambienttemperaturesandwater-basedchemistry,whereasindustryoftenbuildsfromthetopdownusinghighheatandtoxicchemicals.Furthermore,biologicalsystemsareoftencomplexandinterconnected,makingitdifficulttoisolateasinglemechanismwithoutconsideringthebroaderecosystem.However,thepotentialrewardsareimmense.Aswefaceaclimatecrisis,thepressuretodevelopacirculareconomy—onewherewasteisdesignedoutandmaterialsarecycledbackintothesystem—isgrowing.Biomimicryoffersablueprintforthistransition.Byviewingnatureasamentorratherthanamine,wecandeveloptechnologiesthatarenotonlyefficientbutalsoregenerative,fosteringaworldwherehumanindustryfunctionslikeamatureecosystem.Questions1-5DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassage1?Onyouranswersheet,writeTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformationNOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis1.Theindustrialrevolutionwasprimarilycharacterizedbyitsrelianceonbiologicalsystemsforenergy.2.Termitesregulatethetemperatureoftheirmoundsbyconstantlymovingtodifferentchambers.3.TheEastgateCentreinHarareusesacoolingsystemthatisalmostentirelypassive.4.TheredesignoftheShinkansennosewassolelyintendedtoreducethenoiselevelinresidentialareas.5.TheLotusEffectisaresultofasmooth,waxysurfacethatrepelswatermolecules.Questions6-9Completethesentencesbelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes6-9onyouranswersheet.6.TheEastgateCentre'scoolingsystemabsorbsheatduringthedaythroughthehollow______.7.TheKingfisher'sbeakallowsittomovesmoothlyfromairtowaterduetoitsspecific______.8.WilhelmBarthlottobservedthattheLotusplant'sabilitytocleanitselfiscausedbymicroscopic______.9.GeckoadhesionreliesonvanderWaalsforces,whichare______attractionsbetweenmolecules.Questions10-13Matchthefollowingbiomimeticinventions(A-D)withthespecificanimalorplantthatinspiredthem.Writethecorrectletter,A-D,inboxes10-13onyouranswersheet.ListofInventionsA.DryadhesivetapeB.Self-cleaningpaintC.PassivecoolingarchitectureD.High-speedtrainnose10.Termite11.Kingfisher12.Lotus13.GeckoReadingPassage2TheParadoxofPlastic:AMiracleMaterialandanEnvironmentalCrisisA.Sinceitsmassproductionbeganinthemid-20thcentury,plastichasfundamentallytransformedhumancivilization.Ithasrevolutionizedmedicine,enabledspacetravel,andmadefoodstoragesaferandmoreefficient.Lightweight,durable,malleable,andcheap,plasticseemedlikeamiraclesubstance.However,thisverydurabilityhasbecomethesourceofaglobalcrisis.Wearenowlivinginwhatgeologistscallthe"Plasticene,"aneradefinedbytheubiquityofsyntheticpolymersintheenvironment.FromthedeepestoceantrenchestothepeakofMountEverest,plasticwastehaspermeatedeverycorneroftheplanet.Theparadoxofplasticisthatthepropertiesthatmakeitsousefultous—inertnessandlongevity—arepreciselywhatmakeitsodestructivewhendiscarded.B.Thescaleoftheproblemisstaggering.Accordingtorecentestimates,over8billiontonsofplastichavebeenproducedsincethe1950s.Ofthis,roughly6.3billiontonshavebecomewaste.Onlyabout9%ofallplasticwasteeverproducedhasbeenrecycled.Thevastmajority—approximately79%—accumulatesinlandfillsorthenaturalenvironment.Therestisincinerated.Thislinear"take-make-dispose"modelisunsustainable.Traditionalplasticsarederivedfrompetroleumandnaturalgas,meaningtheirproductionnotonlydepletesfossilfuelreservesbutalsocontributessignificantlytogreenhousegasemissions.Furthermore,whenplasticwastebreaksdown,itdoesnotbiodegradelikeorganicmatter.Instead,itfragmentsintosmallerandsmallerpieces,knownasmicroplastics,persistingintheenvironmentforhundreds,ifnotthousands,ofyears.C.Microplastics,definedasplasticparticlessmallerthan5mmindiameter,poseaparticularlyinsidiousthreat.Theyoriginatefromtwoprimarysources:primaryandsecondary.Primarymicroplasticsareintentionallymanufacturedatsmallsizes,suchasthemicrobeadsusedincosmeticsandpersonalcareproducts,orindustrialpellets(nurdles)usedinplasticmanufacturing.Secondarymicroplasticsresultfromthebreakdownoflargerplasticitemslikebottles,bags,andfishingnets.Thesetinyparticlesareeasilyingestedbymarinelife,fromplanktontowhales,enteringthefoodchain.Onceinsideanorganism,microplasticscanleachtoxicadditivesusedintheirproduction,suchasphthalatesandbisphenolA(BPA),whichareknownendocrinedisruptors.Recentstudieshaveevenfoundmicroplasticsinhumanblood,placentas,andlungtissue,suggestingthattheimplicationsforhumanhealthareprofoundandstilllargelyunknown.D.Theimpactonmarineecosystemsisdevastating.Ghostfishinggear—abandoned,lost,ordiscardedfishinggear—continuestotrapandkillmarinelifelongafterithasbeenlost.Largermarineanimals,suchasseaturtles,oftenmistakeplasticbagsforjellyfish,theirnaturalprey,leadingtoblockagesintheirdigestivesystemsandstarvation.Coralreefs,whicharebiodiversityhotspots,arealsosuffering.Studieshaveshownthatwhencoralscomeintocontactwithplastic,theirlikelihoodofdiseaseincreasesfrom4%to89%.Thestructuralcomplexityofreefsisdiminishedasplasticdebrissmothersandbreaksthecoralskeletons.Thislossofbiodiversityaffectstheresilienceoftheentireoceanecosystem,reducingitsabilitytorecoverfromotherstressorslikeoceanacidificationandwarmingwaters.E.Inresponsetothiscrisis,therehasbeenaglobalpushtowardsmitigationstrategies.Theserangefromlocalbeachcleanupstointernationalpolicyagreements.OnesignificantmilestoneistheUnitedNationsEnvironmentAssembly'sresolutiontoforgealegallybindinginternationaltreatytoendplasticpollution,aimingforacomprehensiveapproachcoveringthefulllifecycleofplastic.However,policyaloneisinsufficientwithouttechnologicalinnovation.Onepromisingareaisthedevelopmentofbioplastics—materialsderivedfromrenewablebiomasssourceslikecornstarch,sugarcane,orcellulose.Whilebioplasticsofferareducedcarbonfootprint,theyarenotasilverbullet.Manybioplasticsrequirespecificindustrialcompostingconditionstobreakdown;iftheyendupinalandfillortheocean,theymaypersistjustaslongasconventionalplastics.F.Anotherfrontierischemicalrecycling.Unlikemechanicalrecycling,whichinvolvesmeltingandreshapingplastic(oftendegradingthequality),chemicalrecyclingbreaksdownpolymersintotheirfundamentalmonomers.Thesemonomerscanthenberepolymerizedtocreatevirgin-qualityplastic,effectivelyclosingtheloop.However,thisprocessiscurrentlyenergy-intensiveandexpensivecomparedtoproducingnewplasticfromfossilfuels.Enzymaticrecyclingisalsoshowingpromise.Scientistshavediscoveredenzymes,suchasPETaseandMHETase,whichcanbreakdownpolyethyleneterephthalate(PET)—theplasticusedinwaterbottles—muchfasterthannaturalprocesses.Byengineeringtheseenzymesinlabs,researchershopetocreatescalablebiologicalrecyclingplantsthatcanhandlethemountainsofplasticwastecurrentlycloggingourenvironment.G.Ultimately,solvingtheplasticparadoxrequiresasystemicshiftinhowwevaluematerials.Itdemandsamoveawayfromsingle-useculturetowardsacirculareconomywhereproductsaredesignedforreuse,repair,andrecyclabilityfromtheverybeginning.Consumersplayavitalroleindrivingthischangethroughdemandforsustainableproducts,buttheonusliesheavilyonmanufacturersandpolicymakerstoredesignthesystemsthatproducewaste.Themiracleofplasticdoesnothavetobecomeapermanentcurse;withinnovationandresponsibility,itispossibletoretainthebenefitsofthisversatilematerialwhileneutralizingitsthreattotheplanet.Questions14-18Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,C,orD.Writethecorrectletterinboxes14-18onyouranswersheet.14.Thewriterreferstothe"Plasticene"inparagraphAtoillustrateA.thegeologicalerabeforetheinventionofplastic.B.thewidespreadpresenceofplasticintheenvironment.C.thedurabilityofplasticasaconstructionmaterial.D.thechemicalcompositionofsyntheticpolymers.15.AccordingtoparagraphB,whatisthemainreasonfortheaccumulationofplasticwaste?A.Thehighcostofrecyclingprocesses.B.Theinabilityofplastictobiodegrade.C.Thelackoflandfillspaceglobally.D.Thelowdemandforrecycledplasticproducts.16.InparagraphC,theauthorsuggeststhatmicroplasticsaredangerousbecausetheyA.aretoosmalltobefilteredoutofwatersystems.B.physicallydamagetheorgansofmarineanimals.C.canreleasetoxicchemicalsintoorganisms.D.aretheprimarycauseofoceanacidification.17.Whatismentionedabout"ghostfishinggear"inparagraphD?A.Itisthelargestsourceofmicroplasticsintheocean.B.Itisoftenmistakenforfoodbylargepredators.C.Itcontinuestokillmarinelifeindefinitely.D.Itismostlymadefrombiodegradablematerials.18.Whatisthewriter'sviewonbioplasticsinparagraphE?A.Theyaretheultimatesolutiontotheplasticcrisis.B.Theyarecurrentlytooexpensivetoproducecommercially.C.Theymaynotdegradeeffectivelyinnaturalenvironments.D.Theyreleasemorecarbondioxidethanconventionalplastics.Questions19-23Lookatthefollowingstatements(Questions19-23)andthelistofrecyclingmethodsbelow.Matcheachstatementwiththecorrectrecyclingmethod,A,B,orC.Writethecorrectletter,A,B,orC,inboxes19-23onyouranswersheet.ListofRecyclingMethodsA.MechanicalrecyclingB.ChemicalrecyclingC.Enzymaticrecycling19.Involvesbreakingdownplasticintoitsbasicmolecularbuildingblocks.20.Oftenresultsinalowerqualitymaterialcomparedtotheoriginal.21.Usesengineeredproteinstodecomposespecificplastictypes.22.Currentlyrequiressignificantenergyinputtobeviable.23.Involvesmeltingandreshapingtheplasticmaterial.Questions24-26Completethesummarybelow.ChooseNOMORETHANONEWORDfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes24-26onyouranswersheet.Theplasticcrisisstemsfromthematerial'sdurability,whichpreventsitfrom24______likeorganicwaste.Instead,itfragmentsintomicroplasticsthatenterthefood25______.Toaddressthis,expertsadvocateforacirculareconomywhereproductsaredesignedfor26______andreuse,minimizingwastegeneration.ReadingPassage3TheNeuroscienceofTimePerception:WhyTimeFliesWhenWe'reHavingFunA.Timeisthemostfundamentaldimensionofourexperience,yetitisnotaphysicalobjectthatcanbedirectlyobserved.Itisaconstructofthebrain,acognitivetoolweusetoorganizeourmemoriesandanticipatethefuture.Whileclocksmeasureobjectivetime—thesteadytickingofseconds—oursubjectiveexperienceoftimeisremarkablyfluid.Hourscanfeellikeminutesinastateof"flow,"whileaboringlecturecanmakeminutesfeellikehours.Thisdiscrepancybetweenobjectiveandsubjectivetimehaslongpuzzledphilosophersandscientists.Recentadvancesinneurosciencearebeginningtounravelthecomplexneuralmechanismsthatgovernhowweperceivethepassageoftime,revealingthattimeperceptionisnotasingleprocessbutadistributedfunctioninvolvingmultiplebrainregions.B.Theprevailingtheoryoftimeperceptionisthe"pacemaker-accumulator"model.Thismodelsuggeststhatthebrainpossessesaninternalclock,orpacemaker,whichemitsneuralpulsesataregularrate.Thesepulsesarecollectedbyanaccumulator,muchthewayabucketcollectswaterfromatap.Whenanattentionalswitchisclosed—meaningwearepayingattentiontothepassageoftime—thepulsesflowintotheaccumulator.Tojudgeatimeinterval,thebraincomparesthenumberofpulsesaccumulatedagainstastoredmemoryofasimilarinterval.However,thissystemishighlysusceptibletotheinfluenceofarousalandattention.Higharousalstates,suchasfearorexcitement,canspeedupthepacemaker,causingmorepulsestobeaccumulatedinagivenobjectiveduration.Consequently,thebrainperceivesthatmoretimehaspassedthanactuallyhas.Thisexplainswhytimeseemstoslowdownduringterrifyingevents,likeacaraccident.C.Thisphenomenonisoftenreferredtoasthe"oddballeffect."Inaclassicexperiment,participantswereshownaseriesofimages,mostofwhichwereneutral,butoccasionallyadistinct,emotionallychargedimage(suchasaspider)wasdisplayed.Whenaskedtoestimatethedurationoftheoddballimage,participantsconsistentlyoverestimateditcomparedtotheneutralimages.NeuroimagingstudiesusingfMRI(functionalMagneticResonanceImaging)haveshownthatthisdilationofsubjectivetimeiscorrelatedwithincreasedactivityintheamygdala,thebrain'semotionalprocessingcenter,andthesupramarginalgyrus,anareainvolvedintemporalperception.Theamygdalaseemstomodulatethespeedoftheinternalpacemaker,effectivelystretchingthesubjectiveexperienceoftimeduringemotionallysalientmomentstoallowformoredetailedprocessingofpotentialthreats.D.Conversely,timeseemstospeedupwhenweareengagedinroutineactivitiesoraswegrowolder.Thisisoftenattributedtotheallocationofattention.Whenwearelearningsomethingnew,ourbrainsprocessavastamountofnovelinformation,creatingdense,detailedmemories.Whenwelookbackonadayfilledwithnewexperiences,theabundanceofmemoriesmakesthedayfeellong.However,asweage,orwhenweperformrepetitivetasks,thebrainencountersfewernovelstimuli.Thebrainstopsencodingeverydetailbecausetheenvironmentispredictable.Sincememoryislessdense,whenwelookback,thedurationappearstohavebeenshorter.Thisiswhyachildhoodsummerseemstostretchonforever,whilesummersinadulthoodvanishinablink.E.Theroleofmemoryintimeperceptioniscritical.Wedonotperceivetimeinthepresentmoment;weperceiveitretrospectively.Oursenseofhowlonganeventlastedisconstructedwhenwerecallit.Thisislinkedtothe"storagesize"hypothesisproposedby心理学家(psychologists).Thehypothesispositsthattheperceiveddurationofanintervalisproportionaltotheamountofinformationstoredinmemoryduringthatinterval.Ifaneventismemorableandpackedwithdetail,themental"filesize"islarge,andthebraininfersthattheeventmusthavetakenalongtime.Ifthememoryissparse,thebraininfersashortduration.Thisexplainsthe"holidayparadox":avacationfeelslikeitpassesquicklywhileyouareinit(becauseyouareengagedandnotmonitoringtime),butfeelslongwhenyoulookbackonit(becauseoftherichmemoriesformed).F.Anotherkeyplayerintemporalprocessingisthedopaminesystem.Dopamineisaneurotransmitterassociatedwithreward,motivation,andmovement.Disruptionsindopaminelevelsaredirectlylinkedtodistortionsintimeperception.PatientswithParkinson’sdisease,whohavedepleteddopaminelevels,oftenexperiencetimeasmovingslowerandhavedifficultyjudgingtimeintervalsaccurately.Conversely,drugsthatincreasedopamine,suchascocaineormethamphetamine,canmaketimefeellikeitisspeedingup.Thissuggeststhatdopaminehelpsregulatethe"gain"orsensitivityofthebrain'stimingcircuits.Thestriatum,aregionofthebasalgangliarichindopaminereceptors,isthoughttobethesitewherethetimingsignalsareintegratedandactedupon.G.Furthermore,differentbrainnetworkshandledifferenttimescales.Weperceivesecondsandminutesdifferentlyfromhowweperceivetheseasonsoftheyear.Thetimingofshortintervals(millisecondstoseconds)islikelyhandledbythestriatumandthecerebellum,whicharealsocrucialformotorcontrol(e.g.,catchingaballrequiresprecisemillisecondtiming).Theperceptionoflongerdurations,involvingthehippocampusandprefrontalcortex,reliesonepisodicmemoryandmentalconstruction.Thehippocampusplaceseventsinachronologicalcontext,allowingustosequenceourpast.Thisdistinctionhighlightsthattimeperceptionisnotmonolithic;itisahierarchyofprocessesrangingfromautomaticmotortimingtoconsciousreflectiononourlife'snarrative.H.Understandingtheneuroscienceoftimehaspracticalimplications.Itcaninformtreatmentsforconditionslikeschizophreniaanddepression,wheretimeperceptiondistortionsarecommonsymptoms.Indepression,timeoftenfeelspainfullyslow,contributingtothesuffering.Inschizophrenia,patientsmayfeelthattimeisdisorderedorthat"now"iseternal.Bytargetingtheneuralcircuitsinvolvedintiming,newtherapiescouldhelpnormalizethesesubjectiveexperiences.Ultimately,ourperceptionoftimeisafragileillusion,anarrativestitchedtogetherbythebraintohelpusnavigateacomplex,ever-changingworld.Itisareminderthatourrealityisnotanobjectiverecordingoftheuniverse,butasubjectivecreationofthemind.Questions27-31ChoosethecorrectheadingforparagraphsA-Hfromthelistofheadingsbelow.Writethecorrectnumber,i-x,inboxes27-31onyouranswersheet.ListofHeadingsi.Theroleofdopamineinregulatingtimeii.Theinfluenceofmemoryonretrospectivetimeiii.Thebrain'sinternalclockmechanismiv.Thesubjectivenatureoftimeexperiencev.Timeperceptionacrossdifferentscalesvi.Theeffectofnoveltyonmemorydensityvii.Theslowingoftimeduringhigharousalviii.The"oddballeffect"andemotionalprocessingix.Clinicalapplicationsoftimingresearchx.Thelinkbetweenmotorcontrolandtimeestimation27.ParagraphA28.ParagraphB29.ParagraphC30.ParagraphD31.ParagraphEQuestions32-36Completethesummaryofthe"pacemaker-accumulator"modelbelow.ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.Writeyouranswersinboxes32-36onyouranswersheet.Thepacemaker-accumulatormodelproposesthatthebrainhasaninternal32______thatemitspulses.Thesepulsesaregatheredbyanaccumulatorwhenthe33______isopen.Highlevelsofarousalcanincreasethespeedofthepacemaker,resultinginmorepulsesbeingcollected.Thisleadsthebraintobelievethatthedurationwas34______thanitactuallywas.Thisexplainswhytimeappearstoslowdownduringfrighteningevents,aphenomenonsometimeslinkedtothe35______effect,whereemotionallychargedstimuliareperceivedtolastlonger.Thisprocessinvolvesthe36______,whichprocessesemotionsandmodulatesthepacemaker.Questions37-40DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassage3?Onyouranswersheet,writeYESifthestatementagreeswiththeclaimsNOifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsNOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis37.Objectivetime,asmeasuredbyclocks,isaconstanthumanexperience.38.The"storagesize"hypothesissuggeststhatmemorableeventsareperceivedashavinghappenedmorerecently.39.PatientswithParkinson’sdiseasetypicallyperceivetimeaspassingveryquickly.40.Theperceptionoflongdurationsandshortdurationsreliesonthesameneuralnetworks.AnswerKeyandExplanationsReadingPassage11.FALSEExplanation:ParagraphAstatesthattheindustrialrevolutionwaspoweredbyfossilfuelsandtreatednatureasawarehousetobeplundered,contrastingitwiththecurrentshifttowardsemulatingbiologicalsystems.Itwasnotcharacterizedbyrelyingonbiologicalsystemsforenergy.2.NOTGIVENExplanation:ParagraphBdescribesthepassivecoolingsystemoftermitemoundsinvolvingventsandaircirculation.Itdoesnotmentionthattermitesregulatetemperaturebymovingbetweenchambers.3.TRUEExplanation:ParagraphBstatesthattheEastgateCentremimicsthetermitemound'spassivecoolingsystemandthatthisdesignreducesenergyconsumptionby90%comparedtoconventionalbuildings,implyingitisalmostentirelypassive.4.FALSEExplanation:ParagraphCmentionsthattheredesignsolvedasonicproblem(noise)butalsostatesthatthenewdesign"reducedairresistanceby30%,allowingthetraintotravelfasterwhileusinglesselectricity."Therefore,itwasnotsolelyintendedtoreducenoise.5.FALSEExplanation:ParagraphDexplainsthattheLotusEffectiscausedbyaroughstructureofmicroscopicbumpsandawaxycoating,notasmoothsurface.6.floorslabsExplanation:ParagraphBmentionsthatthehollowfloorslabsabsorbheatfromtheofficesandoccupantsduringtheday.7.shapeExplanation:ParagraphCstatesthattheKingfisher'sbeakisuniquelyshapedtoallowforasmoothtransitionfromairtowater.8.bumpsExplanation:ParagraphDstatesthattheleaveswerecoveredinmicroscopicbumpsandawaxycoating.9.weakExplanation:ParagraphEdescribesvanderWaalsforcesasweakintermolecularattractions.10.CExplanation:Termitemoundsinspiredthepassivecoolingarchitecture(EastgateCentre).11.DExplanation:TheKingfisherinspiredtheShinkansennosedesign.12.BExplanation:TheLotusplantinspiredself-cleaningpaint(Lotusan).13.AExplanation:TheGeckoinspireddryadhesivetape.Readin