2026年雅思《阅读》真题

2026年雅思《阅读》真题汇总

Passage1

TheCognitiveRevolution:HowNeuroplasticityisRedefiningHumanPotential

A.Forcenturies,thehumanbrainwasconsideredastaticorgan,amagnificentmachinewhosecomponentswerefixedatbirthandwhosecapacitywaspredeterminedbygenetics.This"hard-wired"dogmasuggestedthatafteracriticalperiodinchildhood,theneuralarchitecturewassetinstone,makingrecoveryfrombraininjuryorsignificantlearninginadulthoodimpossible.However,theadventofadvancedneuroimagingtechniquesinthelate20thandearly21stcenturiesshatteredthismisconception.Thediscoveryofneuroplasticity—thebrain'sabilitytoreorganizeitselfbyformingnewneuralconnectionsthroughoutlife—hasnotonlyrevolutionizedneurosciencebuthasalsofundamentallyalteredourunderstandingofhumanpotential,education,andrehabilitation.

B.Neuroplasticityoperatesonseverallevels,frommicroscopicchangesinindividualneuronstolarge-scalecorticalremapping.Atthemicroscopiclevel,synapticplasticityreferstotheabilityofsynapses—thejunctionsbetweenneurons—tostrengthenorweakenovertime.Thisprocess,oftensummarizedbythephrase"cellsthatfiretogether,wiretogether,"isthebasisoflearningandmemory.Whenwerepeatedlypracticeatask,suchasplayingamusicalinstrument,thespecificneuralpathwaysinvolvedbecomemoreefficient,requiringlessenergytotransmitsignals.Conversely,pathwaysthatarerarelyusedmaybeprunedaway,aprocessknownassynapticpruning,whichoptimizesbrainfunctionbyeliminatinginefficientconnections.

C.Onamacroscopiclevel,neuroplasticitycanresultintheremappingofsensoryandmotorfunctions.Astrikingexampleofthisisobservedinindividualswhohavelostalimb.Whenahandisamputated,theareaofthesomatosensorycortexthatpreviouslyreceivedinputfromthathanddoesnotgodormant.Instead,itmaybe"invaded"byneighboringareas,suchastheface.Consequently,whentheindividual'sfaceistouched,theymayfeelasensationintheir"phantomhand."Thisphenomenondemonstratesthebrain'sdynamicnature;itisnotarigidcollectionofspecializedcompartments,butaflexibleresourceallocatorthatconstantlyadaptstochangesininputandbehavior.

D.Theimplicationsofneuroplasticityextendfarbeyondclinicalrecovery;theyarereshapingeducationaltheoriesandpractices.Thetraditionalviewofintelligenceasafixedtrait—theconceptofa"gifted"childora"slow"learner—isbeingchallengedbytheunderstandingthatthebrainismalleable.Educationalapproachesthatemphasize"growthmindset,"atermpopularizedbypsychologistCarolDweck,encouragestudentstoviewtheirabilitiesasdevelopablethrougheffortandeffectivestrategies.Thisperspectiveissupportedbyneuroscientificevidenceshowingthatengaginginchallengingcognitivetaskscanincreasegraymatterdensityinrelevantbrainregions,effectivelyphysicallychangingthebrain'sstructurethroughmentalexercise.

E.Furthermore,thedigitalagepresentsadouble-edgedswordforneuroplasticity.Whiletechnologyoffersunprecedentedaccesstoinformationandcognitivetrainingtools,thereisgrowingconcernabout"digitaldistraction"anditsimpactonattentionspans.Theconstantstreamofnotificationsandtherapidswitchingbetweentaskscharacteristicofmoderninternetusemaybetrainingthebraintoprioritizerapidprocessingoverdeep,sustainedattention.Someresearchersarguethatthisshiftcouldweakentheneuralcircuitsassociatedwithdeepreadingandcontemplativethought,raisingquestionsaboutthelong-termcognitivecostsofourhyper-connectedlives.

F.Despitetheoptimismsurroundingneuroplasticity,itiscrucialtorecognizeitslimitations.Whilethebrainremainsadaptablethroughoutlife,thedegreeofplasticitydecreaseswithage.Theneuralenvironmentinadevelopingbrainissignificantlymorepermissivetochangethaninanagedbrain,wherechemicalinhibitorsandstructuralstabilitymakerewiringmoredifficult.Additionally,neuroplasticityisnotinherentlypositive;maladaptiveplasticitycanoccur,suchasinthecaseofchronicpain,wherethenervoussystemlearnstotransmitpainsignalsevenintheabsenceoftissuedamage,orinaddiction,whererewardpathwaysbecomehijacked,reinforcingharmfulbehaviors.

G.Lookingtowardthefuture,interventionsdesignedtoharnessneuroplasticityarebecomingincreasinglysophisticated.Non-invasivebrainstimulationtechniques,suchasTranscranialMagneticStimulation(TMS)andtranscranialDirectCurrentStimulation(tDCS),arebeingexploredasmethodstoenhancelearningortreatdepressionbymodulatingneuralexcitability.Thesetechnologies,oftencombinedwithcognitivetraining,aimtoinduceastateof"hyper-plasticity,"temporarilyloweringthethresholdforsynapticstrengtheningtoacceleraterecoveryorskillacquisition.Asresearchprogresses,thelinebetweenbiologicalinterventionandpsychologicaltrainingmayblur,offeringnewhopeforunlockingthelatentpotentialofthehumanmind.

Questions1-4

ThereadingPassagehassevenparagraphs,A-G.

Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation?

Writethecorrectletter,A-G,inboxes1-4onyouranswersheet.

1.Anexplanationofthemechanismthatallowsspecificskillstobeperformedwithincreasingefficiency.

2.Adescriptionofhowthebrainreallocatesresourceswhensensoryinputislost.

3.Adiscussiononthepotentialnegativeeffectsofmoderntechnologyoncognitivedepth.

4.Thehistoricalbeliefthatthebrain'sstructurewasimmutableafterearlychildhood.

Questions5-8

Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthepassage?

Inboxes5-8onyouranswersheet,write

TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation

FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformation

NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis

5.Synapticpruningisaprocessthatstrengthensthemostfrequentlyusedneuralpathways.

6.Thefeelingofaphantomhandafteramputationiscausedbythefaceareaexpandingintothehand'scorticalarea.

7.CarolDweckinventedtheconceptofneuroplasticity.

8.TranscranialMagneticStimulationiscurrentlyusedasaprimarycureforalltypesofbraininjuries.

Questions9-13

Completethesummarybelow.

ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes9-13onyouranswersheet.

Theconceptofneuroplasticityhasreplacedtheoldideathatthebrainis9__________.Instead,wenowknowthebraincanreorganizeitself.Thishappensonamicroscopiclevelthrough10__________,whichisthebasisofmemory.Italsohappensonamacroscopiclevel,suchaswhenthebrain11__________functionsafterinjury.Thishashugeimplicationsforeducation,supportingtheideaofa12__________.However,plasticitycanbemaladaptive,leadingtoissueslike13__________wherethenervoussystemreinforcesnegativefeedbackloops.

Passage2

TheVerticalFrontier:TheRiseofAeroponicsandUrbanAgriculture

A.By2050,itisprojectedthatnearly70%oftheworld'spopulationwillresideinurbancenters.Thisdemographicshiftpresentsaformidablechallenge:howtofeedtheseburgeoningpopulationswithoutexacerbatingenvironmentaldegradation,deforestation,andthecarbonfootprintassociatedwithlong-distancefoodtransport.Traditionalagriculture,whilesuccessfulinfeedingthecurrentpopulation,isnotoriouslyresource-intensive,consuming70%oftheworld'sfreshwaterandaccountingforasignificantportionofglobalgreenhousegasemissions.Inresponsetothiscrisis,aradicaltransformationoffoodproductionsystemsisunderway,centeredaroundtheintegrationofagricultureintothebuiltenvironmentthroughverticalfarmingandadvancedsoil-lesscultivationtechniques.

B.Verticalfarming,thepracticeofgrowingcropsinverticallystackedlayers,oftenincorporatescontrolled-environmentagriculture(CEA)technology.Thismethodoptimizesplantgrowthbycontrollingenvironmentalfactorssuchaslight,humidity,temperature,andgases.Unliketraditionalfarming,whichishostagetothevagariesofweather,seasons,andpests,verticalfarmingallowsforyear-roundproductionofpesticide-freecrops.Bylocatingfarmswithinornearcities,the"foodmiles"—thedistancefoodtravelsfromproducertoconsumer—aredrasticallyreduced,alleviatingthecongestionandpollutioncausedbyheavylogisticsvehicles.

C.AmongthevariousCEAtechnologies,aeroponicsstandsoutforitsefficiencyandresourceconservation.InventedbyNASAinthe1990sasamethodtogrowplantsinspacewithminimalresources,aeroponicsinvolvessuspendingplantrootsintheairandmistingthemwithanutrient-richsolution.Unlikehydroponics,whichsubmergesrootsinwater,oraquaponics,whichintegratesfishfarming,aeroponicsusesupto90%lesswaterthantraditionalagriculture.Furthermore,becausetheplantsarenotgrowninsoil,theriskofsoil-bornepathogensisvirtuallyeliminated,andthecropsarecleanerandeasiertoharvest.

D.Theeconomicviabilityofverticalfarminghashistoricallybeenapointofcontention.Thehighenergycostsassociatedwithpoweringartificiallighting—specificallyLEDgrowlights—andclimatecontrolsystemscanerodeprofitmargins.However,theprecipitousdropinthecostofLEDtechnology,coupledwiththeintegrationofrenewableenergysourcessuchassolarandwind,israpidlyalteringthefinancialcalculus.Additionally,verticalfarmscangeneratesignificantlyhigheryieldspersquarefootthanfieldagriculture.A30-storyverticalfarmwithafootprintofoneacrehasthepotentialtoproducetheequivalentyieldof2,400acresoftraditionalfarmland,offeringacompellingsolutiontolandscarcityindenselypopulatedregions.

E.Beyondthelogisticalandenvironmentalbenefits,urbanagriculturefosterssocialcohesionandcommunityresilience."Communitygardens"androoftopfarmsserveasgreenlungsinconcretejungles,mitigatingtheurbanheatislandeffectwherecitiesretainheat.Thesespacesprovideeducationalopportunitiesforurbanyouthtoreconnectwiththesourceoftheirfood,combating"naturedeficitdisorder."Moreover,intimesofcrisis,suchasnaturaldisastersorsupplychaindisruptions,decentralizedurbanfoodsystemsprovideacriticalbuffer,enhancingfoodsecurityforlocalpopulations.

F.Despitethepromise,significanthurdlesremain.Therelianceonelectricitycreatesavulnerability;ifpowergridsfail,thecropsperishquickly.Thereisalsothelimitationofcropvariety.Whileleafygreens,herbs,andstrawberriesthriveinverticalsystems,staplecropslikewheat,corn,andricerequirevastamountsofspaceandbiomasstobeeconomicallyviableandareunlikelytobegrownverticallyinthenearfuture.Consequently,verticalfarmingisnotapanaceaforallfoodsecurityissuesbutratheracrucialcomponentofadiversifiedfoodstrategy,specificallysuitedforfreshproduce.

G.Thefutureofurbanagricultureliesintheconvergenceofbiology,architecture,anddatascience."Smartfarms"utilizingtheInternetofThings(IoT)andArtificialIntelligence(AI)canmonitorplanthealthwithgranularprecision,adjustingnutrientdeliveryandlightspectrainreal-timetooptimizegrowth.Thesedata-drivenapproachesminimizewasteandmaximizenutritionalvalue.Ascitiesevolveintoself-sustainingecosystems,theboundarybetweentheurbanandtheruralwilldissolve,creatinganewparadigmwherethecityisnotjustaconsumeroffood,butaprimaryproducer.

Questions14-18

Lookatthefollowingstatements(Questions14-18)andthelistoftechnologiesbelow.

Matcheachstatementwiththecorrecttechnology,A,B,CorD.

Writethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD,inboxes14-18onyouranswersheet.

NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.

ListofTechnologies

A.TraditionalAgriculture

B.VerticalFarming

C.Aeroponics

D.SmartFarms(IoT/AI)

14.Utilizesmistingtodelivernutrientswhilerootsaresuspended.

15.Highlysusceptibletoweatherconditionsandseasonalchanges.

16.Employsdataanalysistoadjustlightandnutrientsinreal-time.

17.Ofteninvolvessubmergingrootsinwater,unlikethemethodthatusesair.

18.Canproducehighyieldspersquarefootbuthistoricallyfacedhighenergycosts.

Questions19-22

Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,C,orD.

Writethecorrectletterinboxes19-22onyouranswersheet.

19.Accordingtothepassage,whatistheprimarydemographicdriverbehindtheriseofurbanagriculture?

A.Thedecreaseinglobalfreshwateravailability.

B.Theprojectedincreaseinurbanpopulationby2050.

C.Therisingcostoftraditionaltransportation.

D.Thedesiretoeliminatepesticidescompletely.

20.Howdoesaeroponicsdifferfromhydroponics?

A.Aeroponicsusessoil,whilehydroponicsdoesnot.

B.Hydroponicsismorewater-efficientthanaeroponics.

C.Aeroponicssuspendsrootsintheairratherthanwater.

D.Aeroponicscannotbeusedforleafygreens.

21.Whatisthe"urbanheatislandeffect"mentionedinparagraphE?

A.Theheatgeneratedbyverticalfarmlighting.

B.Thetendencyofcitiestoretainheat,mitigatedbygreenspaces.

C.Thewarmingeffectoftransportingfoodoverlongdistances.

D.Thethermalpollutioncausedbyhydroponicwatersystems.

22.Whyarestaplecropslikewheatandcorndifficulttogrowinverticalfarms?

A.Theyrequiretoomuchspaceandbiomasstobeeconomicallyviable.

B.Theycannotbegrownwithoutsoil.

C.Theyaresusceptibletopestsincontrolledenvironments.

D.Consumersdonotdemandvertical-farmedwheat.

Questions23-26

Completethesentencesbelow.

ChooseNOMORETHANONEWORDfromthepassageforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes23-26onyouranswersheet.

23.Verticalfarmingreduces__________bylocatingfoodproductionclosertoconsumers.

24.Thehighcostof__________wasinitiallyamajoreconomicbarrierforverticalfarming.

25.Urbanfarmscanactasabufferduringsupplychain__________.

26.Inthefuture,citiesmaybecomeself-sustaining__________thatproducetheirownfood.

Passage3

TheEnigmaoftheVoynichManuscript:ACenturyofCryptographicFrustration

A.DiscoveredbyantiquebookdealerWilfridVoynichin1912,theVoynichManuscriptisamysteriouscodexthathasbaffledlinguists,cryptographers,andhistoriansforoveracentury.HousedtodayintheBeineckeRareBook&ManuscriptLibraryatYaleUniversity,thevellummanuscriptiscarbon-datedtotheearly15thcentury(between1404and1438).Itcontains240pagesofeleganthandwritinginanunknownscript,accompaniedbypeculiarillustrationsofnon-existentplants,astrologicalcharts,andnakedfiguresbathingininterconnectedgreentubes.Todate,despitetheeffortsofworld-classcode-breakers—includingthosewhodecryptedtheEnigmacodeinWorldWarII—themanuscriptremainsunreadable,makingittheultimateholygrailofcryptography.

B.Thetextitselfiswritteninaflowing,rhythmicscriptthatresemblesEuropeanhandwritingofthelateMiddleAgesbutusesauniquealphabetofabout20-25characters,someofwhicharevariationsofothers.Statisticalanalysisofthemanuscriptrevealslinguisticpropertiesthatareinconsistentwithsimplerandomcharactergeneration.Thetextfollows"Zipf'sLaw,"astatisticalrulefoundinallnaturallanguagesregardingthefrequencyofworddistribution.Themostcommonwordsappearfrequently,whilerarewordsappearinfrequently,andtheentropy(ameasureofrandomness)ofthetextislowerthanEnglishbutsimilartoRomanlanguageslikeLatinorItalian.Thissuggeststhatthemanuscriptisnotameaninglesshoaxbutastructuredcommunication,possiblyinanencodednaturallanguageoraconstructedlanguage.

C.Theillustrationsprovidelittleclarity,oftenaddingtotheconfusion.The"herbal"section,whichmakesupthebulkofthemanuscript,featuresplantsthatarechimeras—compositesofdifferentspecies.Forexample,oneplantmighthavetherootsofachrysanthemum,theleavesofafern,andtheflowerofapoppy.Thishasledsometheoriststosuggestthatthemanuscriptisapharmacopeia,amedicaltextdescribingremedies.However,thepharmaceuticalsectionshowssmalljarsnexttotheroots,implyingtheextractionofmedicine,yetwithoutidentifyingtheplants,theutilityofsuchatextisnegated.Theastronomicalsectioncontainszodiac-likediagrams,butthesymbolsoftendeviatefromstandardmedievalastrologicalconventions,featuringsuns,moons,andstarsinunconventionalarrangements.

D.Overthedecades,numeroustheorieshaveemergedregardingtheauthorshipandpurposeofthemanuscript.SomeproposeitwastheworkofRogerBacon,a13th-centuryFranciscanfriarandpolymathknownforhisinterestincryptographyandoptics.Othersattributeittoasecretsociety,suchastheCathars,whoneededtohidetheirknowledgefromtheInquisition.Amoreradicaltheory,positedbyGordonRuggin2004,arguesthatthemanuscriptisahoaxconstructedusinga"Cardangrille"—atablewithholesusedtogeneratepseudo-randomtext.RuggdemonstratedthatsuchamethodcouldreplicatethestatisticalpropertiesoftheVoynichtextwithoutrequiringanunderlyinglanguage.However,thesheercostandeffortofproducing240pagesofhigh-qualityvellumandillustrationsinthe15thcenturymakethehoaxtheorydifficulttoswallow;whywouldahoaxergotosuchlengthsforajokewithnoapparentbeneficiary?

E.RecentadvancesinArtificialIntelligencehavereinvigoratedthequesttodecipherthemanuscript.In2019,algorithmsusingNaturalLanguageProcessing(NLP)analyzedthetextandconcludedthatitislikelywritteninHebrew,withthelettersrearrangedaccordingtoaspecificalphabeticrule.TheAIsuggestedthatthemanuscriptmightbetheonlyknownprototypeofa"mothertongue,"aproto-Romancelanguage.However,humanexpertsquicklypointedoutflawsinthisinterpretation,notingthattheAIoftenforcedHebrewwordsontothetextwheretheydidn'tlinguisticallyfit.Anotherstudyin2022usingthelatestcomputationaltechniquesidentifiedthetextasproto-Romance,linkingittotheIberianPeninsula,butthesefindingsremainhighlycontroversialandunverifiedbythebroaderacademiccommunity.

F.Thephysicalanalysisofthevellumoffersconcreteclues.Microscopicanalysisofthepagesrevealedthattheyweremadefromcalfskin,whichwasexpensiveandreservedforimportantworks.Additionally,thereisevidencethatthetextwaswrittenbymultiplescribesoratleastoveraperiodoftime,astheinkandhandwritingstyleshowsubtlevariations.Somepagesappeartobemissing,andtheorderoftheexistingpages(thefoliation)wasaddedlater,likelyinthe16thcentury,suggestingthebookwasreboundandperhapsreorganized.Thisphysicalhistoryimpliesthatthemanuscriptwasconsideredvaluableenoughtobepreservedandpasseddownthroughgenerations,evenifitsownerscouldnotreadit.

G.Ultimately,theenduranceoftheVoynichmysteryliesinitsresistancetodefinitivecategorization.Isitalostscientifictreatiseencodedtoprotectdangerousknowledge?Isitanelaborateartisticcreationmeanttobeadmiredratherthanread?Orisitahoaxsosophisticatedthatithasfooledgenerationsofscholars?Eachtechnologicalbreakthrough,fromcarbondatingtoAI,chipsawayattheedgesofthemysterybutnevercracksthecore.Themanuscriptservesasahumblingreminderofthelimitsofhumanknowledgeandtheenduringallureoftheunknown.Untila"RosettaStone"isfound—abilingualtextlinkingtheVoynichscripttoaknownlanguage—itwillremainasilenttestamenttoaforgottenmind.

Questions27-31

Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,C,orD.

Writethecorrectletterinboxes27-31onyouranswersheet.

27.WhatisthesignificanceofthecarbondatingoftheVoynichManuscript?

A.ItprovesthatRogerBaconwroteit.

B.Itconfirmsitwascreatedintheearly15thcentury.

C.Itrevealsthattheinkusedwasfromthe16thcentury.

D.Itshowsthatthevellumisamodernforgery.

28.Whyis"Zipf'sLaw"mentionedinparagraphB?

A.Toprovethatthetextisarandomhoax.

B.Todemonstratethatthetexthasstatisticalpropertiessimilartonaturallanguages.

C.Tocalculatetheexactageofthemanuscript.

D.TocomparetheentropyofthetexttotheEnglishlanguage.

29.WhatdoesGordonRugg's"Cardangrille"theorysuggest?

A.ThemanuscriptisasophisticatedcodeusedbytheCathars.

B.Themanuscriptiswritteninaproto-Romancelanguage.

C.Themanuscriptisahoaxcreatedusingamechanicaldevicetogeneratetext.

D.ThemanuscriptisapharmacopeiaencodedbyRogerBacon.

30.Whatwastheconclusionofthe2019AIstudymentionedinparagraphE?

A.ThetextiswritteninHebrewwithlettersrearranged.

B.Thetextisaproto-RomancelanguagefromSpain.

C.ThetextiswritteninLatinusingacomplexcipher.

D.Thetextismeaninglessgibberish.

31.Whatdoesthephysicalanalysisofthevellumindicate?

A.Thebookwaswrittenbyasingleauthorinashortperiod.

B.Thepagesweremadefromcheap,readilyavailablematerials.

C.Themanuscriptwaslikelyreboundanditspagesreorderedinthe16thcentury.

D.Theinkusedhasdegradedcompletely,makinganalysisimpossible.

Questions32-36

Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthepassage?

Inboxes32-36onyouranswersheet,write

TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation

FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformation

NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthis

32.Theillustrationsinthemanuscriptaccuratelydepictknownplantspecies.

33.TheEnigmacodebreakerssuccessfullydecipheredtheVoynichManuscriptduringWorldWarII.

34.The"herbal"sectionofthemanuscriptisuselessforidentifyingplantsbecausetheyarecomposites.

35.GordonRugg'stheoryiswidelyacceptedasthedefinitiveexplanationforthemanuscript.

36.Themanuscriptcontains240pages,butsomepagesmaybemissing.

Questions37-40

Completethesummarybelow.

ChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes37-40onyouranswersheet.

TheVoynichManuscriptremainsanunsolvedpuzzle.Whilecarbondatingplacesitscreationinthe1400s,itsscriptis37__________.StatisticalanalysissuggestsitisnotrandombecauseitfollowsZipf'sLaw.TheoriesaboutitsoriginrangefrombeingaworkbyRogerBacontoa38__________designedtohideknowledge.RecentAIstudieshavesuggesteditmightbeHebrewor39__________,butthesearedebated.Physicalevidenceshowsthevellumishigh-qualitycalfskin,implyingthebookwasconsidered40__________byitsowners.

***

AnswerKeysandExplanations

Passage1

1.B

(Explanation:ParagraphBdiscussessynapticplasticityandhowrepeatedlypracticingataskmakesneuralpathwaysmoreefficient,allowingskillstobeperformedwithlessenergy.)

2.C

(Explanation:ParagraphCdescribestheremappingofthesomatosensorycortex,specificallyhowtheareaforalostlimbmaybeinvadedbyneighboringareasliketheface.)

3.E

(Explanation:ParagraphEdiscussesthe"double-edgedsword"oftechnology,mentioningconcernsabout"digitaldistraction"andtheimpactondeep,sustainedattention.)

4.A

(Explanation:ParagraphAcontraststhemodernviewofneuroplasticitywiththehistoricalbeliefthatthebrainwas"static"and"fixedatbirth.")

5.FALSE

(Explanation:ParagraphBstatesthatpathwaysrarelyusedareprunedaway.Itdoesnotsaypruningstrengthenspathways;rather,"cellsthatfiretogether,wiretogether"strengthensthem,whilepruningeliminatesinefficientones.)

6.TRUE

(Explanation:ParagraphCexplainsthattheareaoftheamputatedhandmaybe"invaded"bythefacearea,causingthesensationofthephantomhandwhenthefaceistouched.)

7.NOTGIVEN

(Explanation:ParagraphDmentionsCarolDweckpopularized"growthmindset,"butitdoesnotstatesheinventedtheconceptofneuroplasticity.)

8.NOTGIVEN

(Explanation:ParagraphGmentionsTMSisbeingexploredtoenhancelearningortreatdepression,butitdoesnotclaimitisaprimarycureforalltypesofbraininjuries.)

9.static(organ)/hard-wired

(Explanation:ParagraphAmentionsthe"hard-wired"dogmaandthebrainbeingconsidereda"staticorgan.")

10.synapticplasticity

(Explanation:ParagraphBidentifiessynapticplasticityasthebasisoflearningandmemory.)

11.remaps

(Explanation:ParagraphCdiscusses"corticalremapping"andthebrainreallocatingresources.)

12.growthmindset

(Explanation:ParagraphDexplicitlylinkseducationalapproachestothe"growthmindset.")

13.addiction(orchronicpain)

(Explanation:ParagraphFlists"addiction"and"chronicpain"asexamplesofmaladaptiveplasticity.)

Passage2

14.C

(Explanation:ParagraphCdefinesaeroponicsassuspendingrootsintheairandmistingthem.)

15.A

(Explanation:ParagraphBstatestraditionalfarmingis"hostagetothevagariesofweather,"unlikeverticalfarming.)

16.D

(Explanation:ParagraphGdescribes"Smartfarms"usingIoTandAItomonitorandadjust