世纪英语教程 14

第二十一章倒装倒装（Inversion）是指英语中主谓顺序颠倒的一种语法现象。倒装的目的有三个：一是为了求得句子的平衡，二是为了强调，三是为了追求某种特殊的效果，如修辞上的要求等。倒装从形式上可以分为全部倒装（FullInversion）和部分倒装（PartialInversion）。前者指将整个谓语都放在主语之前，后者指将谓语的一部分（主要是助动词、情态动词或系动词）放在主语之前，而将另一部分放在主语后。下面我们将对这两种形式分别予以阐述。倒装说明例句完全倒装here,there,in,up,down,off,away等副词开头的句子，表示强调Herecomestheteacher.IncameTom.部分倒装only+副词（从句、介词短语）位于句首时OnlythendidIrealizeImadeamistake.Onlywhenshehastimewillshecome.only+副词（从句、介词短语）位于句首时OnlythendidIrealizeImadeamistake.Onlywhenshehastimewillshecome.倒装说明例句部分倒装hardly,never,little,seldom,notuntil,in

notime,bynomeans等否定副词或介词短语位于句首时NeverhaveIseensuchagoodfilm.Hardlydidhemakeanymistakeinthe

exam.Seldomdoeshegoshopping.当so...that和such...that中的so和such位于句首时Sobusyishethathecan’tgo.在as引导的让步状语从句中Oldasheis,heisveryactive.当notonly...butalso连接并列分句时，且notonly在句首Notonlydidhefinishhisownwork,

butalsohehelpedothers.在省略if的虚拟语气条件句中Werehehere,hewouldhelpthem.当neither，nor连接并列分句时，两个分句都要倒装Neithercansheuseacomputer,nor

canhe.so,neither,nor用于句首，表示前句的内容同样适用于后句的人或物；so用于肯定句；neither/nor用于否定句HecanspeakFrench.Socanshe.Tomwasnotatwork.NorwasMary用于表示祝愿的句子中Mayyousucceed!一、完全倒装在某些情况下，特别是主语较长的情形下，为了强调或求得句子的平衡，或为了更紧密地与上下文衔接，常把表语放在句首。如：MoreseriouswasthequestionofhowthePresidentwouldpresentthejointannouncement.更为严重的问题是总统将如何发表联合声明。Enclosedintheletterwasaphoto.随信附寄了一张照片。1.表语型There+be（或+stand,lie,exist,remain,appear,seem,come等）存在句本身便是一个强调结构，主语应为系动词后的名词，故系动词应与其后名词的数一致。如:Thereisastonebridgeacrosstheriver.河上有一座石桥。Therearefifteenstonebridgesacrosstheriver.河上有15座石桥。2.There+be型一、完全倒装当句首状语为方位词（here,there,up,down,out,off,in等），且谓语动词为come,fall,rise,sit,stand,run,go,move,walk等表示方位移动的动词，而主语又是名词时,句子可全部倒装。如：Awaywenthishat.他的帽子掉了。Inrushedthecrowd.人群涌了进来。Herecomesthebus.公交车来了。Thereroseinthevalleyastreakofsmoke.山谷中升起了一缕烟。但主语是代词的不能倒装，应该用自然语序。如：Hereitcomes.它来了。Awaytheyflew.他们飞走了。【注】当句首状语为表示地点的介词短语时，一般要求句子全部倒装。如：Inthischapterwillbefoundtheanswer.答案可在本章找到。Fromthevalleycameaterriblesound.从山谷里传来一阵可怕的声音。3.句首状语型一、完全倒装在含有以so,nor,neither,nomore开头的分句的并列句中，表示前一句话中的谓语所述情况也适用于后一句时，可以采用倒装结构并省去前一句中相同的成分。在此句型中，要注意后一句中所用的助动词、系动词、情态动词与前一句相呼应。如：肯定式：Shewantedtogoandsodidherlittlebrother.她想走，她的弟弟也想走。AnnwillstayandsowillBarbara.安会留下来的，芭芭拉也会的。JohnstayedandsodidHenry.约翰留下来了，亨利也留下来了。否定式：Shedidn’twanttogoandnordidherlittlebrother.她不想走，她的弟弟也不想。Annwon’tstayandneitherwillBarbara.安不愿意留下来，芭芭拉也不愿意。Johndidn’tstayandnordidHenry.约翰没有留下来，亨利也没有。Youarenotpreparingyourlessonsandneitherarewe.你们没在备课，我们也没有。IcannotanswerthisquestionandnorcanTom.我不能回答这个问题，汤姆也不能。4.重复型一、完全倒装注意，在上面的例句中，so作“也”讲。但在两种情况下不能用倒装。①so若表示对另一方所说的话表示赞成，则不能用倒装。如：A:It’sraininghard.B:Soitis.A:You’vespilledcoffeeonyourdress.B:Ohdear,soIhave.②so若表示一种结果或表示意义上的强调，句子也不能用倒装。如：Hespoilsthosechildrentodeath.Sohedoes.他把那些孩子宠坏了。他确实把他们宠坏了。Theperformanceissimplymarvelous.Soitis.这场演出简直好极了。真是好极了。ItoldBobtoeatuphissupper,andsohedid.[=indeedhedid.]我叫鲍勃把晚饭吃光，他就吃光了。4.重复型一、完全倒装请比较：ItoldBobtoeatuphissupper,andhedidso.（didso是一种替代，以避免重复）注意正常语序和倒装语序的语气、意义是有区别的。如：HereisthepictureIlove.这正是我所喜爱的画。ThepictureIloveishere.我所喜爱的画在这里。4.重复型二、不完全倒装（半倒装）在“so...that”句型中，so放在句首引起半倒装，若谓语动词为实义动词，须加助动词do（does，did），即So+形容词/副词+助动词/be动词+主语。如:Sodangerouswasthestormthatthematchhadtobestopped.暴风雨太危险，比赛不得不停止。SobadlydidhewritetheletterthatIcouldnotreadit.他的信写得太潦草了，我根本无法读下去。1.so型二、不完全倒装（半倒装）（1）否定词（或否定词组）位于句首时，后面用部分倒装。常见的形式有：never,seldom,rarely（不常），little,few,scarcely,hardly等表示否定意义的词或atno

time（任何时候都不）,bynomeans（一点也不）,innocase（在任何情况下都不）,on

noaccount（无论如何都不）,innoway（绝不）,undernocircumstances（在任何情况下都不）等含有no的状语位于句首时，引起半倒装。如：Neverbeforehasourcountrybeenunitedasitistoday.今天我们的国家空前团结。Littledidtheysuspectthatthedistrictwassorichinmineralresources.他们一点也没有想到这个地区矿产资源如此丰富。LittledidIexpectsuchenthusiasmfromsomanypeople.我没有料到会有如此多的人产生如此大的热情。Undernocircumstancesshallweaccepttheseunreasonableterms.在任何情况下我们都不会接受这些不合理的条件。2.句首否定型二、不完全倒装（半倒装）【注】little,hardly,scarcely,barely等词修饰主语时不倒装。例如：LittlehelpcanbeexpectedfromPeter.Hardlythirtypeoplewereinthevasthall.Scarcelyanywinehasyetarrived,hasit?（2）由“only+when时间状语/介词短语/副词”所构成的状语，对其他情况进行排除，可把该结构理解为一种否定概念，置于句首时,引起部分倒装。如：Onlyinthiswayisitpossibletoexplaintheiractions.（=Inthiswayaloneisitpossibletoexplaintheiractions.）只有这样才能解释他们的行为。但是，only修饰主语时不倒装。例如：OnlyayearhaspassedsincehecametoChina.2.句首否定型二、不完全倒装（半倒装）（3）从属连词nosooner...than（一……就）,scarcely/hardly/barely...when（一……就）引起部分倒装。在此种句型中，主句谓语通常用过去完成时，从句谓语用一般过去时，倒装时将助动词had放于主语前。如：Hardlyhadhefinishedhishomeworkwhenthetelephonerang.他一完成家庭作业电话铃就响了。（4）并列连词notonly...but(also),neither...nor位于句首或将其中的notonly，neither放在句首，引起部分倒装。如：Notonlydidheshowhimselfagoodstudent,buthealsoprovedhimselfagoodathlete.他不仅证明自己是个好学生，还证明自己是个运动健将。但是,如果notonly...but(also)是连接用作主语的两个并列名词时,不产生倒装。如:Notonlystudentsbutalsoteacherswillattendthelecture.不仅学生们，老师们也将参加讲座。2.句首否定型二、不完全倒装（半倒装）以表示频度的副词或词组（often,once,manyatime等）开头的句子，如表示强调则要倒装。如：Manyatimehavewetriedthatmethod.我们已不止一次试过该方法。3.频度型as和though引导的让步状语从句，往往使用倒装的形式。其倒装结构为：形容词/副词/动词/名词+as/though+主语+助动词/动词。即:直接把要强调的成分置于句首,后接as/though从句。如:Youngasheis,hehasseenmuchoftheworld.他虽然年轻，却见过很多世面。（形容词）Poorastheywere,theygavemoneytocharities.他们虽然不富有，却把钱捐给了慈善机构。（形容词）Angryasshewas,shecouldnothelpsmiling.她虽然很生气，却忍不住笑了。（形容词）4.让步型二、不完全倒装（半倒装）Failthoughhedid,hewouldnotabandonhisgoal.他虽然失败了，却不肯放弃自己的目标。（动词）Tryasyoumay,youwillnotsucceed.无论你怎样去试，你也不会成功。（动词）Tryasshemight,shecouldn’tmovethebox.尽管她做出了很大努力，但还是搬不动盒子。（动词）Fastasheran,hecouldn’tcatchthebus.虽然他跑得很快，但也无法赶上公交车。（副词）4.让步型二、不完全倒装（半倒装）在虚拟条件句中，可将连词if省略，再将助动词had,were,should提到主语之前。如：HadhelearnedFrench,hewouldbeabletointerpretfortheFrenchfriends.如果当初他学了法语，他就能给法国朋友做口译。Werethetraintoarriveontime,wemightbeabletocatchthelastbus.如果火车准时到达，我们也许能赶上最后一班公交车。Shouldtheymakeadequatepreparations,theteacherwouldbeverypleased.如果他们准备充分，老师会十分开心。5.虚拟语气型三、应试指导对于特殊句型，我们在解题时首先要注意其特点，抓住其特殊结构。1．检查题干句首中有无诸如onlywhen,manyatime,rarely,tosuchanextent及方位词等关键词再确定谓语动词时态。2．判断考题是否属于倒装句，然后确定是属于哪一种（so型，There+be型，句首否定型、频度型、让步型、虚拟语气型等）。3．将所选答案带入题干中，检验是否符合语法结构和语义的要求。例1NotuntilIbegantowork______howmuchtimeIhadwasted.A.haveIrealizedB.IhaverealizedC.didIrealizeD.Irealized正确答案为C。参考译文：直到我开始工作的时候，我才意识到自己浪费了多少时间。解题技巧：本题测试倒装句的用法。此句的正常语序为：Ididn’trealizehowmuchtime

IhadwasteduntilIbegantowork.由于将notuntil放在了句首，所以要用倒装句。在这四个选项中，只有A和C是倒装结构。由于整个句子讲的是过去的事，所以答案只能是C。三、应试指导例2______gotinthewheatthanitbegantorainheavily.A.NosoonerhavetheyB.NosoonerhadtheyC.NosoonertheyhaveD.Nosoonertheyhad正确答案为B。解题技巧：本题测试的是主谓语倒装。“nosooner...than...”的结构要求句子的前半部分主谓语倒装。主句的谓语是过去式，因此该结构中的谓语也要用过去式。四个选项中，只有B符合题意，所以选项B是正确答案。ExercisesⅠ.ChoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.1.Onlywhenyouhaveobtainedsufficientdata_______cometoasoundconclusion.

A.canyou

B.wouldyou

C.youwill

D.youcan2.“Yougottoknowherhere,didn’tyou?”“No,Itwas_______Icametoknowher.”

A.intheuniversity

B.intheuniversitythat

C.intheuniversitywhere

D.theuniversitywhere3.Rarely_______suchasillything.

A.haveIheardof

B.haveIbeenheardof

C.Ihavebeenheardof

D.Ihaveheardof4.Scarcely_______thedoorwhenagustofwindblewthecandleout.

A.hehadopened

B.heopened

C.didheopen

D.hadheopenedExercisesⅠ.ChoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.5.Money,_______,hasbeentheleastofourworries.

A.importantthoughitis

B.asitisimportant

C.importantifitis

D.itisimportantthough6.Notuntilallthewoundedsoldiersweretakenaway_______thehospital.

A.Dr.Johnleft

B.Dr.Johndidleave

C.Dr.Johndidn’tleave

D.didDr.Johnleave7.Notonly_______whattodo,buthealsolentmethemoney.

A.headvisedme

B.didheadviseme

C.doesheadviseme

D.headviseme8.IfBob’swifewon’tagreetosignthepaper,_______.

A.neitherhewill

B.neitherwon’the

C.neitherwillhe

D.hewon’tneitherExercisesⅠ.ChoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.9.Innoway_______frompractice.

A.theorycanbeseparated

B.theoryisseparated

C.cantheorybeenseparated

D.cantheorybeseparated10._______thatthepilotcouldn’tflythroughit.

A.Sowastheseverestorm

B.Soseverewasthestorm

C.Sothestormwassevere

D.Suchseverewasthestorm11.Manyatime_______givenmegoodadvice.

A.hasJohn

B.Johnhas

C.willJohn

D.wouldJohn12.Thedooropenedandin_______MissLi.

A.comes

B.goes

C.came

D.isExercisesⅠ.ChoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.13.Notasound_______whilethegeneralwasspeaking.

A.thesoldiersuttered

B.didthesoldiersuttered

C.werethesoldiersutter

D.didthesoldiersutter14.Sobadlydidhewritetheletter_______.

A.whenIcouldn’treadit

B.asIcouldn’treadit

C.soIcouldn’treadit

D.thatIcouldn’treadit15.Tomhadbeenworkinghardand_______.

A.sohissisterhad

B.sohadhissister

C.sowashissister

D.sodidhissister16.Undernocircumstancesoratnotime_______thefirsttousenuclearweapons.

A.weare

B.wewillbe

C.werewe

D.shallwebeExercisesⅠ.ChoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.17.Out_______andcarriedtheboytosafety.

A.Mikerushed

B.hasrushedMike

C.rushedMike

D.rushingMike18.Notuntilalltheaudienceareseated_______.

A.thelecturewillbegin

B.whenthelecturewillbegin

C.thatthelecturewillbegin

D.willthelecturebegin19.Scarcely_______suchanexcitingmovie.

A.haveIeverseen

B.Ihaveeverseen

C.sawI

D.Isaw20.Noonerealized_______itwasuntilmuchlater.

A.howseriousacrime

B.howseriouscrime

C.whatseriouscrime

D.howaseriouscrimeExercisesⅠ.ChoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.21.Annedidn’tlikeourroommate,and_______.

A.Idon’ttoo

B.neitherIdid

C.neitherdidI

D.Ididn’talso22.Therewasasuddengustofwindand_______.

A.wentawayhishat

B.awaywenthishat

C.wenthishataway

D.awayhishatwent23.Rarely_______suchasillything.

A.Ihaveheardof

B.Ihaveheard

C.haveIheardof

D.haveIhear24._______Englishwell,Iwouldhavebeenabletotalkwithnativespeakers.

A.HaveIheard

B.Ihavelearned

C.IfIlearned

D.HadIlearned25._______fortheirsupport,hewouldhavegonebankrupt.

A.Ifitisnot

B.Ifitshouldnotbe

C.Haditnotbeen

D.Weren’titExercisesⅠ.ChoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.26.SusanandIcangotothelecture,_______.

A.butneithercanCharles

B.andsoCharlescan

C.butCharlescan’t

D.andCharlesalsocan27.Weak_______sheis,shedoesn’twanttostopworking.

A.but

B.as

C.for

D.although28.Notuntil_______fromLondon_______Britain.

A.didhecome,didIleave

B.hecame,Ileft

C.hehadcome,didIleave

D.hadhecome,IleftExercisesⅠ.ChoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.29._______thesingerhadgivenanencore_______leavetheconcert.

A.Notuntil,theaudiencewould

B.Until,wouldtheaudience

C.Notuntil,wouldtheaudience

D.Itisnotuntil,thattheaudiencewouldnot30.Onlyattheparty_______hersmilehappily.

A.wesaw

B.hadweseen

C.didwesee

D.areweseeing31.Never_______suchgreateffortstodevelopeducation.

A.hasanycountrymade

B.anycountryhasmade

C.hasmadeanycountry

D.anycountrymadeExercisesⅠ.ChoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.32._______usedtobeanorphanagehere,butwecannotfinditnow.

A.There

B.Therewas

C.It

D.Itwas33.Onlyatmyschool_______suchagoodgoal-keeper.

A.onefinds

B.doesonefind

C.thatonefinds

D.whereonefinds34.Afterthewarweneversawthefarmeragain,_______fromhim.

A.nordidwehear

B.neitherweheard

C.notdidwehear

D.eitherwedidn’thear35.Theplaneroaredoverand_______whichkilledalmostallthepeopleinthevillage.

A.thebombscamedown

B.downcamethebombs

C.thebombsdowncame

D.downthebombscameExercisesⅠ.ChoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.36.NotuntilthreeSundayscomeinaweek_______mydaughter.

A.youcanmarry

B.canyoumarry

C.marryyoucan

D.canmarryyou37.Thedoorburstopenand_______alargeangrycrowd.

A.rushedin

B.didrushin

C.inrushed

D.didinrush38.Wehavebeentoldthatundernocircumstances_______thetelephoneintheofficeforpersonalaffairs.

A.mayweuse

B.wemayuse

C.wecoulduse

D.didweuseExercisesⅠ.ChoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.39._______,itwon’tcoolourenthusiasmforsports.

A.Coldastheweatheris

B.Coldastheweather

C.Theweatherisascold

D.Ascoldistheweather40._______didwegotoPariswhilewewereinFrancelastsummer.

A.Occasionally

B.Rarely

C.Frequently

D.Mostly41.Never_______himinsuchagoodmood.

A.Ihavefound

B.havefoundI

C.haveIfound

D.Ifound42.Onlyunderspecialcircumstances_______totakemake-uptests.

A.arefreshmenpermitted

B.freshmenarepermitted

C.permittedarefreshmen

D.arepermittedfreshmenExercisesⅠ.ChoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.43.Nosooner_______thebus_______thanthewaitingcrowdgotonit.

A.did...stopped

B.has...stopped

C