教学材料《学术写作》-Unit 4 Introduction

4.1GeneralFunctionsofIntroductionRegardingthefunctionofanintroduction,awell-knownprofessionalwriteroncesaidthatit“maybethoughtofasapreliminaryconferenceinwhichthewriterandprospectivereader‘gointoahuddle’andagreeinadvanceontheexactlimitsofthesubject,thetermsinwhichtodiscussit,theanglefromwhichtoapproachitandtheplanoftreatmentthatwillbemostconvenienttoboth.”Thisgivesusavividillustrationofthefunctionanintroductionperforms.下一页返回4.1GeneralFunctionsofIntroductionGenerallyspeaking,thesuccessfulintroductionofapapershouldhavethefollowingfourfunctionstofacilitatethecommunicationprocess.4.1.1IntroducingtheSubjectTheauthoristosupplysufficientbackgroundinformationtorelievethereaderswhoarenotwell-informedinthisfieldoftroublesinunderstandingandevaluatingtheresultsofthegivenstudywithoutreferringtopreviouspublicationsonthetopic.上一页下一页返回4.1GeneralFunctionsofIntroductionSincethetopicinthissectioniswhatthepaperisgoingtodealwith,thereaders,then,cangetapreliminarybutoverallimpressionbeforegoingonwiththefulltextofthepaper.4.1.2LimitingtheResearchScopeOnlywhenanintroductionclearlydefinesthelimitsoftheresearchscope(thelimitswithinwhichyoutreatthesubject),canreadersretrievetheinformationefficientlyprovidedthatthesubjectisintroducedcorrectly.上一页下一页返回4.1GeneralFunctionsofIntroductionSincetherearesomanyperspectivestobedealtwithandyourresearchcouldproceedinanyoneofthem,narrowingdownthescopeofworkanddelimitingtheboundaryofyourstudybecomesentirelynecessary.Thereareanumberofexpressionsusedtolimitthescopeofwork:(1)Theproblemiswithinthescopeof...(2)Theproblemunderdiscussioniswithinthescopeof...(3)Studiesoftheseeffectscoveredvariousaspectsof...上一页下一页返回4.1GeneralFunctionsofIntroduction(4)Ourstudieswiththistechniqueareconfinedtoonlyoneparticularaspect...(5)Theproblemdescribedpreviouslywasdirectedtotheexampleof...,whichdiffersfrom...(6)Thissubjectisconcernedchieflywiththestudyof...(7)Theauthorhaslimitedhisstudiestotherelatedaspectsof...(8)Theapproachunderstudyisonlyappliedto...上一页下一页返回4.1GeneralFunctionsofIntroduction(9)TheproblemIhavereferredtofallswithinthefieldof...(10)Theproblemwehavejustoutlinedseemstobeinsideoftheprovinceof...(11)Thetheorycannotapplytoothercasesof...(12)Theemphasisofthispaperistosurvey...上一页下一页返回4.1GeneralFunctionsofIntroduction4.1.3StatingtheGeneralPurposeIfthefirsttwofunctionsofintroductions,i.e.introducingthesubjectandlimitingtheresearchscope,aretousherthereaderwheretostartandwhattotalkaboutinthepaper,thenthefunctionofstatingthegeneralpurposeisaimedattellingthereaderwhyandwheretostartorwheretoguide.上一页下一页返回4.1GeneralFunctionsofIntroductionHerethetaskoftheabstractdrafteristoinformthereaderofthegeneralpurposeofthepaperandillustrateprimaryobjectivesofhisresearch.Indoingso,hecanguidehisreadertoavoidanymisunderstandingofhisinclinationandmakeclearwhatthereaderhimselfcanexpecttogainfromtheabstractdrafter.上一页下一页返回4.1GeneralFunctionsofIntroduction4.1.4ShowingtheWritingArrangementThelogicalarrangementofthewritingenablesthereadertounderstandthepapermoreeasilywhenfurtherreadingisnecessary.Thebestplaceforthisinformationcanbefoundattheendoftheintroduction.Inveryshortpapers,suchinformationiseasytograsp.上一页下一页返回4.1GeneralFunctionsofIntroductionInpapersofanyappreciablelengthorcomplexity,however,ithastheadvantageofenablingthereadertoknowinadvanceoftheinformationtoexpectandinwhatordertogetit.Thusacleararrangementofyourpaperwillmakethereaderfeelconvenientandactiveintheirfurtherreading.Expressionsusedtoindicatetheorganizationoftheinformationinclude:(1)Thispaperisdividedintofvemajorsectionsasfollows...(2)Sectiononeofthispaperopenswith...上一页下一页返回4.1GeneralFunctionsofIntroduction(3)Sectionthreedevelopsthesecondhypotheseson...(4)Inthispaper,dataandresultsarepresentedunderthemajorheadingof...(5)Sectionfourshows(introduces,reveals,treats,develops,dealswith,etc.)...(6)Theresultof...isgiveninthelastsection.(7)The5thsectionprovidesanexpositionthatplacestheprimaryemphasison...(8)Inthefollowing,widerangesoftestdataarereported...上一页返回4.2StructuralFeaturesofIntroduction4.2.1StartingwiththeResearchBackgroundToorientthereader,thepertinentliteratureshouldbereviewedinwritingaprofessionalpaper.Theresearchbackgroundisusuallygiveninthesectionofintroductionaccompaniedbytherecentdevelopmentinthisfield.Thatistoanswerthequestion,“Whathavebeendone?”Thebestwaytopresentthisinformationdependsonwhatthereaderalreadyknows.下一页返回4.2StructuralFeaturesofIntroductionForexample,itmayormaynotbenecessarytoincludehistoricalbackground,definitionofcertainterms,data,etc.4.2.2TransitingtotheExistingProblemAuthorsusuallytransittothemainproblemstobediscussedorweakpointsremaininginthepreviousworktobefurtherstudiedand/orimproved.上一页下一页返回4.2StructuralFeaturesofIntroductionThatistoanswerthequestion:“Whathavenotbeendone?”Theexistingproblemsorweakpointsofsuchnaturemaybesomethingthathasnotyetbeenfoundbefore,themethodsthathavenotbeenadoptedsofar,materialsthathavenotyetbeendiscoveredinthepast,and/orthefactorsthatwerepreviouslyignored,andsoon.上一页下一页返回4.2StructuralFeaturesofIntroduction4.2.3FocusingonthePresentResearchOnthebasisofreviewingthepreviousresearch,especiallyunfoldingordisplayingtheweakpointsofthepreviousworktobeovercomeorexistingproblemstobesolved,theauthormaygraduallyandnaturallyturnthereader’sattentiontothepresentresearch,bystatinghisprimaryresearchobjectives,novelideas,advancedmethods,newmaterials,freshfactors,etc.上一页下一页返回4.2St