翻译的功能类型

AFunctionalTypologyofTranslations（1997）TheFundamentalDrawbacksoftheEquivalenceModel1.FocusesonmainlystructuralqualitiesoftheST,losingtheintrinsicinterrelationshipbetweenextratextualandintratextualfactorsofcommunicativeinteractionoutofsight.主要关注原文的结构，忽视了文外因素和文内因素本质上的交流互动。2.Itdoesn’ttakeculturalaspectsintosufficientlyconsideration.文化因素没能得到充分考虑。3.Lacksconsistency缺乏一致性。4.Thetransferstandardsaredifferentorevencontradictory.翻译标准不一致，甚至相互矛盾5.Itdoesn’taccountforculture-specificdifferencesintranslationalconcepts.没有解释出文化类型的不同点

6.Excludestarget-languagetextwhichdonotsatisfythecriterionofequivalence.对等模式将那些不满足对等标准的目的语文本排除在外7.Thesourcetextanditsvalueareconsideredtobetheoneandonlystandard.把源语文本和其价值视为唯一的标准FunctionalismPlusLoyaltyasanAlternativeModelSinceobviouslytheequivalencemodelisnotadequatetotheneedsofprofessionaltranslationinamodernsociety,herearewhatweneedforanalternative:既然对等理论不足以满足现代社会职业翻译的需要，以下是几种替代模式：1.apragmaticmodel语用模式2.acultural-orientedmodel文化导向模式3.aconsistentmodel一致模式4.acomprehensivemodel综合模式5.ananti-universalistmodel反普遍主义模式6.apracticalmodel实践模式7.anexpertmodel专家模式TheSkoposModel目的论Oneofthemainfactorsintheskoposofacommunicativeactivityisthereceiveroraddresseewiththetheirspecificcommunicativeneeds.目的论的主要因素是带着不同交际需求的接受者或听话人ThisappliesbothtoSTandTT.对源语文本和译语文本都适用ThefocusisshiftedfromSTtoTTanditscommunicativefunctionorfunctions.关注点从源语转移到译语和译语的功能CharacteristicsThismodelispragmaticinthatittakestarget-orientationseriouslyandevenmakesthetargetreceiverthemostimportantdeterminantoftranslationaldecisions.这个理论是务实的，因为它认真对待译文读者，并且将其作为决定译文好坏的最重要决定者。ThismodelisconsistentbecauseitpermitsanytranslationprocedureswhichwillleadtoafunctionalTT.这个理论是一致的，因为它容许任何功能性的翻译。Thismodeliscomprehensivebecausetargetfunctionisconsideredtobethemainstandardforanytranslationprocess.这个理论可以理解，因为它把目的功能作为主要的翻译准则。Thismodelispracticalbecauseitcanbeappliedtoanyassignmentoccurringinprofessionaltranslationpractice.这个理论是实用的，因为它可以应用于任何职业翻译任务。Thismodelgivesdueconsiderationtotheroleofthetranslatorasanexpert.这个理论给了译者应有的专家地位。FunctionalityPlusLoyaltyTwoReservationstotheSkoposModelbyNord.诺德对于目的论有两个保留意见：a.culture-specificityoftranslationalmodel翻译模式的文化特殊性b.relationshipbetweenthetranslatorandtheSTauthor.译者和原文作者的关系问题。fora,translatorshouldmeditatebetweenthetwocultures译者应该作为两种文化的中介forb,authorandtranslatorareequivalent作者和译者地位等同，译者应忠实于作者TheNotionofFunction功能的概念AModelofBasicTextFunctions文本的几种功能1.referentialfunction指示功能2.expressivefunction表情功能3.appellativefunction呼唤功能4.phaticfunction寒暄功能AFunctionalTypologyofTranslationsdocumentarytranslationWord-for-wordtranslation逐字对译Literaltranslation字面翻译philologicaltranslation注释翻译exoticizingtranslation异域翻译instrumentaltranslationEquifunctionaltranslation等功能翻译Heterofunctionaltranslation异功能翻译Homologoustranslation类体裁翻译TheLimitsofTranslationCopyingormerelytransliteratingatextortextpartcannotbecalled"translating";norcanwenacceptasa"translation"anyrenderingwhichdoesnotrespecttheprincipleofloyalty.Example12CubaPlanningtheTranslationProcessSource-textAnalysisandTranslationStrategyextratextualfactor文外因素intratextualfactor文内因素文外因素涉及信息发送者及其意图、接受者、媒介/渠道、交际地点、交际时间、交际动机、文本功能、互文因素等；文内因素包含了从词、句、段落到内容主题等方面。CategorizingTranslationProblems(a)pragmatictranslationproblem(b)interculturaltranslationproblem(c)interlingualtranslationpro