词汇资料学课本练习进步规范标准答案

Unit1

L主观题

2.HowdidtheNormanConquestandtheRenaissanceinfluencethe

Englishvocabulary?

Thetransitionalperiod（转型时期）fromOldEnglishtoModern

EnglishisknownasMiddleEnglish（ME1100——1500）,whichis

characterizedbythestronginfluenceofFrenchfollowingthe

NormanConquestin1066,Frenchwasusedforallstateaffairsand

formostsocialandculturematters,whichinfluencedEnglishin

dailylife.

TheEnglishlanguagefrom150（）tothepresentiscalledModern

English.IntheearlystageofthisperiodtheRenaissance（文艺复

兴）broughtgreatchangetothevocabulary.Therenewed（复兴的）

studyofGreekintheRenaissancenotonlyledtotheborrowingof

Greekwordsindirectlythroughthemedium（媒介）ofLatin,but

alsoledtotheintroductionofsomeGreekwordsdirectlyinto

Englishvocabulary.Greekborrowingsweremostlyliterary,

technicalandscientificwords,（page4〜5）

3.Enumeratethecausesfortherapidgrowthofneologisms（新词，

旧词新意，新词的创造者/使用者）afterWorldWarII.Givefour

examplesforeachcause.

①markedprogressofscienceandtechnology.Example:toblastoff（炸

掉，炸毁），tocountdown,capsule,launchingpad

②socio-economic（社会经济），politicalandculturalchanges.Example:

roller-hockey,surfriding,skydiving（EK伞运动）,disignatedhitter

（3）theinfluencefromotherculturesandlanguages（page6〜7）Example:

cosmonaut,discotheque（小舞厅，迪斯科舞厅）,ombudsman（调查

官员舞弊情况的政府官员），apartheid（种族隔离）.

4.Whatarethefundamentalfeaturesofthebasicwordstock（词库）of

theEnglishvocabulary?

（1）.Nationalcharacter（全民通用性）：Wordsofthebasicwordstock

belongtothepeopleasawhole,nottoalimitedgroup.

（2）.Stability（稳定性）:Aswordsinthebasicwordstockdenotethe

commonestthingsnecessarytolife,theyarelikelytoremainunchanged.

However,acertainnumberofOldEnglishwordshavedroppedoutofthe

basicwordstock,whilenewwordshavejoinedtherankofbasicwords,

followingsocialandtechnologicalchanges.

（3）.Word-formingability（构词）：Basicwordsareveryactiveinforming

newwords.

（4）.Abilitytoformcollocations（搭配能力）：Basicwordscombine

readilywithotherwordstoformhabitualexpressionsandphrases.

Sincethegreatmajorityofthebasicwordstockarenativewords,theyare

naturallytheonesusedmostfrequentlyineverydayspeechand

writing.(Page10paragraph4,5,7,8andPage11paragraph2)

5.WhatarethecharacteristicsoftheEnglishvocabularyasaresultofits

historicaldevelopment?

ThehistoricaldevelopmentofEnglishlanguageshowsthatEnglishisa

heavyborrower;ithasadoptedwordsfromalmosteveryknownlanguage,

especiallyfromLatin,FrenchandGreek,(page18.)

6.WhydowesaythatnativewordsarethecoreoftheEnglish

vocabulary?

First,becausethenativewordsformthegreatmajorityofthebasic

wordstockoftheEnglishlanguage.Andthebasicwordstockisthe

foundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedoveranumberofepochs.

Second,theymakeupthemostfamiliar,mostusefulpartofthe

Englishvocabulary.Sowesaythatnativewordsarethecoreofthe

Englishvocabularyforitsimportance.(Page10paragraph2,and

Page19paragraph2)

7.Whatdowemeanbyliteraryandcommonwords?

(1)Commonorpopularwordsarewordsconnectedwiththe

ordinarythingsoractivitiesnecessarytoeverydaylife.Thegreat

majorityofEnglishwordsarecommonwords.Thecoreofthe

commonwordsisthebasicwordstock.Theyarestylistically(在文

体上)neutral,andhencetheyareappropriateinbothformaland

informalwritingandspeech.(Page11paragraph6)

(2)Literarywordsarechieflyusedinwriting,especiallyinbooks

writteninamoreelevated(升高的，提高的，崇高的)style,in

officialdocuments,orinformalspeeches.Theyarecomparatively

seldomusedinordinaryconversation.(Page12paragraph1)

Chapter2

QI:Explainthefollowingtermsandprovideexample:

a.Morphemic形位

b.Allomorph形位变体

c.freeandboundmorphemic

d.hybrid混合词

Morphemic:thesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage,not

divisibleoranalyzableintosmallerforms.Example:nation

(page21,paragraph2,line1)

Allomorph:anyofthevariantformsofamorphemicasconditionedby

positionoradjoiningsounds.Example:books,pigs.(page22,paragraph

3,line4)

Freemorphemic:onethatcanbeutteredalonewithmeaning.Example:

man,read,faith(page23,paragraph?,line1To2)

Boundmorphemic:cannotstandbyitselfasacompleteutterance表达；it

mustappearwithatleastoneothermorphemic.Example:unkind

(page23,paragraph2,line4)

Hybrid:awordmadeupofelementsformtwoormoredifferentlanguage.

Example:goddess,rewrite/page27,paragraph?,line4)

Q2.Whatarethedifferencesbetweeninflectionalandderivationalaffixes?

P26页第4段开头P29页第4自然段末尾

Inflectionalaffixes(屈折词缀)arerelatedtogrammaronly.Derivational

affixes(派生词缀)aresubdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes,whichare

relatedtotheformationofnewwords.Roots,prefixes前缀andsuffixes

后缀.arethebuildingblockswithwhichwordsareformed.

Thenumberofderivationalaffixes,althoughlimited,ismuchlargerthan

thatofinflectionalaffixes.

Q3:Inwhattwowaysarederivationalaffixes派生词缀classified?

p26

Derivationalaffixesareclassifiedinprefixes前缀andsuffixes后缀.

Q4:Howarewordsclassifiedonthemorphemic（语素的）level?P29

paragraph5

Onthemorphemiclevel,wordscanbeclassifiedintosimple,complex

andcompoundwords（复合词）.

ChapterIII

IExplain

1、（p32）Word-formationrules:Therulesof

word-formationdefinethescopeandmethods

wherebyspeakersofalanguagemaycreate

newwords

2、Root,stemandbase.Analyzetheword

denationalizedintoroot,baseandstem.

Denationalized

①Root：nation

②stem：denationalize

③base：nationalized

IICompounding

1、Whataretherelativecriteriaofa

compound?

(p35-p36)①Orthographiccriterion

②Phonologicalcriterion

③Semanticcriterion

ITTDerivation

1>Whatisderivation?

(p42-p43)Derivationisaword-formation

processbywhichnewwordsarecreatedby

addingaprefix,orsuffix,orbothtoanalready

existingword.

2、Whatisthedifferencebetweenprefixation

andsuffixation?

Prefixationistheadditionofaprefixtothe

base.Prefixesmodifythemeaningofthebase,

buttheydonotgenerallyalteritsword-class.

Everyprefixhasaspecificmeaningofitsown;

prefixesarethereforeclassifiedaccordingto

theirmeanings.

Suffixationreferstotheadditionofasuffixto

thebase.Suffixesfrequentlyalterthe

word-classofthebase.Therefore,suffixesare

classifiedaccordingtotheclassofwordthey

formintonoun-formingsuffixes,verb-forming

suffixes,etc(p66)

3、Howarethemajorlivingprefixesclassified?

Giveafewexamplestoillustrateeachkind.

(P44)Themajorlivingprefixesare

classifiedintothefollowingeightcategories

bytheirmeaning:

1)negativeprefixes(un-,non-,in-,dis-,a-).

eg,unhappy,nonhero,

injustice,disadvantage,atypical)

2)reversativeorprivativeprefixes(un-,de

-,dis-).eg,unwrap,

decentralize,disunite

3)prejorativeprefixes(mis-,mal-,pseudo

-).eg.mistrust,maltreat,pseudo-science

4)prefixesofdegreeorsize(arch-,super-,

out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,ultra-,

mini-)eg,archbishop,supercurrent

hyperactive,outlive,ultra-conservative

5)prefixesofattitude(co-,counter-,antic-,

pro-)eg,cooperation,anti-nuclear,

pro-student,counterpart

6)locativeprefixes(super-,sub-jnter-,

trans-)eg.Subarctic,superacid,transcode

7)prefixesoftimeandorder(fore-,pre-,

post-,ex-,re-)forehead,

reconsider,prereading,post-war

8)numberprefixes(uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,

multi-/poly-)multi-purpose,monocle,

bi-media

4、Howcanyouformdeverbalnouns,

denominalnouns,deadjectiveverbs,and

denominaladjectivesbysuffixation?

(P50)answer：1)deverbalnounsuffixes:

verb-nounsuffixes,suchas-erinwriter,-ee

inemployee,-ationinexploitationand-ment

indevelopment.

2)denominalnounsuffixes:noun-noun

suffixes,suchas-hoodinboyhood,-shipin

scholarship,-letinbooklet,and-domin

stardom.

3)deadjectiveverbsuffixes:adjective-verb

suffixes,suchas-ifyinsimplify,-izein

modernize,and-eninquicken

4)denominaladjectivesuffixes:noun-

adjectivesuffixes,suchas-fullinhelpful,

-lessinlimitless,-yinsilkyand-ishin

foolish.

5、Givethemeaningofthefollowingwords

andanalyzethestructureofeachword:

(P51)answer:1)adrivermeansaperson

whodrives

2)alightermeansamachineusedfor

lightering

3)agardenermeansapersonwhogarden

4)aNewYorkermeansapersonfromNew

York

5)avillagermeansinhabitantofvillage

6)adineris'adiningcarriageonatrain5

7)aliferis'slang.Apersonsentencedto

imprisonmentforlife

8)adressermeans

Analyse:asfor1>2、3,affixedtoaverb,the

suffixformsagentnounswiththemeaningof

'onewhoperformsanaction'asfor4、5,

thisaffixmayalsobejoinedtothemeansof

cities,countries,andtootherplacenames.as

for6>7、8colloquialandslangy.

IVConversion

1、whatisthedifferencebetweenconversion

(此类转化法)andsuffixation(加后缀)？

(P55介绍conversion的第一段)：

Conversionisaword-formationprocess

wherebyawordofacertainword-classis

shiftedintoawordofanotherword-class

withouttheadditionofanaffix.Itisalso

calledzero-derivation.

e.g.bottle(n.)——bottle(v.),buy(v.)——

buy(n.),tutor(n.)——tutor(v.)(例子也可

以举其他的如attack)

（P49介绍Suffixation的第一段）：

Suffixation:It'stheformationofanewword

byaddingasuffixoracombiningformtothe

base,andusuallychangingtheword-classof

thebase.e.g.boyn.+-ish—boyishadj.boyn.

+hood—boyhoodn.

2、Inaconversionpair,howcanyoudetermine

whichofthetwoisthebaseandwhichthe

derivedword（派生词）？

（P56中间三个例子）

•Thebaseisderivationbyzerosuffix.

Spy-adeverbalnounwithoutsuffix,meaning

onewhospies.

•Thederivedwordisderivationbysuffix

Wirter-adeverbalnounwithn-ernsuffix,

meaningonewhowrites

3、Illustratetheaxiom（原理）/Theactual

grammaticalclassificationofanywordis

pendentuponitsuse.”

（P57最后一段）Noticehowtheword-classof

roundvariesinaccordancewithitsuseinthe

followingsentence:

i.e.Thesecondround（n）（回合）wasexciting.

Anyround（adj）（圆的）platewilldo.

Somedriversround（v）（绕行）conerstoo

rapidly.

Thesoundgoesroundand

roimd（phrase）.（旋转）

Theaboveexamplestellusaveryimportant

fact:becausewordorder（词序）ismorefixed

inModernEnglishthaneverbefore,the

functionshiftswithinsentencestructuresare

possiblewithoutcausinganyconfusionin

intelligibility（可懂度,可理解性）.『这一段可

不要』

4、Whyistheconversionfromnountoverb

themostproductiveprocessofconversion?

（58一59页）FirstincontemporaryEnglish,

thereisatendencyof"apreponderanceof

nounsaververb”.

Second,thereareonlyafew

verb-formingaffixesinEnglish.Theyarebe-,

en-,-ify,-izeand-en.

5、Whatarethemajorsemantictypesunder

nountoverbconversion?

(a)“toputin/onN”

(b)“togiveN,toprovideN”

(c)“todepriveofN;ortoremovethe

objectdenotedbythenounfrom

somethingn

(d)“To….withN”

(e)"To{be/actas}Nwithrespectto...

(1)verbsfromhumannouns

(2)verbsfromanimalnouns

(3)verbsfrominanimatenouns

(f)"To{make/change)...intoN”

(g)"To{send/go}byN”

(l)mail

(2)bicycle

(h)“Tospendtheperiodoftimedenoted

byN”

6、Whyisthepooranexampleofpartial

conversion?

(62页)Itisusedasnounwhenprecededby

thedefinitearticle;yettheconvertednoun

takesononlysomeofthefeaturesofthe

noun;i.e.Itdoesnottakepluraland

genitiveinflection,norcanitbepreceded

bydeterminerslikea,this,my,etc.

8、Pickouttheconvertedwordsinthe

sentencesbelowandstate(l)theword-class

oftheconvertedwordsandtheirmeanings;

(2)towhatword-classthebaseofeachof

theconvertedwordsbelongs:

(1)TheyaregoingtosummerinGuilin.

theconvertedword:summer(v.)

theword-classofit:conversion

meaning:避暑；过夏天

thebaseofthewordofthe

word-classbelongs:summer(n.)

(2)Theyhurrahedhiswonderful

performance.

theconvertedword:hurrah(v.)

theword-classofit:conversion

meaning:欢呼，叫好，为--喝彩

thebaseofthewordofthe

word-classbelongs:hurrah(n.)

(3)Youhavetoroundyourlipsinorderto

makethesound/u:/.

theconvertedword:round(v.)

theword-classofit:conversion

meaning:弄圆，使一成圆形

thebaseofthewordofthe

word-classbelongs:round(n.)

(4)Theyaregreatsillies.

theconvertedword:silly(n.)

theword-classofit:conversion

meaning:傻瓜

thebaseofthewordofthe

word-classbelongs:silly(adj.)

(5)Shedustedthefurnitureeverymorning.

theconvertedword:dust(v.)

theword-classofit:conversion

meaning:拂去灰尘

thebaseofthewordofthe

word-classbelongs:dust(n.)

(6)Itisagoodbuy.

theconvertedword:buy(n.)

theword-classofit:conversion

meaning:购买，买卖；所购的物品

thebaseofthewordofthe

word-classbelongs:buy(v.)

Chapter4

1.Initialism:

Initialismisatypeofshortening,usingthefirstlettersof

wordstoformapropername,atechnicalterm,ora

phrase；aninitialismispronouncedletterbyletter.

2.Acronym:

Acronymsarewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofthe

nameofanorganizationorascientificterm,etc.

3.Blend:

Blendingisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanew

wordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsounds

oftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorboth

ofwhicharenotintheirfullforms.

4.Frontandbackclipping:

Theprocessofclippinginvolvesthedeletionofoneor

moresyllablesfromaword(usuallyanoun),whichis

alsoavailableinitsfullform.

Backclippingmayoccurattheendoftheword.Thisis

themostcommontypeofclipping.

Frontclippingoccursatthebeginningoftheword.

5.back-formation:

Back-formationisatermusedtorefertoatypeof

word-formationbywhichashorterwordiscoinedbythe

deletionofasupposedaffixfromalongerformalready

presentinthelanguage.

6.Reduplication:

Reduplicationisaminortypeofword-formationby

whichacompoundwordiscreatedbytherepetition(l)of

onewordlikego-go;(2)oftwoalmostidenticalwords

withachangeinthevowel'ssuchasping-pong;(3)of

twoalmostidenticalwordswithachangeintheinitial

consonants,asinteenyweeny.

ChapterV

l.Howarethesoundandmeaningofmostwordsrelated?

Giveexamplestoillustrateyourpoint.(P93)

MostEnglishwordsareconventional(常规的),arbitrary

symbols;consequently,thereisnointrinsic(内在的，固有的)

relationbetweenthesound-symbolanditssense.

e.g.house(English)

maison(French)

fangzi（Chinese）

dom（Russian）

casa（Spanish）

Amoreconvincingevidenceoftheconventionalandarbitrary

natureoftheconnectionbetweensound-symbol（声音符号）

andmeaningcanalsobeillustratedbyasetofhomophones（同

音异义词）：write,right,andrite（仪式,礼拜式）.Theyare

pronouncedthesamebutconveydifferentmeanings.

2.Whatdowemeanbyphoneticmotivation?（P94和PPT）

Wordsmotivatedphoneticallyarecalledechoicwords（拟声词）

oronomatopoeicwords,whosepronunciationsuggeststhe

meaning.Theyshowacloserelationofnametosensewhereas

non-echoicwordsdon'tshowanysuchrelationship.

Onomatopoeicwords（拟声词）canbedividedintoprimary

Onomatopoeia（直接拟声）andsecondaryOnomatopoeia

（I可接拟声）.PrimaryOnomatopoeiameanstheimitationof

soundbysound.SecondaryOnomatopoeiameansthatcertain

soundsandsound-sequencesareassociatedwithcertainsenses

inanexpressiverelationship.

3.Quoteashortpoemorpassagethatshowstheliteraryeffectof

onomatopoeicwords.（P94倒数第二行）

“Theicewashere,theicewasthere,

Theicewasallaround;

Itcrackedandgrowled,androaredandhowled,

Likenoisesinaswound!^^

5.Whatismeantbygrammaticalmeaning?（P96〜97）

Grammaticalmeaning（词法意义）consistsofword-class（词

类）andinflectionalparadigm（词形变化）。

（1）Itdescribestheword'slexicalmeaningandalsogives

whatistraditionallyknownasthepartofspeechofthe

word,whichmodernlinguistscalltheword-class.

（2）Thesetofgrammaticalformsofawordiscalledits

paradigm.

Ontheotherhandthegrammaticalmeaningisthesamein

identicalsetsofindividualformsofdifferentwords.

6.Whatisthedifferentbetweengrammaticalmeaningand

lexicalmeaning?（P97第3段）

First,thelexicalmeaning（词］匚意义）ofawordisthesame

inallformsofoneandthesamewordwhilethegrammatical

meaning（语法意义）variesfrom,oneword-formtoanother.

Second,everywordhasadifferentlexicalmeaningwhereasthe

grammaticalmeaningisthesameintheidenticalsetsof

individualformsofdifferentwords.

7.Whyshouldwegiveprimaryimportanceto

conceptual/denotativemeaning（概念/外延意义）of

words?（P97第4段）

Denotativemeaningisthecentralfactorinlinguistic

communication.

Oneofthefunctionsofwordsistodesignateordescribe

something,suchasanobject,apropertyoraprocess.Usersofa

languagecannottalkabouttheirknowledgeofaphysicalobject

oranaturalphenomenon,unlessthisknowledgeisexpressedin

wordswhichhavethesamemeaningforallspeakersofagiven

community.Thisisthedenotativemeaningofaword.

Denotativemeaningisusedwhentheemphasisisonthe

relationshipbetweenlanguage,ontheonehand,andthethings,

events,orprocesses,whichareexternaltothespeakerandhis

language,ontheother.

Thedenotativemeaningofawordisitsdefinitiongivenina

dictionary.It'sthataspectoflexicalmeaningwhichmakes

communicationpossible.

8.Givethreetofivewordswhichhaveconnotations(内)笆)

varyingfromonespeechcommunitytoanotherspeech

community,orfromeratoera.

Theanswerisfrompage98

(1)mother:Thedenotativemeaningofthewordmotheris

"femaleparent”,butitgenerallyconnoteslove,care,tenderness.

(2)January:ThewordJanuarydenotes“thefirstmonthofthe

year”,butitconnotescoldweather,abitingnorthwind,snow,

centralheating,skatingoreventheNewYear.

(3)road:TotheEskimosinGreenland,AlaskaandNorth

Canada,whotravelbysledge,roadoftenconnotes

snow-coveredground,whiletothoselivinginbigcities,road

connotessmoothandpeacefulavenueswithtreesalongside,or

streetscrowdedwithpeopleandheavytraffic.

(4)UncleSam:UncleSamisatermoffavourableconnotationto

mostAmericanintheUnitedStates,butinsomecountriesthe

oppositeistrue,andanallusiontoUncleSamwouldbe

associatedwithfeelingsofangerandhatredtowardsthe

Americangovernment.

12.Explainthefollowingtermswithexamples:

TheanswerisfrompagelOl

a)semanticfeatures(语义特征)

Thelinguisticmeaningofawordisthesetofabstracted

characteristicsnecessarytodistinguishthecategorywhichthe

wordnamesfromallothercategories.Theseabstracted

characteristics(抽象特征)areknownassemanticfeatures.

Semanticfeaturesareusedtodescribesemanticuniversals(共

性，一般概念)thatmaycharacterizealllanguages.

Forexample,[Male],IFemale],|Adult|,|Non-adult],IHuman],

[Bovine],[Ovine]andIPorcine]arethesemanticfeatures.

b)componentialanalysis(成分分析)

Alllanguages,forexample,distinguishnounsthatcategorize

abstractfromconcreteexperience;animatefrominanimate

referents;humanfromnon-human;malefromfemale.Theword

‘man'hasthefollowingsemanticfeatures:(Human),(Adult),

(Male)and(Concrete)Thiskindofanalysisisknownas

componentialanalysis.

CHAPTER6

I、Polysemy

1、(1)>Polysemyhasbeendefinedas''Atermusedinsemanticanalysistorefer

toalexicalitemwhichhasarangeofdifferentmeanings/'109页第2—3彳亍

(2)、Polysemyisalsoanessentialfeatureofalanguage'seconomyand

efficiency.Justimaginewhataheavyburdenitwouldbeonthelearner's

memoryifitwerenotpossibleforonewordtopossessseveralsenses.One

wouldbeobligedtolearnatremendousnumberofseparatewordsforevery

subjectonemightwishtotalkabout.110页第14—17彳亍

2、Radiationistheprocessinwhichtheprimaryorcentralmeaningstandsatthe

centerwhilesecondarymeaningsradiatefromitineverydirectionlike

ray.Ill页第17—19行

3.Concatenation/'linkingtogether",isasemanticprocessinwhichthe

meaningofawordmovesgraduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessive

shifts,likethelinksofachain,untilthereisnoconnectionbetweenthesense

thatisfinallydevelopedandtheprimarymeaning.113页11——14彳亍

4、答案在261页

II、Homonymy

1>115页彳到数第2-3行Perfecthomonyms:Wordsidenticalinsoundandspelling

butdifferentinmeaningarecalledperfecthomonyms.

2、116页第8-9行Homophones:Wordsidenticalinsoundbutdifferentinspelling

andmeaningarecalledhomophones.

116页第12-13行Homographs:Wordsidenticalinspellingbutdifferentin

soundandmeaningarecalledhomographs.

3、Thesourcesofhomonymsareasfollows:

©Phoneticconvergence:Convergingsounddevelopmengtisthemost

commoncauseofhomonymy,ortobemoreexact,ofhomophones.Under

theinfluenceofphoneticchanges,twoormorewordswhichoncewere

differentinsoundformstakeonthesamepronunciationthespoken

language.（出自课本117页）

②Semanticdivergence:Homonymycanalsobebroughtaboutthrough

divergingsensedevelopment.Whentwoormoremeaningsofthe

sameworddriftaparttosuchanextentthattherewillbenoobvious

connectionbetweenthem,po;ysemywillgiveplaceto

homonymy.（出自课本第118页）

③Foreigninfluence:Wordsintroducedfromabroadhaveincreasedthe

numberofhomonymsinEnglish,ascanbeseenfromsomeof

theexamplesalreadygivenintheprecedingsectionon“Phonetic

convergence^and"Semanticdivergence”（出自课本第118页）

④Shortening:Homonymsmayalsobecreatedbytheword-formation

processofclipping.Thissourceisofdecidedlysubsidiary

importanceinformalwritingbuthaswidespreadinfluencein

everydayspeech.Thefollowingwordsaffordgraphicexamplesof

thisprocess（课本第119页）

4、答案在261页

5、答案在261・262页

6、答案在262页

Chapter7

ISynonym

1.Commentonthetraditionaldefinitionofsynonyms.

Whafsyourdefinitionforsynonyms?

P124Synonymsaretraditionallydefinedaswordsindifferingin

soundformbutidenticalorsimilarinmeaning.

P125awordhavingthesamemeaningasotherword:asoneoftwo

ormorewordsofthesamelanguageandgrammaticalcategory

havingthesameessentialorgenericmeaninganddifferingonlyin

connotation,application,oridiomaticuse:oneoftwoormorewords

havingessentiallyidenticaldefinitions.

2.Whatdowemeanbycompletesynonyms?

P125twowordsaretotallysynonymsonlyiftheyarefullyidentical

inmeaningandinterchangeableinanycontextwithouttheslightest

alterationinconnotative,affectiveandstylisticmeanings.

3.Inwhatrespectsdosynonymouswordsdiffer?

P133(l)synonymsofdifferentword-classes(likejealousand

jealousy)(2)wordssynonymouswithphases(liketoto-lerateandto

putupwith);(3)differentsentencepatternsexpressingroughlythe

sameidea.

4.Whyaresynonymsusefulforliterarypurposesandforeveryday

useofthelanguage?

P132Becauseofthe“sameness”ofthedenotativemeaningof

synonymsandtheirdifferenceinconnotative,stylisticandaffective

meaning,wecanseesynonymsareusefulforavoidingrepetitionand

forachievingprecisioninmeaningandvarietyinstyle.

IIAntonym

P136

1.Howdoyoudefineantonyms?

Theterm“antonyms”isusedfor^oppositenessofmeaning”；words

thatareinoppositionareantonyms

P136

2.WhatismeantbyContraries,complementaries,conversives?

Contraries（相对性反义词）

Contrariesshowatypeofoppositenessofmeaning,illustratedby

suchpairsasold/young,big/small,long/short,etc.Theycanbeseen

intermsofdegreesofthequalityinvolved.

Complementaries（互补性反义词）

Complementariesrefertoatypeofbinarysemanticcontrastwhich

admitsofnogradabilitybetweenthelexicalitems.

Conversives（换位反义词）

Conversivesdisplayatypeofoppositenessofmeaning,illustratedby

suchasbuy—sell,give-receive,parent-child,above-below,etc.

Thereisaninterdependenceofmeaning.

P148

3.Whatisthedifferencebetweenroot（固定）antonymsand

derivational（派生的；antonyms?

Root（固定antonymsarewordswithdifferenttoots.Derivational（派

4三的antonymsarewordswiththesamerootshavingnegativeaffixes,

suchashappyandunhappy.

4.Whichistheunmarkedmemberinthefollowingantonymouspairs:

long,short;high,low?Whatisthedifferencebetweenmarkedand

unmarkedones?

Unmarkedmember:long;high.

Theunmarkedmemberisusedwhenonesimplywishestoknowthe

state,qualityoffeaturesofaperson,thing,etc.

Themarkedmemberalwayscarriesacertainimplicationof

distinctiveness.Theunmarkedmemberisonewhichcarriesno

particularimplicationatall.

IllHyponymy

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1.WhatismeantbyHyponymy?

Itistherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweenspecificandgenerallexical

items,suchthattheformerisincludedinthelatter.Thatistosay,the

formerisahyponym（受支酉din］）ofthelatter,e.g.Acatisahyponym

ofanimal;fluteisthatofmusicalinstrument;chairoffurniture,andso

on.

ChapterVIII

（1）Lexicalcontext（词汇语境）：itreferstothelexical

itemscombinedwithagivenpolysemousword.One

wordcanbeusedinmanydifferentsenseswhenitis

combinedwithotherlexicalitems.

Extra-linguisticcontext（语言之外的环境）：

1.theactualspeechsituationinwhichawordoccurs

2.theentireculturalbackgroundagainstwhichawordis

used

（2）thevitalroleofcontextindeterminationofword

meaning

A.Eliminatingambiguities（含糊，不明确）

1.Lexicalambiguityduetopolysemy

2.Structuralambiguityarisingfromthegrammatical

analysisofasentenceoraphrase.

B.Conveyingemotionalovertones(感情色彩)

C.Indicatingreferentsandtherangeofth