考研英语（一）模拟试卷21

考研英语(一)模拟试卷21

一、完型填空(本题共20题，每题7.0分，共20分。)

Itismuchclearthatourdietsarcunhealthy.Now,anincreasingnumberofscientistsand

physicianswonderifour[Cl]forunhealthy,obesity-inducingeatingmightbe

[C2]tothefoodchoicesmadeduringourfirstweeksandmonthsoflife.

[C3],thelatestresearchindicatesthatwhatwelearntolikeasinfants[C4]

whatweeatasadults.If[C5],wemightbeableto[C6]the

obesityepidemicinanewandmorepromisingway,onethat[C7]theveryfirst

spoonful.Today,[C8],mostofthoseearlylovingspoonfulscontainmore

sugarandsaltthanisnutritionally[C9].ArecentstudyintheJournalofPublic

Healthfoundthat53percentofprocessedbabyandtoddlerfoodsliningsupermarket

shelveshavea(n)[CIO]numberofcaloriesfromsimplesugars,and12percent

ofthemhaveloomuchsodium.Theauthors,[Cl1]______howoverindulgence

[C12]bothofthesenutrientsislinkedtocardiovasculardiseaseanddiabetes,

suggestthatearly[C13]tooverlysweetorsaitymealscouldpromoteatastefor

theseunhealthy[C14]inthefuture.[05]focusonlimitingthe

unhealthfulaspectsofdiet,GaryBeauchamp,abiopsychologistandaleadingexperton

chemosensoryscience,preferstostudythe[C16]ofgood-for-youfoods.Based

ondatahehascollectedinthepast40years,Beauchampthinks"thatcomplex

multisensoryflavorprofilesareinfluencedbyour[C17]duringthefirstfew

monthsoflife.nAndifparents[C18]healthfultastesandflavors,suchas

carrotsorbroccoli,[C19],aninfantwillnotonlyrapidlyadapt,butwillalso

developa(n)[C20]fortheseflavorsthatcouldpersistforalifetime.|279

words]

1、[Cl]

A^preparation

B、inclination

C、compensation

D、suggestion

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题考查上下文语义。

2、[C2]

A、suited

B、stuck

C、limited

D、tied

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题考查上下文语义+动词短语。

3、[C3]

A、Indeed

B、However

C、Anyway

D^Instead

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题考查全文主旨+上下文逻辑。

4、[C4]

A、goescontraryto

B、keepstrackof

C^pavesthewayfor

D、takestheplaceof

标准答案：C

知识点解析：木题考查上下文语义+动词短语”

5、[C5]

A、necessary

B、anything

C、true

D、not

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查上下文语义+省略句。

6、[C6]

A、tackle

B、identify

C、stimulate

D、discard

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题考查上下文语义+动词辨析。

7、[C7]

A、fitswith

B、startswith

C^stepsin

D、bringsin

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题考查上卜.文语义+动词短语。

8、[C8]

A、obviously

B、unfortunately

C、hopefully

D、interestingly

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题考查上下文逻辑语义。

9、[C9]

A、affordable

B、available

C、wise

D、rich

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查上卜.文语义+形容词辨析。

10、[C10]

A、constant

B、deficient

C^moderate

D、excessive

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题考杏上下文语义。

11、[CU]

A、assuming

B、admitting

C^noting

D、claiming

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查句内语义+动词辨析。

12、[C12]

A、by

B、about

C、for

D、on

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题考查介词用法。

13、[C131

A、exposure

B、restriction

C、attraction

D、resistance

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题考查上下文语义。

14、[C14]

A^habits

B>interests

C^ingredients

D^factors

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查上下文语义+代词指代。

15、[C15]

A^Ratherthan

B、Boundto

C、Likelyto

D、Otherthan

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题考查句内逻辑语义。

16、[C16]

A、promotion

B、production

C、conservation

D、contribution

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题考查句内语义。

17、[C17]

A、sentiments

B、decisions

C、expectations

D、experiences

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题考杳上下文语义。

18、[C18]

A、supplement

B、introduce

C、preserve

D^distinguish

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题考查上下文语义。

19、[C19]

A、asusual

B、allength

C、sofar

D、earlyon

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题考查上下文语义。

20、[C20]

A、awareness

distaste

C、preference

D、impression

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查上下文语义。

二、阅读（常规阅读理解）（本题共20题，每题7.0

分,共20分。）

Ifyoulockabunchofhigh-IQpeopleinaroomandte'lthemtogetonwithatask,what

willtheyemergewith?LowerIQs,foronething.AstudydonebyVirginiaTechtriedto

replicatehowpeoplethinkundersocialpressure.SubjectswithanaverageIQof126

wereclusteredintoproblem-solvinggroupsandexposedtojudgmentsabouttheirwork.

Apeckingorderformed.Thelowperformersshowedhighresponsesinthepartofthe

brainthatregulatesfear.Thescientistsconcludedthat'individualsexpressdiminished

cognitivecapacityingroups,aneffectthatisworsenedbyperceivedlowerstatus".This

isthefirstillwordanyscientisthashadforthewaygroupsthinkinaverylongtime.

Overthepastdecadeortwo,storyafterstoryhasspokenglowinglyof"hivemind"and

the"wisdomofcrowds".Arctheseprofoundnewinsightsorarctheyacognitive-science

trendonwhichthetideisnowreceding?Theyareboth.Thereiscertainlysomething

measurablethatcanbecalledcollectiveintelligence.Afascinatingstudyofitsoperation

waspublishedinthemagazineSciencetwoyearsago.Theyaskedsmallgroupstodoa

varietyofmentaltestsandthenplayagameofdraughts.Acollectiveequivalentof

generalintelligenceisjustwhattheyfound.Moreover,itwasnotjustanartefactofthe

individualintelligencesthatmadeupthegroups.Thecorrelationofgroupthinkingwith

theaverageintelligenceofthegroup,orwiththeintelligenceofthegroup'ssmartest

member,wasweak.Strongcorrelationswerewiththe"averagesocialsensitivityofgroup

membersandtheequalityindistributionofconversationturn-taking".Officebulliesand

thosewhocan'tshutupdrivedownproductivity.Thesetwofindings—thatthereissucha

thingascollectiveintelligenceandthatworkingingroupsmakesindividualsabit

duller-arenotnecessarilycontradictory.Ahumanbeingprobablylosesabitofthinking

capacityinsubordinatinghimselftoagroup,nomatterwhatfeatsthecollectiveisableto

carryout.Whetherthistrade-offisworthwhiledependsonwhatthegroupsaredoing.If

westerncultureasitexisteduntiltwodecadesagostoodforanyonething,itwasthe

defenceoftheindividualagainsttheherd.IndividualsproducedKingLearandthe

DiscourseontheMethod.The"wisdomofcrowds"producesafewretailfadsatbest,

book-burningsandpogromsatworst.Ourowntimethinksitselfdifferent.Itismarkedby

integrationofmarketsandinnovationsinnetworkingandsales.Crowd-sourccd

Wikipedia(flawed,quickandfree)helpeddriveBritannica(authoritative,labour-

intensiveanddear)outofthepaperencyclopediabusiness.Noonehasthetimetoread

KingLear,letalonewriteit.Anybodywhocansparkaretailfadisacclaimedagenius.

Thewisdomofcrowds,infact,maybejustanupdatedversionoftheage-oldwisdomof

retail;whenitcomestowhatthecrowdwants,thecrov/disall-knowing.[494words]

21、Thefirstparagraphintendstotellusthat.

A、IQisnotareliableindicatorofone'sability

B、highIQpeopletendtopossesslesssclf-confldcncc

C、peopletendtolosesemethinkingabilitywhenworkingingroups

D^severalhighIQindividualsdoesnotnecessarilyproduceahighlycognitivegroup

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查段落主旨+写作目的。

22、Agroup'scollectiveintelligencemaybeenhancedsignificantlywhenitisjoinedby

someoneof.

A^highintelligence

highprestige

C、highoperatingability

D、highcoordinationability

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题考查聿理引申。

23、Thetwofindingsintroducedinparagraphs1and3canbeusedtojustifythe

statementthat.

A、everycoinhastwosides

B、everythingisevolutionary

C^scientificfindingsmightbecontradictory

D、scienceisculturallydefined

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题考查段落主旨+概括推理。

24、Theauthor'sattitudetothecurrent"wisdomofcrowds"cultureisoneof.

A、celebration

B、acceptance

C、regret

D^indifference

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查作者态度。

25、Whichofthefollowingisclosesttothemessagethetexttriestoconvey?

A、Groupthinkisamajorsourceofinnovation.

B、Groupthinkisnomatchforsologenius.

C、Collectivewisdomisculturallydefined.

D、Collectivewisdomisnothingnew,butanage-oldwisdom.

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题考查文章主旨。

Theoutcryoverinternetfirms'habitofsurreptitiouslytrackingwebsurfers'activitieshas

clearlyresonatedinsidetheWhiteHouse.TheObamaadministrationannouncedthatit

intendstoworkwithCongresstoproduce"aprivacybillofrights"givingAmerican

consumersgreatercontroloverhowtheirinformationiscollectedandusedbydigita'

marketers.Thosewhohavebeenlobbyingforchangeagreewith,butareunsympathetic

to,internetfinns*worriesthatsuchalawcoulddenttheiradvertising-drivenbusiness

models,whichrelyontrackingandlargeiingconsumersiomaximiserevenues."Thisis

dimmingtheprospectsofGoogle,Facebookandotherdigitaladcompanies/'saysJeffrey

ChesteroftheCentreforDigitalDemocracy.Quitehowdarkthingsgetforthemwill

dependonthedetailsofthebill.Itwillseektolaydownthebasicprinciplesofinternet

privacyrights,broadlyfollowingrecommendationspublishedlastDecemberbythe

DepartmentofCommerce.Thedepartment'sreportsaidconsumersshouldbetoldmore

aboutwhydataarcbeingcollectedaboutthemandhowtheyareused;anditcalledfor

stricterlimitsonwhatcompaniescandowithinformationtheycollect.Whatever

legislationfinallyemergesislikelytogiveabroaderroletotheFederalTrade

Commission(FTC),whichwillalmostcertainlybechargedwithdecidinghowthose

principlesaretranslatedintopracticeandwithpolicingtheirimplementation.Among

otherthings,theFTCisknowntobekeenonaformal"donottrack"system,which

wouldallowuserstoblockcertainsitesfrommonitoringtheironlineactivities.Keento

avoidthis,theonline-advertisingindustryhasbeenworkingovertimetoconvince

policymakersthatitcanpoliceitselfusingsystemssuchasiconsonwebpagesthatshow

surferswhentheyarebeingtracked.Anditistellinganyonewhowilllistenthat

consumerswillsufferiftoughdo-not-trackruleshitadrevenues,forcingwebfirmsto

chargeformorecontent.WithMrObamathrowinghisweightbehindinternetprivacy,

thisrearguardactionislesslikelytobesuccessful.Someadfirmshavestartedtalkingof

creatingado-not-tracksystemoftheirown,thatwouldlimitthedamagetotheirdigital

activities.Althoughallthismaydenttheirrevenues,America'sinternetgiantscouldalso

benefitfromthelegislationifithelpsthemintheirdealingswiththeEuropeanUnion.

TheEU'salreadyfairlystrictrulesonprivacy—whichitconsidersafundamentalhuman

right—arebeingtightenedfurther.Thetime-consumingandexpensivelegalhoopsthe

EUmakesAmericaninternetfirmsjumpthrough,tobeallowedtohandleEuropeans'

onlinedata,willbecomemoredemanding.Ifbypassingitsownonline-privacy"billof

rights"AmericacanconvincetheEUtoeasethislegalburden,thenitwillbean

importantwinforAmericancompanies,saysJoelRcidcnbcrg,aprofessoratFordham

University'slawschool.Google,Facebookandotherswillnodoubtbetracking—both

onlineandoffline—theprogressofEU-Americantalksonthismatterveryclosely.|496

words]

26、Theprivacybillofrightsismeantto.

A、clampdownwebsuriers,dishonestbehaviours

B、restrictinternetfirms'controloverinformation

C>giveAmericangovernmentcontroloverinformation

D、easethetensionbetweendigitalmarketersandwebusers

标准答案：B-

知识点解析：本题考查事实细节。

27、Whatisthebiggestconcernofinternetfirmswiththeprivacybill?

A^downsizingadrevenues

B、decreasingdigitaldata

C、ever-growinguserbase

D^increasinglydemandingusers

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题考查事实细节。

28、What'stheresponseoftheonline-advertisingindustrytowardstheformal"donot

racksystem',?

A^Agentlepersuasion.

B、Astiffresistance.

C、Aforcedsurrender.

D、Acombinationoftoughandsoft.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题考查里理引中。

29、Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheprivacybillcould

A、beharmfultoEuropeans?privacyrights

B、bedesirablefbrAmericaninternetfirms

C、behelpfulwiththeEU-Americanrelationship

D^bequestionableindealingwithprivacyproblems

标准答案：B-

知识点解析：本题考查事实细节。

30、Accordingtothetext,whowillmostfancytheprivacybill?

A、EU.

B、FTC.

C^Webconsumers.

D^TheCentreforDigitdDemocracy.

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查观点态度。

OnceIformedanopiniononasubject,itbecameabelief,subjecttoahostofcognitive

biasestoensureitstrueness.AmIbeingirrational?Possibly.Infact,thisishowmost

beliefsystemsworkformostofusmostofthetime.Weformourbeliefsforavarietyof

subjective,emotionalandpsychologicalreasonsinthecontextofenvironmentscreated

byfamily,friends,cultureandsocietyatlarge.Afterformingourbeliefs,wethendefend,

justifyandrationalizethemwithahostofintellectualreasons,persuasiveargumentsand

rationalexplanations.Beliefscomefirst;explanationsforbeliefsfollow.Icallthis

process,whereinourperceptionsaboutrealityaredependentonthebeliefsthatwehold

aboutit,belief-dependentrealism.Realityexistsindependentofhumanminds,butour

understandingofitdependsonthebeliefsweholdatanygiventime.Ipatternedbelief­

dependentrealismaftermodel-dependentrealism,presentedbyphysicistsStephen

HawkingandLeonardMlodinowintheirbookTheGrandDesign.Theretheyarguethat

becausenoonemodelisadequatetoexplainreality,"onecannotbesaidtobemorereal

thantheother."Whenthesemodelsarecoupledtotheories,theyformentireworldviews.

Onceweformbeliefsandmakecommitmentstothem,wemaintainandreinforcethem

throughanumberofpowerfulcognitivebiasesthatdistortourperceptstofitbelief

concepts.Onthetopofallthesebiases,thereisthein-groupbias,inwhichweplace

morevalueonthebeliefsof(hosewhomweperceivecobefellowmembersofourgroup

andlessonthebeliefsofthosefromdifferentgroups.Thisisaresultofourevolvedtribal

brainsleadingusnotonlytoplacesuchvaluejudgmentonbeliefsbutalsotodismiss

themasnonsenseorevil,orboth.Belief-dependentrealismisdrivenevendeeperbya

mela-biascalledthebiasblindspot,orthetendencytorecognizethepowerofcognitive

biasesinotherpeoplebuttobeblindtotheirinfluenceonourownbeliefs.Even

scientistsarenotimmune,subjecttoexperiinenter-expectationbias,orthetendencyfor

observerstoselectandpublishdatathatagreewiththeirexpectationsfortheoutcomeof

anexperimentandtodisbelievedatathatdonot.Thisdependencyonbeliefanditshost

ofpsychologicalbiasesiswhy,inscience,wehavebuilt-inself-correctingmachinery.

Strictdouble-blindcontrolsarerequired,inwhichneitherthesubjectsnorthe

experimentersknowtheconditionsduringdatacollection.Collaborationwithcolleagues

isvital.Resultsarevettedatconferencesandinpeer-reviewedjournals.Researchis

replicatedinotherlaboratories.Disconfinningevidenceandcontradictoryinterpretations

ofdataareincludedintheanalysis.Ifyoudon'tseekdataandargumentsagainstyour

theory,someoneelsewill,usuallywithgreatgleeandinapublicforum.Thisiswhy

skepticismisasinequanonofscience,theonlyescapewehavefromthebelief-

dependentrealismtrapcreatedbyourbelievingbrains.|495words]

31>Theauthoruseshisownpracticestoshowthatourbeliefsareoften.

A、prejudiced

B、false

C^irrational

D、changeable

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题考查写作目的。

32、Intheauthor'sview,realityisthecombinationof.

A^culturally-dependentbeliefs

B、objectivefacts

C、explainablebeliefs

D、convincingintellectualarguments

标准答案：B-

知识点解析：本题考查观点态度。

33、Wetendtoacceptbeliefsthat.

A、arcconsistentwithourculturalvalues

B、strikeusasforeignandnovel

C^comefromourownworkgroups

D、arcpowerfulbutbiased

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题考查事实细节。

34、Thebiasblindspotcanpromptascientistto.

A、overemphazisethevalueofexperiments

B、refusetoacceptthefailureofhisexperiments

C、discardsomevaluabledata

D、disbelievedatacollectedbyothers

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查毒理引申。

35、Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthattheself-correctingprocessinscience

requires.

A、strictcontrols

B、individualwisdom

C^persistentinnovation

D、sharedefforts

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题考查有理概括。

Lookaroundtheworldandtheforcesaremassing.OnonesideareCalifornianprison

guards,Britishpolicemen,Frenchrailworkers,Greekcivilservants,andteachersjust

abouteverywhere.Ontheotherstandthecash-strappedgovernmentsoftherichworld.

Eventhemerementionofcutshasbroughtpublic-sectorworkersontothestreetsacross

Europe.Whenthoseplansareputintoaction,expectmuchworse.Inpublicservices

unionpowerismagnifiednotjustbystrikers'abilitytoshutdownmonopoliesthat

everyoneneedswithoutseeingtheiremployergobust,butalsobytheirpoliticalclout

overthoseemployers.Politicianshaverepeatedlygivenin,usuallysneakily—byswelling

pensions,addingyetmoreholidaysordroppingreforms,ratherthanbyincreasingpay.

Thistimetheyhavetofightbecausetheyaresoshortofmoney.Butitiscrucialthatthe

warwiththepublic-sectorunionsiswonintherightway.Foramidallthepainaheadsits

ahugeopportunity—toredesigngovernment.Thatmeansfocusingonproductivityand

improvingservices,notjustcuttingcosts.Theimmediatebattlewillbeoverbenefits,not

pay.Heretheissueisparity.Holidaysareoftenabsurdlygenerous,buttherealissueis

pensions.Toomanystateworkerscanretireintheirmid-50sonclosetofullpay.

America'sstateshaveasmuchas$5trillioninunfundedpensionliabilities.Another

battlegroundwillbetheunions'legalprivileges.Itwouldbeperversetobanpublic-sector

unionsoutrightatatimewhengovernmentsaretryingtomakepublicservicesmorelike

privateones.Buttheirrighttostrikeshouldbemoretightlylimited;andtherules

governingpoliticaldonationsandevenunionizationitselfshouldbechangedto"opt-in"

ones,inwhichamemberdecideswhethertogiveorjoin.Fixingthepublicsectormust

notbeallowedtodegenerateintodemonisingit.Itshealthisvitaltothehealthofsociety

asawhole,notleastbecauseofitsimpactoneconomicgrowth.Private-sector

productivityhassoaredintheWestoverthepastquarter-century,eveninoldindustries

suchassteelandcannaking.Companieshaveachievedthisbecausetheyhavethe

freedomtomanage-toexperiment,toexpandsuccessfulinnovations,toclosedownbad

ones,topromotetalentedpeople.Acrossthepublicsector,unionshavefoughtallthis,

mostcruellyineducation.Itcanbehardertorestructuregovernmentthanbusiness,but

evensmallproductivitygainscanbringbigsavings.Thecomingbattleshouldbeabout

deliveringbetterservices,notaboutcuttingresources.Focusingonproductivityshould

helppoliticiansredefinethedebate.Theimminentretirementofthebaby-boomersisa

chancetohireanewgenerationofworkerswithdifferentcontracts.Politiciansfacea

choice:pushahead,reformandcreatejobsinthelongterm;orgiveinagain,andcut

moreservicesandraisemoretaxes.[477words]

36、Thefirstparagraphmainlydiscusses.

A、turbulentworldsituations

B、strainedemploymentrelations

C、dead-endedgovernments

D、magnifyingunionpower

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题考查段落主旨+写作目的。

37、ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2that.

A、public-sectorunionshavebeenactingstealthily

theincomeinthepublicsectorisindirectlyaugmented

C、public-sectorunionshavetakenprecedenceoverpoliticians

D、public-sectorunionswillfightagainstgovernmentreorganization

标准答案：B^

知识点解析：本题考查因果事实。

38、ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph3thatthepublic-sectorunionizationis.

A^currentlycompulsorybutbeneficiary

B、beneficiarybutnotnecessary

C、optionalbutpopular

D、voluntarybutignored

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题考查事实概括。

39、Whichofthefollowingplaysleastinfixingthepublicsector?

A、Weakeningthestrikers'power.

B、Restrictingunions,legalrights.

C、Reducingpublic-sectorpaydeals.

D、Makingsmallproductivitygains.

标准答案：C」

知识点解析：本题考查人物观点。

40、"Theimminentretirementofbaby-boomers"ismentionedtoinformpoliticians

of.

A^agreatchallengetofaceintheindustrialrelations

B、agoodstrategytoemploygreatemployees

C^animportantchoicetomakeinlabourcontracts

D、afantasticopportunityoffixingthepublicsector

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题考查准理引申。

三、阅读（补全短文）（本题共5题，每题1.0分，共

5分。）

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.Forquestions41-45,youare

requiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelist

A-Gtofillineachnumberedbox.Thefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedfor

youinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（10points）[A]Thestudy,

reportedinCurrentBiology,involvedanumberofexperiments.Inone,theparticipants

hadtowatch12dotsmovingrandomlyonascreenandquicklyassesstheirgeneral

directionofmovement.Anothertestaskedparticipantstoworkoutthedirectionof

specificsoundsembeddedwithinstereowhitenoise.Inbothteststhevideo-gamersdid

better.However,thescientistswereawarethatgamerscouldhavebeenbornwith

improvedabilitiestoperformsuchtasks,whichwerepossiblywhatattractedthemto

gaminginthefirstplace.Consequently,athirdtestwasnecessarytoseeiftheseabilities

couldhavebeenlearnt.[B]Theresearchersconcludethatvideo-gamesplayersdevelop

anenhancedsensitivitytowhatisgoingonaroundthemandthatthismayhelpwith

activitiessuchasmultitasking,driving,readingsmallprint,navigationandkeepingtrack

offriendsorchildreninacrowd.Thepreciseneuralmechanismforthiseffect,however,

isstillunknown.[C]Therelentlessmarchoftechnologyintoeverydaylifehasalways

givenrisetodebateaboutwhetheritisagoodorabadthing.Somebelievethatthe

internetandcomputersoftwarearemakinghumansmorestupidorshallow.Butothers

arguethatcomputerprogramsintheformofvideogamescanmakepeoplesmarteror

improvespecificskills,suchasspatialawareness.Indeed,manyscientificstudieshave

shownthatvideogamescanimprovehumanperformanceinsensoryandperceptual

tasks.Buttheimprovementseemstocomeonlyinthetaskthatagametrainsyoufbr.

Thisisnotsurprising.Therealquestioniswhethervideogamesarecapableofproviding

moregeneralgainsinperformance.［D|Oneimplicationofthisdiscoveryisthatreaction

timesinthepopulationwillprobablyimprovewiththeriseoffast-actionvideo-games.

Therearealotofplayers:lastyearareportestimatedthat67%ofAmericanhouseholds

containedatleastonevideo-gamer.Andifvideo-gamersarereallybetterequippedto

makequickdecisions,theymightalsoturnouttobebetterdriversandendupinfewer

accidents.However,thenotionthatgamersacquiresomeminorphysicalskillsmaynot

soothconcernedparents.［E|ShawnGreen,AlexandrePougetandDaphneBavelier,from

theUniversityofRochester,inNewYorkstate,setouttofindananswer.Theyrecruited

agroupofvideo-gamersandcomparedtheirreactionskillswithagroupofnon-players.

Thegamershadallspentatleastfivehoursaweekonactiongamesinthepreviousyear.

［F］Thenon-gamingvolunteerswereputthrough50hoursofvideo-gametraining.For

somethisinvolvedplayingfast-actionshoot-'em-upgamessuchas"CallofDuty2"and

"UnrealTournament”,butothersweregivenaslow-movinglife-strategygame,"The

Sims2".Theresearchersfoundthatthosetrainedwithactiongamesraisedtheir

performancetotheleveloftheexperiencedgamers.Moreover,theyweremoreefficient

intheiruseofvisualorauditoryevidencethanthoseplayingwiththeSims.Theaction

gamerswereupto25%fasteratcomingtoaconclusionandtheyansweredjustasmany

questionscoiTectly.［G］Whatisknownisthatpeoplemakedecisionsbasedon

probabilitiesthatareconstantlybeingcalculatedandrefinedintheirheads-something

called"probabilisticinference0.Thebraincollectssmallpiecesofinformation,eventually

gatheringenoughtomakeanaccuratedc-cision.Themoreefficientsomeoneisat

collectingvisualandauditoryinformation,thefasterhecanreachthethresholdneededto

makeadecision.C-41.1)—42.()—43.()—B-44.()-45.()

41、

标准答案：E

知识点解析：［C］段指出，研究发现视频游戏可改善人们完成任务的表现。末句留

下了疑问一视频游戏是否能改善人们通常的表现呢?通读各备选项发现，人部分选

项都与实验及其结论有关，只有［E］段指出一些研究者准备找出答案，他们招募了

一群游戏者，拿他们与非游戏者做比较。该段引入了一项研究，试图回答［0段末

提出的问题，并且第一次提到全文多次出现的游戏者，因此是正确答案。

42、

标准答案：A

知识点解析：上文(［E］段)引入了一项研究并介绍了实验者的相关信息。浏览各段大

意，［A］段涉及具体实验内容，［B］段得出实验结论，［D］段交代本研究带来的启

示，［F］段涉及具体实验内容，［G］段分析大脑运作的过程。按照先后顺序，此处应

承接E段介绍实验具体内容。［A］［F］同时涉及实验内容，［A］段首先指出该研究包

括几项实验，然后具体介绍了两项与游戏者相关的实验并提到第三项实验；［F］段

介绍了针对非游戏者进行的实验，正是［A］段中提到第三项实验。

43、

标准答案：F

知识点解析：上文（［E］段）引入了一项研究并介绍了实验者的相关信息。浏览各段大

意，［A］段涉及具体实验内容，［B］段得出实验结论，［D］段交代木研究带来的信

示，IF］段涉及具体实验内容，［G］段分析大脑运作的过程。按照先后顺序，此处应

承接E段介绍实验具体内容。［A］［F］同时涉及实验内容，［A］段首先指出该研究包

括几项实验，然后具体介绍了两项与游戏者相关的实验并提到第三项实验；［F］段

介绍了针对非游戏者进行的实验，正是［A］段中提至］第三项实验。

44、

标准答案：G

知识点解析：已给定的|B|段交代了实验结论并指出，（但）视频游戏对人产生积极影

响的具体神经机制尚不清楚，这表明作者开始对实验结论进行深入分析。［G］段仍

从大脑运作的角度进行分析，退而指出现在已知的是“掌握的视听信息越多，大脑

做决定的速度就越快其中Whatisknownisthat…与［B］段末…isstillunknown衔

接顺畅。

45、

标准答案：D

知识点解析：［D］段顺接［G］段，从上文结论中得出启示（implication）,其中首句中的

thisdiscovery回指［G］段的实验结论。作者指出该研究带给我们的启示是一方面，

它说明人们的反应时间、做决定的速度可以随着视频游戏的速度而改善；另一方

面，这一好处并不能让父母减少对孩子们玩游戏的忧虑。

四、阅读9翻译句子）（本题共5题，每题7.0分，共5

分。）

（46）OneideaihalelileuniversitieslikeYale,sprawlin?publicsystemslikeWisconsin

andsmallerprivatecollegeslikeLewisandClarkhavesharedforgenerationsisihata

traditionalliberalartseducationis,bydefinition,notintended〔opreparestudentsfora

specificvocation.Rather,thecriticalthinking,civicandhistoricalknowledgeandethical

reasoningthatthehumanitiesdevelophaveadifferentpurpose:Theyareprerequisitesfor

personalgrowthandparticipationinafreedemocracy,regardlessofcareerchoice.Butin

thisneweraoflengtheningunemploymentlinesandshrinkinguniversityendowments,

questionsabouttheimportanceofthehumanitiesinacomplexandtechnologically

demandingworldhavetakenonnewurgency.（47）Previouseconomicdvwnlurnshave

oftenled［odecreasedenrollmentin〔hedisciplineslooselygioupedunder〔he【eim

“humanities”—whichgenerallyincludelanguages,literature,theaits,history,cultural

studies,philosophyandreligion.Manyinthefieldworrythatinthiscurrentcrisisthose

areaswillbehithardest.Thehumanitiesarcundergreaterpressurethanevertojustify

theirexistencetoadministrators,policymakers,studentsandparents.Technology

executives,researchersandbusinessleadersarguethatproducin