科技沟通第1-18章大纲pd科技沟通第1-18章大纲

Chapter13

LaboratoryReports

TeachingObjectives

OncompletionofthisChapter,studentsshouldbeableto:

•identifythetypesoflaboratoryreports;

•explainthecommunicativepurposesoflaboratoryreports;

•understandthelanguagefeaturesoflaboratoryreports;

TeachingObjectives

•gettoknowthestructuralfeaturesoflaboratoryreports;

•learnthetechniquesforwritinglaboratoryreports;

•understandtheprinciplesforwritinglaboratoryreports;

•rulesofpracticeforwritinglaboratoryreports;

Background&Lead-in

•实验陈诉，是在科学研究中描述、记录某一课题的实验历程和结果的陈诉。

•在学习和科研运动中，为了查验某种科学理论或暇设，往往要进行实验。人们通

过实验、视察、阐发、综合、判断，如实地将实验历程和结果记录下来，经过整理

而写成书面陈诉。

Background&Lead-in

•Thischapterdescribesageneralformatforlaboratoryreportsthatyoucanadaptas

needed.Laboratoryreportsarethemostfrequentkindofdocumentwritteninengineering

courseandcancountforasmuchas25%ofacourseyetlittletimeorattentionisdevoted

tohowtowritethemwell.Worseyet,eachprofessorwantssomethingalittledifferent.

1.DefinitionofLaboratoryReports

•Laboratoryreportsdocumentlaboratoryproceduresandtheirresults.

•Laboratoryreportsmaybeonecomponentofaresearchprojectormaydemonstrate

technicalcapabilityandcompliancewithcontracts.

ClassificationofLaboratoryReports

•Accordingtopurposethereare

•Academiclaboratoryreports

•学术实验陈诉

•Industrylaboratorytestreports

•产业的实验陈诉

•83

ClassificationofLaboratoryReports

GenreFeaturesofLaboratoryReports

•CommunicativePurposes:

•Documentyourfindings

•Communicatetheirsignificance

•Presenttheresultsofresearchortesting

LinguisticFeaturesoflaboratoryReports

•Objectiveandimpersonal

•Specificandfactual

•Consistentandcoherent

•Clearandconcise

•Persuasiveandconvincing

•Page85

FormalLaboratoryReports

•TheCoverMaterial:

•TitlePage

•Tableofconlenls

FormalLaboratoryReports

•TheBodyoftheReport

・Abstract

•Introduction

•EquiDmenlandComponents

•Procedureused

•Results/Observations

•AnalysisandDiscussion

•Summary/Conclusion

FormalLaboratoryReports

InformalLaboratoryReports

Thenameoftheprocedures

•Adatasheet

•Calculations

•Seepage86

4.TechniquesforWritingLaboratoryReports

•TitlePage（标题页）：标题的提炼和制作要明确、简洁，直接反应所研究的东西、

范畴、偏向和问题。

•Titlepageneedstocontainthenameoftheexperiment,thenamesoflabpartners,and

thedate.Titlesshouldbestraightforward,informative,andlessthantenwords

4.TechniquesforWritingLaboratoryReports

•TheAbstract（摘要）：简明扼要说明实验目的意义，重要发明，主要结论和理论要

领。

•TheAbstractsummarizesfouressentialaspectsofthereport:thepurposeofthe

experiment（sometimesexpressedasthepurposeofthereport）,keyfindings,

significanceandmajorconclusions.

4.TechniquesforWritingLaboratoryReports

•Theabstractoftenalsoincludesabriefreferencetotheoryormethodology.

•Theinformationshouldclearlyenablereaderstodecidewhethertheyneedtoreadyour

wholereport.

•Theabstractshouldbeoneparagraphof100-200words

4.TechniquesforWritingLaboratoryReports

•TheIntroduction（简介）i$morenarrowlyfocusedthantheabstract.

•Itstatestheobjectiveoftheexperimentandprovidesthereaderwithbackgroundtothe

experiment.Statethetopicofyourreportclearlyandconcisely,inoneortwosentences:

Introduction

•Agoodintroductionalsoprovideswhateverbackgroundtheory,previousresearch,or

formulasthereaderneedstoknow.

•Usually,aninstructordoesnotwantyoutorepeatthelabmanual,buttoshowyourown

comprehensionoftheproblem.

Example:

Thepurposeofthisexperimentwastoidentifythespecificelementinametalpowder

samplebydeterminingitscrystalstructureandatomicradius.

•QuickIntroductionReference

•MustHave:

1.Purposeoftheexperiment

2.Importantbackgroundand/ortheory

•Mav•*include:

1.Descriptionofspecializedequipment

2.Justificationofexperiment'simportance

•Iftheamountofintroductorymaterialseemstobealot,consideraddingsubheadings

suchas:TheoreticalPrinciplesorBackground.

•Noteonverbtense

EquipmentandApparatus

（实验仪器和装置）

•Whenthelaboratoryequipmentiscommonlyusedbylaboratories,orconsistsofsimple

componentssuchasstraingauges应变仪andthermometers,youmanyinclude,without

description,alistofequipment.

•Thisistypicalforstudentlaboratoryreports.

LaboratoryProcedureorProcess（实验步伐或历程）

•Laboratoryproceduresusetheimperativevoiceandincludeastep-by-stepformatwith

stepnumbers.

•Alternatively,processdescriptionsarethetechnicaldescriptionsoflaboratory

proceduresandmaybestatedinthepresentorpasttense.

LaboratoryProcedure

•Confusing:PresstheSTOPbuttonwhentheloaddropsabruptly.[Thismayprompt

theoperatortopresstheSTOPbuttonbeforethereisanabruptdropintheload.]

•Clear:Whentheloaddropsabruptly,presstheSTOPbutton.

•AsampleDrocedurefollows.

ProcessDescription

•Theprocessdescriptioniseitheranexplanationorhistoryoftheprocedure.Thepresent

tenseisusedfbranexplanation,and,alternatively,thepasttenseisusedforahistory.

•Sample

DataandCalculations（数据和盘算）

•Thedataarethenumericalquantitiesdeterminedfromreadingtheinstrumentsduring

theexperiment.

•Theseareusuallyrecordedondatasheets-tableswiththenomenclature命名法ofthe

controlledandmeasuredparameters范例、参数oftheexperiment,respectively,asthe

rowandcolumnheadings.

Results（实验效果）

•Resultsareusuallydominatedbycalculations,tablesandfigures;however,youstill

needtostateallsignificantresultsexplicitlyinverbalform.

Discussion（探讨）

•Discussionisthemostimportantpartofyourreport,becausehere,youshowthatyou

understandtheexperimentbeyondthesimplelevelofcompletingit.

•Explain.Analyze.Interpret.

•Thispartofthelabfocusesonaquestionofunderstanding"Whatisthesignificanceor

meaningoftheresults?”

Discussion

•Analyzeexperimentalerror.

Wasitavoidable?Wasitaresultofequipment?Ifanexperimentwaswithinthe

tolerances,youcanstillaccountforthedifferencefromtheideal.Iftheflawsresultfrom

theexperimentaldesignexplainhowthedesignmightbeimproved.

•Explainyourresultsintermsoftheoreticalissues.

Oftenundergraduatelabsareintendedtoillustrateimportantphysicallaws.Usuallyyou

willhavediscussedtheseintheintroduction.Inthissectionmovefromtheresultstothe

theory.Howwellhasthetheorybeenillustrated?

Discussion

•Relateresultstoyourexperimentalobjective（s）.

Ifyousetouttoidentifyanunknownmetalbyfindingitslattice格子框架、斜条结构

parameteranditsatomicstructure,you'dbetterknowthemetalanditsattributes.

•Compareyourresultstosimilarinvestigations.

Insomecases,itislegitimatetocompareoutcomeswithclassmates,nottochangeyour

answer,buttolookforanyanomalies异常现象betweenthegroupsanddiscussthose.

•Analyzethestrengthsandlimitationsofyourexperimentaldesign.

Conclusion（结论）:

•Conclusioncanbeveryshortinmostundergraduatelaboratories.

•Simplystatewhatyouknownowforsure,asaresultofthelab.

References（参考文献）：

•References（参考文献）：这是指在实验陈诉中参考和引用别人的质料和论述。应注

明出处、作者、文献标题、书名或刊名、卷期、页码，出书及日期等。

•Referencesincludeyourlabmanualandanyoutsidereadingyouhavedone.

SampleStudentLaboratoryReport

•SampleStudentLaboraloryReport

InformalTestReports

PrinciplesofWritingLaboratoryReports

•Beconciseinyourchoiceofwords.

•Stateyourideasasdirectlyaspossible.

•Writetoexpress,nottoimpress.

•Bepositiveinyourinformation.

•Useappropriatestyleandtone.

•Avoidabbreviationsunlessthewordiscommonlyabbreviated.

PrinciplesofWritingLaboratoryReports

•Avoidunintentionalrepetition.

•Useofgeneralratherthanspecificwords:

•Worduseforprecision

•Usestrongconjunctions.

•Removeoverlydescriptivewords.

DefinitionofNote-taking

Note-takingisthepracticeofrecordinginformationcapturedfromatransient（短暂的）

source,suchasanoraldiscussionatameeting,oralecture.

Theimportanceoftakingnotes

♦Extendyourattentionspan.Whenreadingorlistening,yourmindmaytendtowander

off.Takingnoteshelpskeepyoufocusedonyoursubjectareaandtothetaskathand.

♦Rememberwhatyouhaveheardorread.Ratherthanbeingapassivelistenerorreader,

notetakingmakesyouanactivelearner.

TechniquesforTakingNotes

TheCornellMethod

PageLayoutoftheOutlineMethod

Extrasensoryperception（超感官知觉）

1.definition:meansofperceiving

2.threekinds:

♦a.telepathy:sendingmessages

♦b.clairvoyance:forecastingthefuture

♦c.psychokinesis:perceivingevents

♦externaltosituation

♦3.currentstatus

a.nocurrentresearchtosupportor

refute

b.fewpsychologistssayimpossible

♦TimePeopleAffair

Consequence

BeforetheBuiglary

Watergate--

♦◎summerof1972NixoninWatK里alepoliticalscandal

♦Meldidn'trepr.lifeaswas;e.g.,lang.ofAhab,etc.notofreallife.

♦Melvilledidnottrytorepresentlifeasitreallywas.ThelanguageofAhab,Starbuck,

andIshmael,forinstance,wasnotthatofreallife.

BusinessCommunication

Chapter6Summary

Summaryisabridgebetweenreadingandwriting

ChapterOutline

♦Task：Writeasummaryforthefollowingparagraph

BeautifulmountainslikeTaiMountain,LuMountain,andYellowMountain,were

visitedbyonlyafewpeopleinthepast.Today,betterwages,holidayswithpay,new

hotelsonthosemountainsandbettertrainandbusservices,havebroughtthem

withinreachtomanywhoneverthoughtofvisitingthemtenyearsago.

BeautifulmountainslikeMountTai,oncevisitedbyonlyafewpeople,are

todayaccessibletomany,thankstobetterwages,paidholidays,newhotelsandbetter

transportationservices.

*Oneveryeffectivewayofstudyingmaterialistowritedownthesignificantpoints,

theimportantfacts.

DefinitionofaSummary

AAsummaryisashortversionofalongertext,anditgivesonlythemainpoints.

AAsummaryisabriefrestatementoftheessentialthoughtofalongercomposition.

*Thesummaryasacondensationisthedigestofthemainpointsinanoriginal

work.

A提要(summary)是一种对原始文献(或文章)的根本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的

漫笔。

♦Thesummaryomitsintroductorymatter,details,examples,

illustrations-everythingexceptthemajorideasandfacts.

ClassificationofSummaries

*DescriptiveSummary描述型提要

♦informativeSummary信息型提要

♦EvaluativeSummary评价型提要

DescriptiveSummary描述型提要

descriptivesummaryisoftenreferredtoasadescriptiveabstract.

♦inthedescriptivesummary,youinjectnopersonalfeelingsorthoughts,presentingthe

mainpointsofthematerialobjectively.

♦SeeSample6-I,6-2,6-3,6-4

InformativeSummary信息型提要

♦Theinformativesummarytellswhatisintheworkinaparagraphtoseveralpages,

dependingonthelengthoftheoriginal.

♦Presentthemainpointsofthematerialobjectively.

♦Theoriginalworkiscondensedintwoways:thematerialisbrieflyrephrasedor

nonessentialmatteriscutout.

♦SeeSample6-5

EvaluativeSummary评价型提要

♦Asummarymaycommentonaccuracy,completeness,andusefulnessofapieceof

writing.

♦Includeyourownreactions,yourthoughtsandfeelings,alongwithareportonthemain

factsinthematerial.

♦Ithasnospecificlength.Generallythesummaryisnolongerthan10percentofthe

original.

♦SeeSample6-6

Whatkindofsummaryisit?

ComputerCrimeTheauthoraddressesthecriminologyofcomputercrime—why

computersarcchosenastargetsforcriminalpurposesandhowtosecurethemagainst

suchunlawfuluses.Thestrengthsandweaknessesofexistingprosecutorialand

investigatorymachineryareexplored.Federalandstatelawsgoverningcomputercrime

reanalyzed.Theevidentiaryproblemsinprosecutingandconvictingcomputercriminals

andcurrentcasesareexamined.

Key:Itisadescriptivesummary(SummaryofaBookReview).

CommunicativePurposesofSummaries

♦Thepurposesofsummariesistoinform,topresent,theprincipalfactsandconclusions

givenintheoriginalwork.

♦Givingsummariesispartoftheworkinthebusinesscommunity,suchasreports,

articles,speeches,ordiscussionsbeingcondensedforasuperiortoobusytoreadorhear

theoriginal.

♦提要的外交目的是让读者尽快了解文章的主要内容。

概要写作手心得感触

ObjectiveandFaithful

内容客观，忠实原文

AWhenonewritesasummary,oneshouldnotinterpretorcomment.

>AIIonehastodoistogivethegistoftheauthor'sexactandessentialmeaning.

A提要是使用读者自己的语言对一篇较长文章的根本内容加以总结，不是对原文进

行释义，或变更说话，而是在原文内容底子上的提炼。

A提要中所有内容要客观，要忠实原文，既不能漏掉根本内容，也不要随意增加内

容。

Thesummaryomitsintroductorymatter;details,examples,

illustrations-everythingexceptthemajorideasandfacts.

Altreproducesthethemeoftheoriginalwithasfewwordsaspossible.

A提要写作要求在正确理解文章的底子上，用精炼的词句高度浓缩文章的主要内容

和看法，不应包罗细节、例证以及资料性、论述性的内容。

Rewritethefollowingparagraphinasentence:

ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels,afewcopiesofTimeand

Newsweekandsometextbooks.Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringthewinter

vocation.

Shebroughthomealotofbookstoreadduringthevocation.

AThelengthofasummaryvariesaccordingtoitspurpose;however;itshould

generallybenomorethanone-thirdorone-fourththelengthoftheoriginal.

A严格遵守篇幅的限制，通常为原文篇幅的1/3或1/4。

♦Task：Identifythetopicsentenceofeachofthefollowingparagraphs

ThereareseveralreasonswhyTobylikeshisnewjob.Tobeginwith,henowhas

morefreetime.Hegoestoworklaterinthemorningandgetshomeearlierinthe

evening.Furthermore,henowmakesmoremoney.Hisweeklypaycheckhas

increasedfrom$75to$130.Aboveall,henowhasabetterchanceforadvancement.

Theskillsheislearningwillhelphimtoqualifyforamuchhigher-payingposition.

♦例文主要说明Toby喜欢新事情的原因，本段的主题句应该是第一句："Ther?are

severalreasonswhyTobylikeshisnewjob”。主题句报告的中心是“为什么”的问题。

Howcanyouprotectyourselffromthedangeroflightning?Foronething,whenyou

areathome,keepawayfromthestove,fireplace,andwindows.Foranother,don't

takeabathorashowerduringastorm,aswatercarrieselectricityeasily.Third,if

youareoutdoors,getintoabuildingorcar,ifpossible.Fourth,stayoffhilltopand

awayfromanytreeortowerthatstandsbyitself.Fifth,ifyoucan'tgetaway

quicklyfromabeach,afield,orotheropenplace,liedownuntilthestormmoves

away.

♦例文的主要内容是报告人们如何才华制止受自然现象雷电的打击，该段的主题句

是：“Howcanyouprotectyourselffromthedangeroflightening?该主题句是以疑

问句的形式表达肯定的意思,即“Thereareseveralwaysofprotectingyourselffromthe

dangeroflightening.”。

ProceduresforWritingaSummary

♦Understandthetext;

♦Underlinethesentencesthatarcimportantforthesummary;

♦Dividethetextintoparagraphs;

♦Findheadingsforthedifferentparagraphs;

♦Writedownkey-words(notmorethan20)whichareimportantforthesummary;

♦Writethesummaryinyourownwordsusingconjunctions,relativeclausesorparticiple

constructions;

♦Rereadtheoriginalwork;thencheckthesummaryforaccuracyoffactandemphasis.

SummaryWriting

1.仔细阅读原文，直到完全读懂为止。。

2.写下原文的中心思想。

3.每个摘要都应该有标题。

Salespromotions

Theeffectsofpromotionaleffortsonthelastthreemonths'sales

microcomputers

Reportonthevalueofmicrocomputersintheaccountsdepartment

recentcorrespondence

SummaryofcorrespondencewithWorldwideDealersCompanywithinthelast6

weeks

SummaryWriting

4.写下原文中其他的思想和要点。在这样做的时候，

1）须要的（essential）;

2）非须要但相关的（relevantbutnotessential）;

3）不相关的（irrelevant）。

在做摘要的时候，必须包罗要点。

5.写初稿。初稿应该包罗所有要点。在这个阶段你要决定你的摘要大抵该多长。

找出下面段落中实质性信息和非实质性信息。

Onemethodofconductingamarketsurveyisknownas“directmailshot”.Inother

words,itissendingyourcompany'sadvertisementsorproductinformationdirectlytothe

customer'sresidence.

♦Essential:Firstsentence（实质信息：第一句）

♦Inessential:Secondsentence（非实质信息:第二句）

SummaryWriting

6.修改初稿。你可以去除多余的字句，调解句子顺序。

7.仔细查抄一遍拼写和语法，并查对一下，要点是否都包罗了。查抄提要中确切

字数、拼写、语法和标点标记。

ProblemsandSolutions

♦Asummarymustagreewiththeoriginalmaterialintwoways:inthepresentationof

factualinformationandintheemphasisgiventheinformation.

♦Woodpostscanbeexpectedtolastatleast30yearsiftheyhavebeenpressuretreated

andhandledproperly.

♦Pressure-treatedandproperlyhandledwoodpostslastatleast30years.

♦Donotmisrepresenttheemphasisplacedoninformationintheoriginalmaterial.

♦Donotoveremphasizeorundcremphasizetheinformation.

♦Donotemphasizeaminorpointintheoriginalreport.

Dothetaskonpage63

KatesuggestedtoPaulthatheshouldeatlesssalt.Shethoughtthateating

toomuchsaltwoulddohardtoPauPshealthandthatitcouldreducetherealtastesof

food.ButPauldisagreed.Hesaidthatfoodwithoutsaltwouldbetasteless.

SummaryWritingforNarrativeandExposition

（记叙文和说明文的提要写作）

TemporaryHelpASpecialistService

♦Despiterecordunemployment,therearesimplynotenoughadequatelyskilled

secretariesinManchestertocopewithprojectedofficeneedsinthenextfewyears.

SecretarialworkisoneofthefewareasoftheeconomythathasexpandedsinceI960

regardlessofrecession.

♦首先通读原文

♦标题

TemporaryHelp-ASpecialistService

TheNeedforTemporarySecretarialHelpinManchester

SummaryWriting

省掉了原文中一些不须要的单词、短语和填充物

》simply,adequately

*inthenextfewyears

♦把第一段缩写到原文的一半

Secretarialworkhasexpandedsince1960anddespiterecordunemploymentthereare

stillnotenoughskilledsecretariesinManchestertocopewithprojectedofficeneeds.

♦wtechnologieshaveproliferatedthevolumeofinformationthatmustbeprocessed,

transmitted,filedandretrieved.Soalthoughroughly80,000secretariesnowworkin

Manchester,mostcompaniesstillneedextrahelpforstaffemergenciesorspecialprojects,

suchasyear-endreports,stockaudits,recordconversionandthelike.

用一个综括的思想取代大量的细节

ANewtechnologieshaveproliferatedthevolumeofinformationthatmustbe

processed,transmitted,filedandretrieved.

ANewtechnologyhaveproducedmoreinformationtobedealtwith.

ASpecialprojects,suchasyear-endreports,stockaudits,recordconversionandthe

like.

ASpecialprojects

SummaryWriting

Thereisnowmoreinformationtobedealtwithsodespitethe80,000secretariesthat

workinManchester,moreareneededtocoverforstaffemergenciesandspecialprojects.

♦Eveninthedarkestmonthsofrecession,temporaryhelpwasoneofthefewservice

sectorsthatconsistentlyout-pacedthegrowthofindustrialoutput.

♦Theneedfortemporaryhelpremainshighevenduringtheworstofarecession.

进一步缩写摘要

第一段主题:theshortsupplyofskilledsecretariestomeetexpandeddemand

在第二段中，主题:theincreaseinvolumeofinformationprocessing

第三段的主题:thecontinuingneedfortemporarystaff

SecretarialworkhasexpandedsinceI960anddespiterecordunemploymentthereare

stillnotenoughskilledsecretariesinManchestertocopewithprojectedofficeneeds.

XSecretarialworkhasexpandedsince1960andtherearenotenoughskilledsecretaries

tocopewithprojectedofficeneeds.

EssentialTips

♦Page64

♦Afterstudyingthischapter,studentsshouldbeableto:

describethedefinitionofasummary;

♦★identifymajorclassificationsofsummaries;

analyzethecommunicativepurposesofsummaries;

♦★learnthetechniquesofsummarywriting.

♦Thankyou!

♦Seeyounextweek!

Whatiscommunication?

•Communicationisanexchangeofmessagesbetweenindividualsfbrthepurposeof

creatingorinfluencingthemeaningthatothersassigntoevents.

TheProcessofCommunication

Senders/Source（信息发送者）Receivers（信息吸收者）

•Participantsinthecommunicationprocesswhocommunicatemessagestoanaudience

arecalledsenders.

•Receiversaretheaudiencetowhommessagesaredirected.

Encoding（编码）

Decoding（解码）

•Theactivityofthesenderchoosingcertainwordsornonverbalmethodstosendan

intentionalmessageiscalledencoding.

•Theactivityofthereceiverattachingmeaningtothewordsorsymbolsthatthesender

sendsiscalleddecoding.

Feedback（信息反馈）

•Feedbackconsistsofmessages—verbalandnonverbal—thatconveyareactiontothe

communicator'smessage.

Channel（渠道）

Noise（滋扰因素）

•Itreferstoallthefactorsthatinterferewiththeexchangeofmessages.

-Internalnoise

—Externalnoise（最典范）

-Semanticnoise

Context（语境）

•Thecommunicationcontextreferstothesituationinwhichcommunicationtakesplace

andtoeveryfactoraffectingitstransmission.

—Physicalcontext

-Socialcontext

—Interpersonalcontext

Chapter2

ContrastiveRhetoricinTechnicalCommunication

比拟修辞学

ChapterOutline

Whatisrhetoric?

FrancisBacon

•Historiesmakemenwise;poemswitty;themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;

moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.

•历史使人明智；诗词使人灵秀；数学使人周密：自然哲学使人深刻；伦理使人庄重：

逻辑辞学使人善辩。

Introduction

•Contrastiverhetoricmaintainsthatlanguageandwritingareculturalphenomena.

RhetoricP17

•Itstudiesstructureofwrittenmaterialabovethesentencelevel,andattachesgreat

importancetoculture'sinfluenceoncommunication.

•主要研究范畴是探讨笫二语言学习者的学术写作问题及文化的影响问题。

RhetoricP17

•Contrastiverhetoricisanareaofresearchinsecond-languageacquisitionthatidentifies

problemsincompositionencounteredbysecond-languagewritersand,byreferringtothe

rhetoricalstrategiesofthefirstlanguage,attemptstoexplainthem.

RhetoricP17

•Itisbelievedthatthelinguisticandrhetoricalconventionsofthefirstlanguageinterfere

withwritinginthesecondlanguage.

•借鉴母语修辞战略对笫二语言学术写作问题进行解释。

Whatisculture?

WhatdoyouknowaboutChineseculture?

TeaCeremony

WhatdoyouknowaboutAmericanculture?在1966年，Kaplan对约600篇英语作为第

二语言的作文进行了比队阐发，发明文化配景差别，英语作为第二语言的学生写作段

落的组织模式也差别。

・东方语言中段落的生长是绕着主题团团转，而不直接从主题入手展开讨论，语篇的主

题往往采取迂回的方法来加以论述与生长,文中混合着似乎与主题没有直接联系的

内容，段落组织呈螺旋型

-——Youareverybeautiful

——No,no./Where,where.

"哪里哪里''是中国人的谦虚之词，但是应该说thankyou.

•Kaplan认为来自差别文化配景的学生，使用的书面话语模式差别，这种差别不是

语法等外貌上的差别，而是指作者在论证命题、连句成段方面的差别.

•由此K叩lan认为学生的母语修辞或思维模式对其第二语言写作具有负面效应，正

是学生的母语文化影响了学生目的语的写作质量.

•他指出中国粹生在英文写作中喜欢用间接要领就是受到古汉语八股文的影响。

Stereotypes文化定势

•Theyrefertonegativeorpositivejudgmentsmadeaboutindividualsbasedonany

observableorbelievedgroupmembership.

•文化定势指基于明显的或受到认可的群体身份，对目标群体中的个别成员所持有的

正面或反面的判断。

Howdoescultureinfluenceinternationalcommunication?

•Successfulinternationalcommercerequirescross-culturalcommunication.

崎岖语境文化辩论

•在高语境文化当中，可以通过手势、空间的使用甚至沉默沉静来提供信息。高语境

文化对周围的事物和情况越发敏感，不通过语言也能转达他们的情感。

・在低语境文化中，语言转达了大多数信息，语境和参加者方面只包罗少少的信息。

Howwillyouexpressyourlove?

•Writealoveletter.

•Sendalovemessage.

•Buyhim/herarose.

•Say“Iloveyou”.

Translation

・涉外翻译要求信息必须准确、无误地进行转达，

•应遵循美国著名翻译家尤金・奈达所提出的

•“成果对等”(FunctionalEquivalence)®

•翻译的预期目的主要是原文和译文在信息内容、说话方法、文体、文风、语言、文

化、社会因素诸方面到达对等，使原文读者的反响与译文读者的反响到达对等。

Numbers

•按美国习惯，最为通用日期的写法，月、日、年，月份用英文，日和年用阿拉伯数

字。例如：2008年9月8日应写成：Sep.8,2008

・按英国习惯，通常用日、月、年这种写法。如1987年4月20日，英式的写法是

20thApril,1987

Numbers

OnlineCornmunication

SpecificSitesofRhetoricalContrasts

inTechnicalCommunication

一位匈牙利人为申请一份在美国的事情的小我私家简历

Now,let'ssummarize

thekeypointsofthischapter!

Summary:

•describethedefinitionofcontrastiverhetoric;

•understandtherelationshipbetweenculture,languageandrhetoric;

•analyzegeneralsitesofrhetoricalcontrastsinbusinesscommunication;

•analyzespecificsitesofrhetoricalcontrastsinbusinesscommunication.

Assignment

•Finishtheexercises

•Reviewthe2chapters

•Previewchapter3and4

SeeYouNextTime

Whatisrhetoricmainlyabout?

Rhetoric

RhetoricP17

^Contrastiverhetoricisanareaofresearchinsecond-languageacquisitionthat

identifiesproblemsincompositionencounteredbysecond-languagewritersand,by

referringtotherhetoricalstrategiesofthefirstlanguage,attemptstoexplainthem.

RhetoricP17

Oltstudiesstructureofwrittenmaterialabovethesentencelevel,andattachesgreat

importancetoculture'sinfluenceoncommunication.

。主要研究范畴是探讨第二语言学习者的学术写作问题及文化的影响问题。

contrastiverhetoricmaintainsthatlanguageandwritingareculturalphenomena.

Whatisculture?

RhetoricP17

isbelievedthatthelinguisticandrhetoricalconventionsofthefirstlanguage

interferewithwritinginthesecondlanguage.

。借鉴母语修辞战略对第二语言学术写作问题进行解释。

Generalsitesofrhetoricalcontrasts

SpecificSitesofRhetoricalContrasts

inBusinessCommunication

Chapter3Meetings

Manyhandsmakelightwork.

…JohnHeywood

Meetingsmatterbecausethat'swhereanorganization'scultureperpetuatesitself.

--WilliamR.Daniels,

seniorconsultantatACT

。Meetings—whethertheyarcgoodorbad-arcasignofanorganization'shealth.

ChapterOutline

1.DefinitionofMeetings

❖Meetingsareatypeoftheatrewheremanagersobserveandevaluatetheperformance

andprogressofsubordinales.

。Effectivemeetingsneedcompetentparticipants,organization,andeffectiveleadership.

ToInform（通知型聚会会议）

Olnmanyorganizations,peoplemeetregularlytoexchangeinformation.

Olnmanyofficegroups,theMondaymorningmeetingisanimportanttoolfor

informinggroupmembersaboutnewdevelopments,emergingtrends,andthecoming

week'stasks.

ToDevelopNewIdeas

（探讨型聚会会议）

OAtthismeeting,participantssuggestnewideasinanopen,democraticatmosphere.It

alsodevelopsnewprocedures,programs,andsoforth.

❖Usually,ABrainstormoccursinthistypeofmeeting,whichisasuddenrealization,

thoughtoridea.

*Agreatdealoftheoralcommunicationthattakesplaceintheworkplacehappensin

smallgroupmeetings.

ToMakeDecisions

（决策型聚会会议）

❖Decision-makingmeetingsbringpeopleandcompaniestogethertodebateanissue,

reconcileconflictingviews,andmakeadecisiono

♦J*Whichsuppliershouldwecontract?

。Shouldweintroduceanewproductline?

。Shouldwedelayproductionsowecanworkoutadesignflawinournewkeyboard?

7W3H

❖what指目标与内容，包罗主体，目标，性能，性能等

why指原因，包罗任务，期望，配景，技能等

who指人员，包罗制造，行销，流通，卖力的主体等

where指所在类，包罗情况，市场，区域，渠道等

when指时间，包罗期限，时机，预期等

whom指买家，消费者，吸收者

which指隶属品

7W3H

❖howto如何做，指方法和手段，包罗团体方案，详实筹划，战略目标

howmuch代价本钱，投入产出，综效结果

howmany负面效益，种种量（问题，业务，事情）

ToDelegateWork

（委派事情型聚会会议）

。Meetingstodelegateareheldtoassign