考研英语（一）模拟试卷66

考研英语（一）模拟试卷66

一、完型填空（本题共20题，每题7.0分，共20分。）

Womers,beware:allthatworryingmaybelornothing.Anxietyhaslongbeen[Cl]

asasymptomofsuper-awarenessandsensitivitytoclanger,butastudypublished

inBiologicalPsychologyturnsthatlogiconits[C2].TahlFrenkel,agraduate

studentinpsychologyatTelAvivUniversity,asked17studentswhohadanxious

personalitiesand22studentswhoweremorecool-headedto[C3]whenthey

detectedfearinaseriesofincreasinglyfrightenedfaces.Asexpected,theanxiousgroup

[C4]upbeforetheircalmer[C5].Thetwist,[C6],came

fromthevolunteers'brainactivity,recordedwithelectrodesoneachstudent'sscalp.The

brainsofanxioussubjectsbarelyrespondedtotheimages[C7]thefrightened

facehadreachedacertainobvious[C8],atwhichpointtheirbrainsleaptinto

action[C9]caughtoffguard.[CIO]nonanxiousrespondentsshowed

increasingbrainactivity[Cl1]intheexercise,which[C12]upsubtly

witheachincreasinglyfearfulface.Althoughtheir[C13]responsewasslower,

theirbrainactivitysuggeststhatthecool-hcadcdsubjects[C14]subtle

differencesintheimagesmorequickly.Theresultimpliesthatworriersareless[CI5]

potentialdanger[C16]thecommontheorythatanxiousindividualsare

super-alert.Frenkelbelievesthatworriers'lowsensitivitytoexternalwarningsigns

causesthemtobe[C17]frequentlybythe[C18]suddenappearanceof

threats,whichleavestheminastateofchronicstress.Thebrainactivityinnonanxious

subjects,Frenkelexplains,maybe[09]ofan"earlysubconscious[C20]

mechanism,"whichkeepsthemcool,calmandcollected.

1、（Cl]

A、dismissed

classified

C>rejected

D、interpreted

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题考查上下文语义。

2、[C2]

A、head

B、face

C、shoulder

D^mind

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题考查固定短语。

3、[C31

A、recall

B、identify

C、illustrate

D、speculate

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题考查句内语义十长难句分析。

4、[C4]

A、talked

B、spoke

C、called

D、sang

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题考查动词短语+上下文语义。

5、[C5]

A、acquaintances

B、associates

C^counterparts

D、colleagues

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查名词辨析十上下文语义。

6、[C6]

A、indeed

B、moreover

C^likewise

D、however

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题考查句间逻辑。

7、[C7]

A、though

until

C、since

D、while

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题考查句内逻辑。

8、[C81

A、threshold

horizon

C、ceiling

D、latitude

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题考查句内语义+名词熟词辟义。

9、（C91

A^asthough

B>evenwhen

C^themoment

D^inthat

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题考查句内逻辑。

10、[C10]

A、Therefore

B、Similarly

C、Meanwhile

D、Actually

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查句间逻辑。

11、[C1I]

A、later

B、repeatedly

C、earlier

D、particularly

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查上下文语义。

12、[C12]

A、sped

B、built

C>turned

D、rose

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题考直动词短语+上下文语义。

13、[C13]

A、mental

BNmuscular

C、psychological

D^behavioral

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题考查上下文语义。

14、［C14］

A、pickedupon

B、putupwith

C^facedupto

D、cameupwith

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题考查动词短语+上下文语义。

15、［C15］

A、resistantto

B、awareof

C、hostileto

D、afraidof

标准答案：B

知识点解析：本题考查形容词短语+上下文语义。

16、［C161

A、affirming

B、modifying

C、shaping

D、challenging

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题考查上下文语义。

17、［C17］

A、irritated

B、perplexed

C^startled

D、suppressed

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查句内语义。

18、［CI8］

A、seemingly

obviously

C、fairly

D、relatively

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本题考查上下文语义。

19、[C19]

A、source

B、requirement

C>evidence

D、assessment

标准答案：C

知识点解析：本题考查句内语义+名词熟词辟义。

20、[C20]

A^defending

BNlearning

C、escaping

D、warning

标准答案：D

知识点解析：本题考查上下文语义。

二、阅读（常规阅读理解）（本题共20题，每题7.0

分，共20分。）

SupposeCharlesDarwinhadbeensweptoverboardanddrownedduringthevoyageof

theBeagle.Whatwouldtheworldbelikewithouthim?ThatisthequestionPeterBowler

setsouttoanswerinDarwinDeleted.HeusesthenotionofaworldwithoutDarwinto

explorethecontextofevolutionarythoughtinthe19thcentury,andexamineexactly

whatDarwin'scontributionswere.Inmanyways,saysBowler,Darwinplayedlessofa

rolethanyoumightsuppose.Theconceptofevolutionwasalreadyaroundbefore

Darwin'sOriginwaspublishedin1859.GeologistswerebeginningtorealisethatEarth

wasmuchmorethanafewthousandyearsold,andpalaeontologistswerepiecing

togetherafossilrecordthattestifiedtovastchangesinlifeformsoveralongperiodof

time.Darwin'sbigideawasthatevolutionproceededbynaturalselection;better-adapted

individualsaremorelikelytosurviveandreproduce,andthuspassonadaptivetraitsto

theiroffspring,whilelesswell-adaptedindividualsdietakingtheirfailedtraitswiththem.

Others,notablyAlfredRusselWallace,cameupasimilarideaataboutthesametime,but

onlyDarwin'sbookattractedwideattention.Thatconcept,withitsemphasisonstruggle,

competitionandtherelentlesseliminationoutoffailures,wasabombshell.Howcoulda

mercifulGodpermitsuchviolence,suchwastefulness?Darwin'stheoryinstantly

polarisedthepublic,withconservativeChristiansrejectingitoutrightandanti-religionists

usingitasanargumentagainsttheestablishedchurch.WithoutDarwin,Bowlersays,

anli-religionistsmighthaveseizedanothersword,perhapsusinggeologicalevidencefor

anancientEarthastheirweapon.ModernopponentsmayarguethatDarwinismlaidthe

foundationforsocietalamorality,resultingintwoworldwarsandtheNaziatrocities.So

wouldaworldwithoutDarginhavebeenakinder,gentlerplace?Notlikely,says

Bowler,whoshowsthatthefactorsunderlyingthehorrorsofthepastcenturyorso,such

asracismorimperialism,existedlongbeforeDarwin.True,thenotionofDarwinism

providedausefulrhetoricalframework,aswhenNazisspokeof"racialpurificationHasa

steptowardtheevolutionofbetterhumans.ButwithoutDarwintheycouldeasilyhave

turnedtoanothermetaphor,saysBowler,suchastheneedtoexciseacancerfrom

society.Allthisisfascinatingandshouldhavemadealivelybook.ButBowlerisso

elaborateonhishistoricaldetail,socarefultoexploreeveryangleofeachpointhe

makes,thatheoftenleavesthereaderunsurewhereheisgoing.Evenso,thebookis

worththeeffort.BowlerconcludesthatwhereDarwinreallymatteredwasintiming.

Here,ironically,theshockofhisbook,andthepolarisationitcaused,mayhavedelayed

theacceptanceofevolution.Thegreatmanwasaheadofhistime,andsciencemayhave

paidapriceforthat.

21、WclearnfromParagraph2thattheideaofevolutionthroughnaturalselection

A、hadarisenlongbeforethepublicationofOrigin

B、waslessinfluentialthangenerallysupposed

C、wassharedbysomeofDarwin'scontemporaries

D、originatedfromgeologicalevidencesandfossilrecords

标准答案：C

知识点解析：第二段涉及“进化”和“自然选择推动进化''两种思想，这是两个概念，

要加以区分：“进化”思想在达尔文《物种起源》出版之前早已出现（第二句），而对

于生物的具体进化方式，不同学者乂提出了不同观点。达尔文的主要观点是“自然

选择推动进化”（第四句）。第五句接着指出，其他人（如华莱士）在同一时期也提出了

相似观点。这表明“自然选择推动进化”并非达尔文独家观点，在其同时代学者中广

泛存在。因此，［C］选项正确。

22、WhichofthefollowingistrueofDarwin'stheoryofevolution?

A^Itwasinitiatedasaweaponagainstreligion.

B、Itofferedsolidcrevidencesagainstreligionthangeology.

C、Itsplitthereligionistsintotwoopposinggroups.

D^Itmetstrongoppositionsfromreligionists.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：第三段第一句指出，达尔文的观点犹如一颗炸弹，引起了巨大轰动。

第三句接着指出，他的理论一经提出，立即将公众分为两个对立派别。其中保守的

基督徒断然批驳这一思想。由此可知，达尔文的进化论受到了宗教分子的强烈反

对，ID］选项正确。

23AccordingtoBowler,attributingtwoworldwarstoDarwinismis.

ANashallowviewpoint

B、aprofoundinsight

C、areasonableaccount

D、anuntestedexcuse

标准答案：A

知识点解析：第四段首句指出现代反对者观点“达尔文主义为社会道德的沦丧埋下

祸根，最终导致两次世界大战和纳粹的种种暴行”。随后对此观点进行反驳：过去

一个世纪所发生的恐怖事件的潜在因素在达尔文之前早已存在。达尔文主义只是被

用来制造恐怖事件的借口，如果没有达尔文，他们照样能找到另一种借口发动战

争。由此可知，Bowler认为两次世界大战与达尔文主义无关，将两次世界大战归

因于达尔文主义的做法是一种肤浅观点，［A］选项正确。

24、AccordingtoDarwinDeleted,Darwin.

A、holdssomeresponsibilitytordeclineinsocialmorality

B、hasdeferredthepublicembraceofevolution

C、emphasizescooperationovercompetition

D、contributeslittletoscientificdevelopment

标准答案：B

知识点解析：第五段后半部分指出，鲍勒认为：达尔文作品（hisbook指达尔文的

《物种起源》一书）引发的震惊以及观点分化延迟了公众接受进化思想的时间；这

位伟人（thegrealman指达尔文）超前于自己所处的时代，科学为此付出了代价（即：

进化思想的普遍接受被准迟）。可见，［B］选项正确。

25、Theauthor'sattitudetowardsDarwinDeletedcanbegenerallydescribedas.

A、approving

B、skeptical

C^indifferent

D、critical

标准答案：A

知识点解析：本文首先引出皮特.鲍勒的作品《抹消达尔文》，然后详细介绍了书

中观点，末段对该书进行总结评价。作者指出，所有这些内容都引人人胜，理应使

它成为一本充满活力的书°接着乂指出，尽管该书在写作中存在一点瑕疵,但仍然

值得一读。由此可知，作者对《抹消达尔文》一书总体看好，本文是带有推荐性质

的书评，［A］选项正确。

WhenacoalitionofinternetactivistsandwebcompaniesscupperedtheHollywood-

sponsoredStopOnlinePiracyAct（SOPA）lastyear,theywarnedCongressthatfuture

attemptstopushthroughlegislationthatthreateneddigitalfreedomswouldbemetwitha

similarresponse.Nowsomeofthemareupinarmsagain,thistimeagainsttheCyber

IntelligenceSharingandProtectionAct（ClSPA）.Thisisoneofseveralbillsdesignedto

reinforceAmerica'scyber-defencesthatwerebeingdiscussedbytheHouseof

Representatives.Whatevertheoutcomeofthedeliberations,thefusssurroundingCISPA

isunlikelytodiedownsoon.Itsfans,whichincludecompaniessuchasIBMandIntel,

saythebill'sprovisionswillhelpAmericadefenditselfagainstattemptsbyhackersto

penetratevitalinfrastructureandpinchcompanies'intellectualproperty.CISPA'scritics,

whichincludetheElectronicFrontierFoundation,adigital-rightsgroup,andMozilla,the

makeroftheFirefoxwebbrowser,arguethatitcouldachievethatgoalwithoutignoring

privacylawsdesignedtopreventthegovernmentgettingitshandsoncitizens'private

datawithoutproperjudicialoversight.CISPAaimstoencourageintclligcncc-sharing.

Companiesandspiesoftenkeepquieta-boutcyber-threatsbecausetheyfearthatsharing

thedetailsmaylandtheminlegalhotwater.Butthismakesitharderbothtohunt

hackers,andtodefendpowergridsandotherinfrastructureagainstonlineassaults.The

billencouragesbothgroupstobemoreforthcomingbyofferingthemanexemptionfrom

civilandcriminalliabilitywhengatheringandsharingdataaboutcyber-threats.The

troubleisthatalthoughitsgoalislaudable,thebillisvagueaboutwhatsortof

informationoncyber-threatscanbeshared.Sointheoryeverythingfrome-mailsto

medicalrecordscouldendupbeingshippedtointelligenceagencies,evenifitisnot

needed.HarveyAndersonofMozillasaysCISPA"createsablackhole"throughwhich

allkindsofdatacouldbesuckedinbythegovernment.Thebilldoesforbidtheuseby

officialsofpersonalinfoimationfrommedicalrecords,taxreturnsandalistofother

documents.Butitscriticssayitwouldbefarbetterifcompanieshadtogetridofsuch

databeforesharingwhatisleft.TheyalsonotethatthebroadlegalprotectionCISPA

offerstofirmscouldbeabusedbycompanieskeentocoverupmishapsintheirhandling

ofcustomerdata.Amorecarefullywordedlegalremedywouldstopthathappening.All

thishasexposedariftintheinternetworldWhereasMozillaandotherfirmswantCISPA

tobeoverhauledorscrapped,somewebfirmsthathelpedsinkSOPAseemambivalent.

Googleclaimsilhastakennoformalpositiononthedraftlegislationandis"watchingthe

processclosely'*.ButTechNet,anindustrygroupwhosemembersincludethewebgiant

andFacebook,haswrittentotheHouseIntelligenceCommitteeexpressingsupportfbr

CISPA.IfGoogleandotherwebcompaniesdohavedoubtsaboutsomeofthebill's

provisions,nowwouldbethetimeforthemtosoundthealarm.

26、WelearnfromthefirstparagraphthatSOPAhas.

A、incurredcriticism

B、raisedsuspicion

C、receivedacclaim

D、arousedcuriosity

标准答案：A

知识点解析：第一段第一句明确指出互联网活动分子、网络公司合力摧毁SOPA,

并警告国会任何意图威胁数字自由的立法都将遭同样对待，所以［A］选项正确。

27、IlcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatthecriticscriticizeCISPAforits.

A^obsessionwithcybersecurity

B、invasionofintellectualproperty

C、threatofprivacyviolation

D^lackofjudicialoversight

标准答案：c-

知识点解析：笫二段笫三句具体介绍了CISPA反对者们(CISPA'scrilics)的观点：

CISPA无须无视隐私法案亦能达到网络防御的可能，也即，现有CISPA无视隐,私

法，使得政府可以不经司法监督就能获取公民隐私数据，暗示它具备侵犯隐私的威

胁，IC］选项符合文意。

28、HarveyAndersonholdsthatCISPA.

A^failstoclarifywhatkindofinformationcanbeshared

B、addshugeburdentointelligenceagencies

C、facilitatestheAmerica'scyber-defencesbyintelligence-sharing

D、helpsthegovernmentgethandsonpersonaldata

标准答案：D

知识点解析：第四段末句明确说明了哈维.安德森的观点：CISPA创建了一个黑

洞，通过该黑洞，政府可以吞噬各种各样的数据。言外之意为：CISPA有助于政

府染指个人隐私数据（从而威胁个人隐私），故［D］选项正确。

29、AccordingtoParagraph5,thecriticsnotethatCISPA.

A、weakensgovernmentofficials'power

B、offersfulldataprotectionoveraccess

C、lacksjustifiablepunishmentfbrdatamisuse

D^standsallinfavorofwebcompanies

标准答案：C

知识点解析：第五段末两句指出批评者们对CISPA的看法：它使得一些网络公司

得以掩饰自己处理数据过程中的小灾小难，而一项措辞更为严谨的法律赔偿条案能

够防止此类事件的发生。由此可见，现有CISPA无力制止一些网络公司误用数据

（等事件），甚至会使其变本加厉，也即，CISPA缺乏数据误用的合理惩罚措施.

［C］选项符合文意。

30、Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthestandingofthosewebfirmslikeGoogleisone

of.

A、appreciation

B、understanding

C、indulgence

D^opposition

标准答案：B

知识点解析：此题解题关键在把握好全文基调，掌控全文脉络，否则很难就题解

题。

Thisweek,some27,000freshlypublishedresearcharticleswillpourintotheWebof

Science,avastonlinedatabaseofscientificpublications.Almostallofthesepaperswill

staythereforever,afixedcontributiontotheresearchliterature.Butmaybefiveorsix

willonedayreceivescience'sultimatepost-publicationpunishment;retraction,the

officialdeclarationthatapaperissoflawedthatitmustbewithdrawnfromtheliterature.

Itisreassuringthatretractionsaresorare,forbehindatleasthalfofthemliessome

shockingtaleofscientificmisconduct—plagiarism,alteredimagesorfakeddata—and

theotherhalfareadmissionsofembarrassingmistakes.Butretractionnoticesare

increasingrapidly.Perhapssurprisingly,scientistsandeditorsbroadlywelcomethetrend.

"Idon'tthinkthere'sanydoubtthatwe'redetectingmorefraud,andthatsystemsaremore

responsivetomisconduct.Itrsbecomemoreacceptableforjournalstostepin,"says

NicholasSteneck,aresearchethicistattheUniversityofMichigan.Butasretractions

becomemorecommonplace,stressesthathavealwaysexistedinthesystemarcstarting

toshowmorevividly.WhentheCommitteeonPublicationEthics(COPE)surveyed

editors'attitudestoretractiontwoyearsago,itfoundhugedifferencesinpoliciesand

practicesbetweenjournals.ThatsurveyledtoretractionguidelinesthatCOPEpublished

in2009.Butit'sstillthecasethateditorsoftenhavetobepushedtoretract.Other

frustrationsincludeobscureretractionnoticesthatdon'texplainwhyapaperhasbeen

withdrawn,ajtendencyforauthorstokeepcitingretractedpaperslongafterthey'vebeen

red-flaggedandthefactthatmanyscientistshear'retraction'andimmediatelythink

'misconduct'astigmathatmaykeepresearchersfromcomingforwardtoadmithonest

errors.Perfectionmaybetoomuchtoexpectfromanysystemthathastodealwith

humanerrorinallitsmessiness.Butasmoreretractionshittheheadlines,some

researchersarecallingfbrwaystoimprovetheirhandling.Suggestedreformsinclude

bettersystemsforlinkingpaperstotheirretractionnotices,moreresponsibilityonthe

partofjournaleditorsand,mostofall,greaterclarityaboutmistakesinresearch.The

reasonsbehindtheriseinretractionsarestillunclear.Idon'tthinkthatthereissuddenlya

boomintheproductionoffraudulentorerroneouswork.Instead,thegrowthin

retractionshascomefromanincreasedawarenessofresearchmisconduct.That'sthanks

inparttothesettingupofregulatorybodies.Theseensuregreateraccountabilityfbrthe

researchinstitutions,which,alongwithresearchers,areresponsiblefordetecting

mistakes.Thegrowthalsoowesalottotheemergenceofsoftwarefbreasilydetecting

plagiarismandimagemanipulation,combinedwiththegreaternumberofreadersthatthe

Internetbringstoresearchpapers.Inthefuture,wideruseofsuchsoftwarecouldcause

therateofretractionnoticestodipasfastasitincreased,simplybecausemoreofthe

problematicpaperswillbescreenedoutbeforetheyreachpublication.Ontheotherhand,

editors'newfoundcomfortwithtalkingaboutretractionmayleadtonoticescomingatan

evengreaterrate.

31、ThefirstparagraphimpliesthattheWebofScience.

A、mayhavecollectedmorearticlesthanexpected

B、mayhaveloadedsomeseriousflawedpapers

C、mightreceivepunishmentfromsciencecommunity

D、mighthavegotinvolvedinscientificmisconduct

标准答案：B

知识点解析：第一段指出大型数据库WebofScience本周将会收人大量文章，这些

文章大都会在此数据库中长久保留，但有几篇可能会因存在严重问题而被撤回，

[B]选项符合文义。

32、Thepresentretractionsystemcanbegenerallydescribedas"

A、lackingtransparencyandconsistency

B、beingresponsiveandresponsible

C、beingunfairandunjusttoobscureauthors

D、beingguidedclearlyandimprovinggreatly

标准答案：A

知识点解析：第二段末指出撤回体制中存在的问题日益凸显。第三段具体说明问

题：全球出版伦理委员会虽出台了“撤回指南”，但事实依然是：编辑们不会按照指

南主动将文章撤回，而是往往被迫实施撤回；撤回通告含糊不清、对被撤原因不做

说明，己撤回的文章继续被引用，研究者因害怕被认做学术不端而连无心之过都不

敢承认。可见，当前撤回体制存在“缺乏一致性和透明性”的问题，［A］选项正确。

33、Itcanbeconcludedthatthereisrecentlyaboomin.

A、productionoferroneousresearch

emergenceoffraudulentwork

C、malpracticeofscientificediting

D、awarenessofresearchaccountability

标准答案：D

知识点解析：由第四、五段可知，研究者们开始呼吁改善“撤回”处理；许多监管机

构开始成立，以促使研究机构对自己的成果承担更多责任。第六段则说明，检测剽

窃的处理软件正在出现。可见，人们就“研究可靠性”的意识上涨，［D］选项正确。

34、Intheauthor'sopinion,thefuturerateofretractionnotices.

A、isabouttoincrease

B、issuretodecrease

C、isdifficulttojudge

D、istofirstdecreaseandthendecrease

标准答案：C

知识点解析：第六段后半段对“撤回通告率''进行了推测。作者指出：一方面，反剽

窃软件的应用将会使很多存在问题的论文在出版前即被过滤掉，因此撤回通告数量

会大幅下降(dipasfastasitin—creased)；另一方面，编辑们会更加主动实施撤回，

使撤回通告快速上升(comingatanevengreaterrate、可见，作者认为，未来的撤1可

通告率的总体走向难以推断，［C］选项正确。

35、Whichofthefollowingisthemostsuitabletitleofthetext?

A、OnlineScienceLiterature;aMixofGoodandBad

B、SciencePublishing:theTroublewithRetractions

C>ArticleRetractions:PunishmentforScientificMisconduct

D、RemovingScientificMisconduct:aChallengingTask

标准答案：B

知识点解析：文章第一段指出现象“撤回一一已发表的文章因涉及科学不端行为或

存在严重错误而收到发表撤回声明”。第二、三段说明撤回体制中存在的问题。第

四段就如何改善撤回方法提出建议。第五、六段解释撤回通告上升的可能原因并预

测未来走向。可见，全篇主要围绕“对已发表文章的撤回中存在的问题”展开论述，

［B］选项正确。

Arehumangenespatentable?Itwouldseemasimplequestion.Butithasbeenthesubject

ofyearsoflitigation,academichead-scratchingandthunderousdebatesbetweensome

executiveswhosaysuchpatentspropelinnovationandotherswhosaytheycurbit.All

thisculminatedtodaywithadecisionfromtheUnitedStatesSupremeCourt.Ina

unanimousdecision,itsansweris"no”.AtissuearethepatentsheldbyMyriadGenetics,

acompanybasedinUtah,ontwogenes,BRCA1andBRCA2.Mutationsinthesegenes

arelinkedtoaninheritedformofbreastcancer.Myriadfoundthepreciselocationofthe

genesontwochromosomesandsequencedthem.Thecompany'spatentshavegiven

Myriadtheexclusiverighttoextractandisolatethetwogenes,administertestsforthe

mutationsandcreatesyntheticBRCADNA.Critics,ledbytheAmericanCivilLiberties

Union(ACLU),havearguedthatthepatentsareunconstitutional.America'scourtshave

longheldthat"lawsofnature,naturalphenomenaandabstractideasarcnotpatentable",

butarethe"basictoolsofscientificandtechnologicalwork".Myriadanditsallies

counteredthat,inanerapropelledbygenomics,patentsarenecessarytodrivefuture

discovery.TheSupremeCourtwadedintothisdifficultdebateinApril,whenitheard

oralargumentsfrombothsides.Thejusticessearchedforanalogiestomakethe

biologicaldebatesimpler,settlingontwo:abaseballbatandmedicinalsapfroman

Amazonianleaf.ThecourtruledthatMyriad'spatentsareinvalid.Therulingreadsabit

likeanelementarysciencelesson,explainingthestructureofDNA.Itsconclusionis

similarlystraightforward.ThejusticesconcededthatMyriadhad"foundanimportantand

usefulgene,butgroundbreaking,innovative,orevenbrilliantdiscoverydoesnotbyitself

satisfy"thepatentlaw'srequirementsfor"newanduseful...compositionofmatter".In

sum,a"naturallyoccurringDNAsegmentisaproductofnatureandisnoteligiblefor

patentingmerelybecauseithasbeenisolated".Thecourtlimiteditsruling.Itheldthat

syntheticDNAmaybepatented,asurgedbythefederalgovernmentinanamicusbrief.

Furthermore,itexplained:"HadMyriadcreatedaninnovativemethodofmanipulating

geneswhilesearchingfortheBRCA1andBRCA2genes,itcouldpossiblyhavesoughta

methodpatent."Thecourtalsosaidthattherulingdoesnotlimitpatentsonnew

applicationsofknowledgeaboutBRCA1andBRCA2,nordoesitstopthe"patentability

ofDNAinwhichtheorderofthenaturallyoccurringnucleotideshasbeenaltered.H

Myriadhasyettoissueastatement.LawyersattheACLUwereexcited."Today,the

courtstruckdownamajorbarriertopatientcareandmedicalinnovation,"saidthe

ACLUsSandraPark."Becauseofthisruling,patientswillhavegreateraccesstogenetic

testingandscientistscanengageinresearchonthesegeneswithoutfearofbeingsued.'*

36、Advocatesofgenepatentsbasetheirargumentsmainlyonthenotionthat.

ANgeneanalysisinvolvesgreatinnovation

B、genesarerelatedtosomeseriousdiseases

C^patentinggeneswillpromptfuturediscovery

D、geneswererecognizedaspatentablebytheConstitution

标准答案：C

知识点。析：第一段指出对于“基因是否能申请专利”一直存在争议：支持者认为基

因专利可以促进创新。反对者则认为基因专利会抑制创新。第二、三段指出，就争

论的焦点问题“BRCA基因专利是否有效”，支持者的观点为：基因专利是推动未来

发现的保证。可见，基因专利支持者的主要观点为：基因专利能够刺激研究者的创

新、推动未来发现，［C］选项正确。

37、Thejusticesuse"medicinalsapfromanAmazonianleafasanexampleof.

A、productsofnature

B、biologicaldebatetopics

C^innovativeusesofnature

D、elementaryscientificdiscoveries

标准答案：A

知识点解析：根据题干中的名称关键词medicinalsapfromanAmazonianleaf定位到

第四段.上文（第三段）介绍反对者（法院支持方）对BRCA1和BRCA2两项基因专利的

看法：两项专利不合宪法（宪法规定自然现象不可授予专利）。例子所在段（第四段）

指出，最高法院为了使这场争论相对简单，参照了类似案件（“棒球棒案”和“亚马逊

叶子药液案''）并最终裁定两项基因专利无效：DNA片段是自然的产物，不应该只

是因为把它分离出来就获得专利。可见，法官意在参照“亚马逊叶子药液案”，说明

BRCA1和BRCA2和亚马逊叶子药液一样，都是自然产物，故不应受到专利保

护，|A］选项正确。

38、ThecourtconcludesthatMyriad'swork.

A、isn'tofmuchpracticalvalue

B、doesn'tinvolvecreationofnewelements

C^istooobvioustogetlegalprotection

D、doesn'treveal(hestructureofDNA

标准答案：B

知识点解析：第四段指出法庭对Myriad工作(将BRcAl和BRCA2分离)的论断：

Myriad公司的发现非常重要，但即便是伟大的发现，若不含有“新的，有用的成

分”也不能被授予专利。DNA片段是自然的产物，不应该只是因为把它分高出来就

获得专利。［B］选项正确，是法庭判断两项专利无效的主要原因。

39、ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thattheSupremeCourt.

A、suggestsMyriadtoseekamethodpatent

R、determinestostopthepatentabilityofgenes

C、supportsthepatentabilityofisolatedDNAsegment

D、approvesthepatentabilityofgeneticmanipulationmethods

标准答案：D

知识点解析：第五段首句指出，法庭裁决留有余地。随后具体说明首句，指出法庭

所规定的四种与基因相关的可专利主体：①合成DNA(synlheticDNA)；②处理基

因的新方法(aninnovativemethodofmanipulatinggenes)；③对基因知识的新应用

(new叩plication…)；④改变核甘酸基自然序列的DNA(【heorderofthenaturally

occurring...hasbeenaltered)o［D］选项符合法庭对②的肯定，故正确。

40、Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothetext?

A、Myriaddeemsthatpatentinghumangenescanmotivatefutureinnovation.

B、America'scourtshavelongheldthatbasictechnologiescan'tdrivediscovery.

C、ACLUworriesthatscientistsmayengageinillegalhumangeneticresearch.

D、Thefederalgovernmenturgesthecourttostopthepatentabilityofhumangenes.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：第二、三段说明Myriad是两项基因专利的持有者，它认为“当今是基

因组推动的时代，基因专利对于推动未来的发现必不可少”。可见[A]选项正确。

三、阅读(补全短文)(本题共5题，每题7.0分，共

5分。)

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.Forquestions41一45,youare

requiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelist

A一Gtofillineachnumberedbox.Thefirstandthefourthparagraphshavebeenplaced

foryouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)[A]Thchuman

andeconomictollisenormousyetoftenhidden.UntreatedmentalillnessesintheU.S.

costmorethan$100billionayearinlostproductivity,accordingtotheNational

AllianceonMentalIIIness(NAMI).Localhospitalsandclinicsmustcopewithassociated

chronicphysicaldiseases.Courtsandjailshandle)alargenumberofindividualswho

sufferfromuntreatedmentalillnesses.Suicideranksamongthetop15mostcommon

killersintheU.S.(inthetopthreeamongyoungpeople),and90percentofcasescanbe

attributedtomentalillness.|B|ThePatientProtectionandAffordableCareAct,which

weresignedintolawin2010,shouldhelpfilltheseholes.Itrequiresthatinsuranceplans

offer"behavioralhealth"coverage,includingmentalhealthandaddictionandsubstance

abusehelp,asan"essentialhealthbenefit."Atleast3.7millionAmericanswhoare

currentlylivingwithseverementalillnesswillgetnewbenefitsfortheirconditionsby

2014,eitherthroughextendedMedicaidcoverageorinsuranceexchanges.[C]Mental

healthcareisoneofthebiggestunmetneedsofourtime.Nearlyoneintwopeopleinthe

U.S.willsufferfromdepression,anxietydisordersoranothermentalhealthailmentat

somepointintheirlife,andaboutonein17Americanscurrentlyhasaseriousmental

illness.Yetmillionsofpeoplelivingwiththeseconditionsdonotreceivethecarethey

require.Inrecentyearsthehealthsystemandslateandfederalgovernmenlshavetaken

stepstorightthatwrong.Progresshasbeenslow,andbudgetcutsandlegalwrangling

havenowputmanyofthesemeasuresatrisk.Doctors,insurersandpoliticiansneed(o

pickupthepace.[D]Yetthesemeasuresareinlegaljeopardy.TheU.S.SupremeCourt

willhearargumentsfbrandagainsttheconstitutionalityoftheactlateinMarch.Ifthe

courtrulesthatstatesdonothavetoexpandtheirMedicaidprograms,astheactcurrently

requires,itcouldshutout16millionAmericanswhowouldotherwisereceiveMedicaid

coverageformentalhealth.Arulingthatclosesthestateinsuranceexchangeswould

depriveanother16million.Scuttlingthelawwouldalsodoawaywithplanstobuild

nationalcentersforthetreatmentofdepressionandtoimprovethewaybehavioralhealth

servicesareintegratedintostandardcare.[E]Theseverityoftheproblemhasprodded

politiciansintoaction.By2002,29stateshadmandatedthathealthinsurancepackages

covermentalillnessonthesametermsasphysicalillness,andinthosestatesthesuicide

ratefellbyanaverageof5percent.Butequalizingcoveragemeanslittletothosewho

lackinsurancealtogether,andstatesareincreasinglyfailingtomakeprovisionforthem.

Inthepastthreeyearsstateshavecutupto39