考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷376

考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷376

一、阅读9翻译句子）（本题共20题，每题7.0分，共

20分。）

[Fl]WalerDilutioninvolvesihereleaseinlolakes,streams,rivens,andoceansof

subsiancesihalbecomedissolvedorsuspendedinihewalerordeposileduDoniheboilom

andaccumulaleloiheexlenlihatiheyinierferewilhihefunclioningofaquatic

ecosystems.Itmayalsoincludethereleaseofenergyintheformofradioactivityorheat,

asinthecaseofthermalpollution.Anybodyofwaterhasthecapacitytoabsorb,break

down,orrecycleintroducedmaterials.[F2）Underccrmalcircumsiances,inorganic

substancesarewidelydispersedandhavelittleornoeffectonlifewithinthebodiesof

waterinlowhichiheyarereleased;organicmalerialsarebrokendownbybacteriaor

otherorganismsandconvertedinloaforminwhich【heyareusefultoaquaticlife.Bui,if

thecapacityofabodyofwatertodissolve,disperse,orrecycleisexceeded,alladditional

substancesorformsofenergybecomepollutants.[F3]Thus,thcirnalpollution,which

isusuallycausedbythedischargeofwaterthathasbeenusedasacoolantinfossil-fueled

ornuclcar-powerplants、canfavouradiversityofaqualiclifeinwatersthatwould

otherwisebeloocold.Inawarmerbodyofwater,however,theadditionofheatchanges

itscharacteristicsandmaymakeitlesssuitedtospeciesthatareconsidereddesirable.

Pollutionmaybeginaswatermovesthroughtheair,iftheairispolluted.Soilerosion

addssiltasapollutant.Theuseofchemicalfertilizers,pesticides,orothermaterialson

watershedlandsisanadditionalfactorcontributingtowaterpollution.The,runofffrom

septictanksandtheoutflowofmanuresfromlivestockfeedlotsalongthewatershedarc

sourcesoforganicpollutants.Industrieslocatedalongwaterwaysdownstreamcontribute

anumberofchemicalpollutants,someofwhicharetoxicifpresentinanyconcentration.

Finally,citiesandtownscontributetheirloadsofsewageandotherurbanwastes.[F4]

Thus,acommunityfarupstreaminawatershedmayleceiverelativelycleanwater,

whereasonefartherdownstreamreceivesapartlydilutedmixtureofurban,industrial,

andruralwastes.Thecos【ofcleaningandpurifyingthiswaterforcommunityusemaybe

high,andtheprocessmaybeonlypailiallyeffective.[F5]Toaddiotheproblem、〔he

citiesandlownsinihelower,ordownstream,regionsofiheriverbasincomribute

additionalwastesthatflowintoestuaries,cieatingnewDollutionproblems.

1、[Fl]

标准答案：水污染是把一些物质排放进江、河、湖、海所造成的。这些物质溶解于

水中、漂浮于水面或沉积于水底。这些物质积聚到一定程度以至影响了水生态系统

的正常功能。

知识点解析：暂无解析

2、[F2]

标准答案：在正常情况下，排入水中的无机物质广泛散布于水中，对水中生物影响

不大或根本没有任何影响；有机物质被细菌或其他有机物分解并转变成对水中生物

有用的形态。

知识点解析：暂无解析

3、[F3]

标准答案：烧化石燃料的工厂或核动力工厂使用的冷却水排放出来后常常造成热污

染。这种热污染对于那些较冷水域中生存的形形色色的水生物有益处。

知识点解析：暂无解析

4、[F4]

标准答案：远在水域上游的社区得到的水比较清洁，而靠近下游的社区得到的水中

则混有稀释了的城市、工厂、乡村排放的废物。清洁水、净化水以供社区使用花费

很高，而且净化水过程只能取得部分成效。

知识点解析：暂无解析

5、[F5]

标准答案：位于河流下游区域的城镇还要向河水中排放废物，流入河口，造成新的

污染，使问题变得更加严重。

知识点解析：暂无解析

[Fl]Theagriculturalsciencesdealwiththechallengesoffoodandfibreproduction

andprocessing.Theyincludethetechnologiesofsoilcultivation,cropcultivationand

harvesting,animalDroduction、andtheprocessingofplantandanimaliroductsforhuman

consumDtionanduse.Foodisthemostbasichumanneed.[F2]Thedomesticationand

cultivalionofplantsandanimalsbeginningalmost10.000yearsagowereaimedat

ensuringthat[hisneedwasmet,and[henasnow[heseactivitiesalsofitwiththe

relentlesshumandrivetounderstandandcontroltheEarth'sbiosphere.Overthelast

centuryandahalf,manyoftheworld'spoliticalleadershaverecognizedwhatIndia's

JawaharlalNehrudid,that"Mostthingsexceptagriculturecanwait."Scientificmethods

havebeenappliedwidely,andtheresultshaverevolutionizedagriculturalproduction.

Undertheconditionsofprescientificagriculture,inagoodharvestyear,sixpeoplecan

producebarelyenoughfoodforthemselvesandfourothers.Advancedtechnologieshave

madeitpossibleforonefannerintheUnitedStates,forexample,toproducefoodfor

morethan100people.[F3]Thefarmerhasbeenenabledtoincreaseyieldsperacreand

peranimal;reducelossesFromdiseases,pesls,andspoilage：andaugmenlnelproduclion

byimprovedprocessingmelhods.Untilthe1930s,thebenefitsofagriculturalresearch

derivedmostlyfromlabour-savinginventions.Oncetheyieldpotentialsofthemajor

economiccropswereincreasedthroughagriculturalresearch,however,cropproduction

peracreincreaseddramatically.[F4]Between1940snd1980intheUnitedStates、for

example,pcr-acrcyieldsofcomtripled,thoseofwheatandsoybeansdoubled,andfarm

oulDutperhouroffarmworkincreasedalmost10-foldascapitalwassubstitutedfor

labour[F5]Newtechniquesofpreservingfoodproductsmadeitpossibletotransport

themovergieaterdistances、in[urnfacilitatingadjustmentsamonglocationsof

productionandconsumption，withfurtherbenefitstoproductionefficiency.Froma

globalperspective,theinternationalflowofagriculturaltechnologyallowsforthe

increaseofagriculturalproductivityindevelopedanddevelopingcountriesalike.From

1965to1985,forexample,worldtradeingrainstripled,asdidnetexportsfromthe

UnitedStates.Infact,bythe1980smorethantwo-fifthsofU.S.cropproductionwas

exported,makingU.S.agricultureheavilydependentuponinternationalmarkets.

6、[Fl]

标准答案：农业科学要解决的是食品和纤维的生产和加工方面的难题。农业科学涉

及以下几个方面的技术：土壤耕耘、作物栽培和收获、动物养殖以及对动植物产品

加工以满足人类的消费和使用.

知识点解析：暂无解析

7、[F2]

标准答案：大约1万年前，人类开始种植植物，驯化并养殖动物。其目的在于确保

人类对食品的基本需求能够得到满足。当时，和现在一样，这些活动也符合人类强

烈的愿望：要理解并且支配地球生物圈。

知识点解析：暂无解析

8、[F31

标准答案：农民使用了先进的农业科学技术，已经有能力去提高每英亩土地以及每

种动物的收益，减少病虫害和腐烂造成的损失，使用先进的加工方法去增加净产

量。

知识点解析：暂无解析

9、[F4]

标准答案：例如美国，从1940年到1980年，玉米每英亩产量增至原来的3倍；小

麦和大豆每英亩产量翻了1番；随着资本取代劳工，每小时农业工作的效益儿乎翻

了10番。

知识点解析：暂无解析

10、[F5]

标准答案：有了保存食品的新技术，使远距离运输食品成为可能；进而有助于调节

食品生产地点和消费地点，更有利于提高生产效率。

知识点解析：暂无解析

[Fl]Toexplainwhysomecountriesgrowmorerapidly【hanolhersorwhyacountry

maygrowmorerapidlyduringoneperiodofhistoryihananother.economistshavefbund

itconvenienlloihinkintermsofa,produclionfunction".Thisisamathematicalwayof

relatingsomemeasureofoutput,suchasGNP,totheinputsrequiredtoproduceit.For

example,itispossibletorelateGNPtothesizeofthelabourforcemeasuredinman­

hours,tocapitalstockmeasuredindollars,andtovariousotherinputsthatareconsidered

important.AnequationcanbewrittenthatstatesthattherateofgrowthofGNPdepends

upontheratesofgrowthofthelabourforce,thecapitalstock,andothervariables.[F2]

AcommonprocedureisI。assumeihatiheinfluenceofiheseparateinpulsisaddilive—i.

e.,thattheincreaseinthegrowthofoutputcausedbyincreasingtherateofgrowthof,

say,capitalisindependentoftherateofgrowthofthelabourforce.Thisisthestarting

pointofagreatdealofcurrentempiricalworkthatattemptstoquantifytheimportanceof

differentinputs.[F3]Undercertainassumptions,somereasonableandsomepatemly

false,itispossibletoconcludethatwhatlabouiandcapitalreceiveintheformofwages,

profits,andinterestisafairmeasureofwhattheycontributetotheproductiveprocess.

ThusintheUnitedStatesintheperiodfollowingWorldWarIItheshareofoutputgoing

tolabourwasapproximately79percent,whiletheshareofoutputdistributedas"profits"

was21percent.[F4]IfweassumeihattheseDiwoiiionsdeterminehowmuchwe

shouldweiehliherateofqrowlhofihelabouiforceandofcapitallespectivelyin

determiningtheircontributiontotherateofgrowthofoutput,wemustconclude〔hatihe

relativeconlributionofcapilalisslight[F5]Allema〔ively,wemaysayihatsomegiven

perceniageincreaseiniheraleol'growihofihelabourForcewillhaveamuchlarger

influenceoniheraleofgrowlhofoulpul【hanihesamepercenlageincreaseiniherateof

giowthofcaDilal.Thisisapuzzlingresultandcanbetracedtotheassumptionthatthe

influenceofseparateinputsisadditive.

II、[FI]

标准答案：为什么有些国家比另一些国家发展得快?为什么一个国家某个历史时期

比另一个时期发展得快。经济学家已经发现用“生产函数”解释起来比较容易。

知识点解析：暂无解析

12、[F2]

标准答案：一般程序是假定分别投入所起的作用是叠加的。也就是说：例如，提高

资本增长率所导致的生产率提高与劳动力的增长率无关。

知识点解析：暂无解析

13、[F3]

标准答案：在一定的假定下，有些假定是合理的，另一些假定明显站不住脚，可能

会得出结论：劳动力和资本以工资、利润以及利息等形式所获得的收益公正地反映

了他们对生产过程所作出的贡献。

知识点解析：暂无解析

14、[F4]

标准答案：如果我们假定这百分比能够用来确定劳动力和资本对生产增长率分别起

多大作用的话，我们必然得出结论：资本所起的作用相对来说比较小。

知识点解析：暂无解析

15、[F5]

标准答案：换言之，我们可以说，一定比率的劳动力的增长要比相同比率的资本的

增长对生产率的增长所起的作用大得多。

知识点解析：暂无解析

Manyscientistsconsiderphysicsastheprototypeofascience,andindeed,physics

exhibitsanumberofleatureswhichcanberegardedashighlydesirable.[Fl]For

example,thephenomenonitdealswithcanbedescribedinprecisetcirnsandtherelevant

variablesquantitativelymeasured;anenormousvarietyofphenomenamaybeexplained

bymeansofafewfundamentallaws、whichareformulatedinmathematicaltermsand

allowphysicistsK)makeuuanliialivepredictions.Itisthereforeofparticularinterestto

discusswhatkindofassessmentisusedwithinthephysicalsciences.Althesametime,

thehistoricaldevelopmentofphysicshastaughtustoexercisecautionwithrespecttothe

goalswhichwcmayachieve.[F2]Thoughwcarcinclinedtobelievethatthelawsof

physicsarcfundamental,theirdevelopmenthasshownthatevensuchlawsmaybe

applicableonlytocertainclassesofphenomena.Whenmorerefinedmeasurementsare

made,phenomenamayappearwhoseexplanationrequiresstillmorebasiclaws.

Examplesarethelawsofclassicalmechanics,whichattheatomiclevelhadtobe

replacedbythelawsofquantummechanics.[F3]Mechanicsvalidforparticlesat

comparativelysmallspeedshad2bereplacedbythetheoryofrelativityforparticlesat

speedscomingclosetothatoflightThebeliefincompletepredictabilityhasbeen

shakentwice.First,around1925withtheadventofquantummechanics,itbecameclear

thatatthemicroscopic,atomicleveleventscannotbepredictedwithabsoluteprecision.

[F4]However,atthemacroscopicdimensionofou)dailylifethese"statistical"effects

arewipedout,andwccansafelyprcdiclthepathofarocketsenttotheMoonorto

Jupiter.Butithasrecentlybecomeclearthateveninmacroscopicphysicssome

phenomenacannotbepredictedwithacertainprecision—whichshedsnewlightonthe

limitsofweatherforecasting.Thecorrespondingphenomenaarecalled"deterministic

chaos1*andarethesubjectofresearchofnewbranchesoftheoreticalphysics(and

mathematics).Finally,wemustnotoverlookthat,asinanyotherscience,thereare

certaintrendsor"fashions"whichplayatemporaryroleinthedevelopme