Jane-Austen-简·奥斯汀-文学史

JaneAusten

Anovelistwritingforwomenandherlove制作人:杨雅菲王曼妮李师同IntroductionsJaneAusten(December16,1775~July18,1817)Englishnovelist.ShewasborninaruraltownnamedSteveBurton.Therearesixbrothersandonesisterinherfamily.Austindidnotgotoregularschool,butgainedgoodfamilyeducation.Themainlearningmaterialisherfather’sliterarybooks.Mainworks1811SenseandSensibility1813PrideandPrejudice(Firstexpression)1814MansfieldPark1815Emma1818NorthangerAbbey1818Persuasion

SomethingaboutthetitleJaneAustenbeganhersecondnovel,PrideandPrejudice,beforeshewastwenty-one.ItwasoriginallytitledFirstImpressionbecausetheappearancesofthecharacterscreatedtheplotofthenovel.However,becausethenovelisalsoconcernedwiththeeffectsofthecharacter'sfirstimpressions,thatistheirprejudice,JanefoundthetitlePrideandPrejudicemoreappropriateFirstImpression(originaltitle)Themes:1.PrideandPrejudice2.LoveAndMarriageMainChracters:Bingley&Jane;Elizabeth&Darcy;Charlotte&Collins;Lydia&Wickham;Mr.&Mrs.Bennet"Singlewomenhaveadreadfulpropensity(tendency)forbeingpoor,whichisoneverystrongargumentinfavourofmatrimony(marriage)"

--JaneAusten,letterofMarch13,18161.Mainconcernisaboutpersonalrelationships,particularlywiththatbetweenmenandwomeninlove.2.Writeswithinanarrowsphere,concernsthelandedgentryfamilieswiththetrivialincidentsoftheireverydaylife.3.Realistic,Withkeenobservationandpenetratinganalysis.4.Extravagantuseofdialogues.5.Typicallyneoclassicallanguage,simple,easy,naturallylucidandveryeconomical.satire

/sætaɪə(r)/

讽刺mercenary

/mɜːsənəri/只为金钱的

obsess

/əbses/唠叨；挂牵；念念不忘

intellectual

/ɪntəlektʃuəl/智力的；脑力的；理智的

subtle

/sʌtl/不易察觉的；不明显的；微妙的

perceptiveness/pəseptivnis/感知力;觉察力convey表达，传递（思想、感情等）

courtship

求爱期；求爱；追求

complementary

/kɒmplɪmentri互补的；补充的；相互补足的

reconcile

使和解；使和好如初

,使和谐一致；调和

flaw错误；缺点品格上的）弱点，缺点gullible

/ɡʌləbl轻信的；易受骗的；

complying遵从；服从；顺从

vivacity

[vi’væsiti]活泼;快活;有生气hasty

/heɪsti/

匆忙的；仓促而就的；草率的spouse配偶

PrideandPrejudice,similartootherJaneAusten'snovels,iswritteningentleorHoraciansatire.ThemainobjectofJane'ssatireinthenovelisthemercenaryandtheignoranceofthepeople,acommoncriticismofthe18thcentury.CharactersinthenovelwhichbestcarriesthesequalitiesareMrs.Bennet,afoolishwomanwhotalkstoomuchandisobsesswithgettingherdaughtersmarried;LydiaBennet,theyoungestoftheBennetdaughterwhoisdevotedtoalifeofdancing,fashions,gossipsandflirting;andMr.WilliamsCollins,thesillyandconceitedbaboonwhoiscompletelystupifybyLadyCatherineineveryaspectofhislifethathehasforgottenhisownmoralsandduty.Thetoneofthenovelislight,satirical,andvivid.ScenessuchasMr.CollinsproposaltoElizabeth,andLadyCatherinevisitstoLizzyatLongbourn,providescomicrelieftothereaderwhileatthesametimerevealingcertaincharacteristicsofthecharacters.Forexample,Lydia'slackofcommonsenseandresponsibilityisrevealedwhenshetakesprideinbeingthefirstBennetgirltobemarried.Lydiadoesnottakeintoconsiderationthecircumstanceofhermarriage,thepersonalityofherhusband,ortheprospectsoftheirmarriageforthefuture.ElizabethBennet's

abilitytolaughoffhermisfortunateandtocontinuetobeoptimistic,consideringhersituation,alsocontributestothetoneofthenovel.

ThepointofviewinPrideandPrejudiceislimitedomniscient;thestoryistoldthroughElizabeth,butnotinfirstperson.Asaresult,themoodofthenovellacksdramaticemotions.Theatmosphereisintellectualandcold;thereislittledescriptionsofthesetting.Themainactionsofthenovelaretheinteractionsbetweenopinions,ideas,andattitudes,whichweavesandadvancestheplotofthenovel.Theemotionsinthenovelaretobeperceivedbeneaththesurfaceofthestoryandarenottobeexpressedtothereadersdirectly.Jane'spowersofsubtlediscriminationandshrewdperceptivenessisrevealedinPrideandPrejudice;sheisabletoconveysuchacomplexmessageusingasimple,yetwitty,style.

Thebeginning……“IT

is

a

truth

universally

acknowledged,

that

a

single

man

in

possession

of

a

good

fortune

must

be

in

want

of

a

wife.

”

Themainsubjectinthenovelisstatedinthefirstsentenceofthenovel:"Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledged,thatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortune,mustbeinwantofawife."Inthisstatement,Janehascleverlydonethreethings:shehasdeclaredthatthemainsubjectofthenovelwillbecourtshipandmarriage,shehasestablishedthehumoroustoneofthenovelbytakingasimplesubjecttoelaborateandtospeakintelligentlyof,andshehaspreparedthereaderforachaseinthenovelofeitherahusbandinsearchofawife,orawomeninpursuitofahusband.ThefirstlinealsodefinesJane'sbookasapieceofliteraturethatconnectsitselftothe18thcenturyperiod

PrideandPrejudiceis18thcenturybecauseoftheemphasisonmaninhissocialenvironmentratherthaninhisindividualconditions.Theuseofsatireandwit,acommonformof18thcenturyliterature,alsocontributestolabelthebookas18thcentury.However,becauseJaneAustenhadallowedpersonalfeelingsofthecharacterstobeexpressedinherwork,shecanalsobeclassifiedasRomantic.InthefigureofElizabeth,JaneAustenshowspassionattemptingtofindavalidmodeofexistenceinsociety.Passionandreasonsalsocomestogetherinthenoveltoshowthattheyarecomplementaryofmarriage.

Therearesevendifferentmarriagespresentedinthenovel.ExcludingtheGardinerandtheLucas,theremainingfivemarriagescontrastseachothertorevealJane'sopinionsandthoughtsonthesubjectofmarriage

1.ThemarriagebetweenDarcyandElizabethrevealsthecharacteristicswhichconstitutesasuccessfulmarriage.Oneofthesecharacteristicsisthatthefeelingcannotbebroughtonbyappearances,andmustgraduallydevelopbetweenthetwopeopleastheygettoknowoneanother.Inthebeginning,ElizabethandDarcyweredistantfromeachotherbecauseoftheirprejudice.Theseriesofeventswhichtheybothexperiencedgavethemtheopportunitytounderstandoneanotherandthetimetoreconciletheirfeelingsforeachother.Thus,theirmutualunderstandingisthefoundationoftheirrelationshipandwillleadthemtoapeacefulandlastingmarriage.ThisrelationshipbetweenElizabethandDarcyrevealstheimportanceofgettingtoknowone'spartnerbeforemarrying.

2.ThemarriagebetweenJaneBennetandBingleyisalsoanexampleofsuccessfulmarriage.JaneAusten,throughElizabeth,expressesheropinionofthisinthenovel:

"....reallybelievedallhis[Bingley]expectationsoffelicity,toberationallyfounded,becausetheyhadforbasistheexcellentunderstanding,andsuper-excellentdispositionofJane,andageneralsimilarityoffeelingandtastebetweenherandhimself."(Chapter55)

However,unlikeDarcyandElizabeth,thereisaflawintheirrelationship.Theflawisthatbothcharactersaretoogullibleandtoogood-heartedtoeveractstronglyagainstexternalforcesthatmayattempttoseparatethem"You[JaneandBingley]areeachofyousocomplying,thatnothingwilleverberesolvedon;soeasy,thateveryservantwillcheatyou;andsogenerous,thatyouwillalwaysexceedyourincome."(Chapter55)

3.Obviously,LydiaandWickham'smarriageisanexampleofanbadmarriage.Theirmarriagewasbasedonappearances,goodlooks,andyouthfulvivacity.Oncethesequalitiescannolongerbeseenbyeachother,theoncestrongrelationshipwillslowlyfadeaway.Asinthenovel,LydiaandWickham'smarriagegraduallydisintegrates;Lydiabecomesaregularvisitorathertwoeldersister'shomeswhen"herhusbandwasgonetoenjoyhimselfinLondonorBath."Throughtheirrelationship,JaneAustenshowsthathastymarriagebasedonsuperficialqualitiesquicklycoolsandleadstounhappiness

4.AlthoughlittleistoldofhowMr.BennetandMrs.Bennetgottogether,itcanbeinferredbytheirconversionsthattheirrelationshipwassimilartothatofLydiaandWickham-Mr.Bennethadmarriedawomanhefoundsexuallyattractivewithoutrealizingshewasanunintelligentwoman.Mrs.Bennet'sfavoritismtowardsLydiaandhercommentsonhowshewasonceasenergeticasLydiarevealsthissimilarity.Mr.Bennet'scommentonWickhambeinghisfavoriteson-in-lawreinforcesthisparallelism.TheeffectoftherelationshipswasthatMr.Bennetwouldisolatehimselffromhisfamily;hefoundrefugeeinhislibraryorinmockinghiswife.Mr.Bennet'sself-realizationattheendofthenovelinwhichhediscoversthathislackofattentiontowardshisfamilyhadleadhisfamilytodevelopthewaytheyare,wastoolatetosavehisfamily.HeisJaneAusten'sexampleofaweakfather.Inthesetwolatterrelationships,Austenshowsthatitisnecessarytousegoodjudgementtoselectaspouse,otherwisethetwopeoplewillloserespectforeachother.

Conclusion:Thesefivemarriagescontributestothethemethatahappyandstrongmarriagetakestimetobuildandmustbebasedonmutualfeeling,understanding,andrespect.Hastymarriagesactingonimpulse,andbasedonsuperficialqualitieswillnotsurviveandwillleadtoinevitableunhappiness.

InPrideandPrejudice,Janehasdenounced(谴责；指责；斥责

)theelementsofmarriageandsocietythatshefounddistasteful(使人不愉快的；令人反感的；讨厌

).Thesearetheconclusionsofherobservationofthepeopleinherworld.Howeverinherwriting,Janehasalsoreflectedherownenjoymentinlifeamongthesepeoplewithandwithouttheirfaults.

Thoughthestory'ssettingisuniquelyturnofthe19thcentury,itretainsafascinationformodernreaders,continuingnearthetopoflistsof'mostlovedbooks'andstillreceivesconsiderableattentionfromliterarycritics.ThismoderninteresthasresultedinanumberofdramaticadaptationsandaplethoraofnovelsandstoriesimitatingAusten'smemorablecharactersorthemes.Todate,thebookhassoldsome20millioncopiesworldwideSenseandSensibilityLoseyourheartandcometoyoursenses.

BriefPlotThestoryconcernstwosisters,ElinorandMarianneDashwood(Elinorrepresenting"sense"andMarianne"sensibility").AlongwiththeirmotherandyoungersisterMargaret,theyareleftimpoverishedafterthedeathoftheirfather,andthefamilyisforcedtomovetoacountrycottage,offeredtothembyagenerousrelative.ElinorformsanattachmenttothegentleandcourteousEdwardFerrars,unawarethatheisalreadysecretlyengaged.Aftertheirmove,MariannemeetsWilloughby,adashingyoungmanwholeadsherintoundisciplinedbehavior,sothatsheignorestheattentionsofthefaithful(butolder)ColonelBrandon.Thecontrastbetweenthesisters'charactersiseventuallyresolvedasbothfindloveandlastinghappiness.detailsJaneandElinorSenseand

Sensibility’sElinorDashwoodmirrorsJaneAusten'sstrait-lacedsenseofproprietyandherconcernandcareaboutfamilymembers.Janewas"practicalandsensible,andshedidwhatshethoughtbest".Forexample,afterherfatherdied,Janemanagedtogatherherselftogetherandsendherfather'spocketcompassandpairofscissorstoherbrotherFrankasamementooftheirfather.TheirrolesintheirfamiliesElinorinSenseandSensibilityisthesisterwhoholdsdownthefamilyanddiscussesthepracticalityofsituations.Shetoodistributescherishedmementosofherfatherwhenhedies.Elinoristhesisterwhoisconcernedwiththewelfareofherrelationsandtakesituponherselftolookaftertheirwell-being.FeelingafflictedwhenhersisterMarianneishurtbyWilloughby,shetriesherbesttocomforthersister,resolvethesituation,andfindoutthefactsofwhathappened.Janecanalsobeconsideredthebackboneofherfamily.Aftershedies,thefamilyisnotascloseastheywereduringherlifetime.Janebecameveryclosewithtwoofhernieces,FannyAustenandAnnaAusten.Shecounseledthemonmenandmarriagewhentheyreachedtheageofchoosingasuitor.Sheoftenhelpedwithdeliveringhersister-in-law'sbabies.Duringherthirties,shelivedwithherbrotherFrankforseveralweeks.Shecookedthemealsforhisfamilyandcaredforhischildrenwhilehiswifewasconfinedtoherbed.Afterseveralweeksofsuchalife,shefeltsheneededabreakandsolitude,butshecontinuedtohelpherbrotherandhisfamilyuntilherserviceswerenolongerneeded.LikethecharactershecreatesinElinor,shesticksbyherfamilyandhelpsthemwhentheyneedher.JaneandMarianneMarianneDashwood,Elinor'syoungersister,representsthetypeofgirlJanewantedtobe.Marianneislightandairywithaflightypersonality.Heremotionsdictateheractions.Jane'sniecesrememberherasbeing"youthful,playful,andinventive"beforesheprematurelyturnedintomiddle-age.OnlyonceinherlifedidJanebehavesimilarlytoMarianne,anditwasaneveningshereliveduntilherdeath.Whenshewastwenty,JaneattendedaballgivenbytheLefroysatManydownHouse.ThereshemetTomLefroy,ahandsomeyoungIrishmanwhohadcometostaywithhisauntanduncle.Janedancedandflirtedwithhimtheentireevening--morethanwasproperforayounglady.Inwritingtohersisterthenightaftertheball,Janewritesunabashedlyforhersistertoimagine"everythingmostprofligateandshockinginthewayofdancingandsittingdowntogether".ThroughoutheryearsofspinsterhoodshelookedbackontheeveningwhensheactedlikeMarianne,controlledsolelybyheremotions.Shedidnotletthedictatesofsocietycontrolherthatevening.EndMrs.DashwoodandherdaughtersElinor,Marianne,andMargaret,areimpoverishedafterthedeathofherhusband.Hisestate,Norland,mustpasstoJohnDashwood,hissonfromhisfirstmarriage.AlthoughJohnpromisedhisfatherthathewouldtakecareofthem,hisselfishwifeFannyeasilydissuadeshimfromgivingthemtheirfairshareoftheinheritance.ElinorbecomesattachedtoFanny'sbrotherEdwardFerrars.Edwardisaquiet,unassumingyoungmanwhodoesnotaspiretobethe"finefigureintheworld"hismotherandsisterwishhimtobe.Elinoradmireshisintelligenceandgoodsense.Edward'sfortuneisdependentonthewillofhismother.Elinorknowsthatshewouldnotlikehersontomarryawomanofaslowarankassheisanddoesnotallowherselftohopeformarriage.PlotUncomfortableasunwantedguestsintheirformerhome,Mrs.DashwoodandherdaughtersmovefromNorlandtoBartonCottage.TheirlandlordisSirJohnMiddleton,wholivesinBartonPark.LadyMiddleton'smotherMrs.JenningsandColonelBrandonarestayingatBartonPark.Mrs.Jennings,agood-humoredwidow,thinksthatColonelBrandonisinlovewithMarianneandteasesthembothaboutit.MariannedisregardsherbecauseshepitiesColonelBrandonasanoldbachelorwhohasnochanceofinspiringloveinanyone.Onawalkinthecountryside,Mariannefallsandsprainsherankle.Willoughby,adashingandhandsomeman,carriesherbacktoBartonCottage.WilloughbybeginstovisitMarianneeverydayandtheybecomeveryclose.MargaretseesWilloughbycuttingalockofMarianne'shairtokeepwithhim.ElinoroverhearshimcallingMariannebyherfirstnameandbelievesthattheymaybesecretlyengaged.Willoughbyleavesabruptly,tellingtheDashwoodsthathemustgotoLondonandwillnotreturnforayear.HisdeparturegreatlyupsetsMarianne.EdwardFerrarscomestostayatBartonCottage.HoweverheseemsunhappyandisdistanttowardsElinor,andshefearsthathenolongerhasanyfeelingsforher.However,unlikeMarianne,shedoesnotwallowinhersadness.AnnandLucySteele,cousinsofLadyMiddleton,cometovisit.SirJohntellsLucythatElinorisattachedtoEdward.However,LucythenrevealstoElinorthatshe(Lucy)hasbeensecretlyengagedtoEdwardforfouryears.ShortlybeforetheDashwoodsleaveforBartonCottage,EdwardattemptstotellElinorofhisengagement,butbecauseofhisinabilitytotellElinorquickly,isinterruptedbyFannyandisunabletofinish.Elinorisovercomewithgrief,butshekeepstheinformationfromherfamilyasapromisetoLucy.ElinorandMariannespendthewinteratMrs.Jennings'homeinLondon.MariannewritestoWilloughby,butherlettersareunanswered.TheymeetWilloughbyataparty,butheiscoldandformalwiththem.HethensendsMariannealetterinwhichhedenieseverhavinglovedherandtellingherthatheisengagedtoaMissGrey,averywealthywomanofinferiorbirth.MarianneadmitstoElinorthattheywerenotengaged,butthatshestilllovedhimandthathe,whilehealsolovedherandgreatlyimplieditbutneveractuallysaidit.ColonelBrandonrevealstoElinorthatWilloughbyseducedhisfosterdaughterMissWilliamsandabandonedherwhenshebecamepregnant.TheColonelwasonceinlovewithMissWilliams'smother,whoresembledMarianneintemperament,butwhoselifewasdestroyedbyanunhappyarrangedmarriagetotheColonel'sbrother.Later,Mrs.JenningstellsElinorthatMrs.FerrarshasdiscoveredEdwardandLucy'sengagement.Edwardrefusestoendtheengagementandhismother,furiousbecauseofLucy'spoverty,disinheritshim.ElinorandMariannefeelsorryforEdward,andthinkhimhonorableforremainingengagedtoawomanhewillprobablynotbehappywith.A