石油化工系统概论课件

Chapter1IntroductionMatingxiaPetroleumandChemicalEngineeringSystemFundamentsContentsTheBasicRawMaterialandBaseStockofPetrochemicalPetrochemicalProductsAssessmentIndicatorandMeasurementParametersofPetrochemicalproductsEtrochemicalProcessTheMainProcessinthePetrochemicalProduction石油化工的基础原料和基本原料石油化工产品石油化工产品的评定指标和计量参数石油化工过程石油化工生产中的主要工艺过程Introduction——Petroleumchemicalindustry

石油化工

Petroleumchemicalindustryreferstoproductsprocessingindustrywhichusestheoilandgasastherawmaterialtoproduceoilproductsandpetrochemicals.——石油化工指以石油和天然气为原料，生产石油产品和石油化工产品的加工工业。

Introduction——Oilproductsfueloil(gasoline,kerosene,dieseloil,etc)lubricatingoilliquefiedpetroleumgas,petroleumcoke,paraffinwax,asphalt燃料油（汽油、煤油、柴油等）润滑油液化石油气石油焦炭、石蜡、沥青Oilproducts

石油产品Oilproductsarealsoknownasoils,includingallsortsoffueloil(gasoline,kerosene,dieseloil,etc),lubricant,liquefiedpetroleumgas,petroleumcoke,paraffinwax,asphaltandsoon.Theprocessingprocessofmanufacturingtheseproductsisusuallycalledoilandgasprocessing,whichforshortisoilrefining.Introduction————石油产品又称油品，包括各种燃料油（汽油、煤油、柴油等）、润滑油以及液化石油气、石油焦炭、石蜡、沥青等。生产这些产品的加工过程通常被称为石油炼制，简称炼油。液化石油气liquefiedpetroleumgas润滑油燃料油石蜡石油焦炭沥青fueloillubricantPetroleumcokeparaffinwaxasphalt——生产石油化工产品的第一步是对原料油和气（如汽油、柴油、丙烷等）进行裂解，生成以乙烯、丙烯、丁二烯、苯、甲苯、二甲苯为代表的基本化工原料。第二步是以基本化工原料为原料生产多种有机化工原料（约200种）及合成材料（合成塑料、合成纤维、合成树脂、合成橡胶等）Thefirststepofproducingpetrochemicalsistosplittherawoilandgas(suchasgasoline,dieseloil,propane,etc)toproducethebasicchemicalrawmaterialsrepresentingbyethylene,propylene,butadiene,benzene,tolueneandxylene.Thesecondstepisthatusingthebasicchemicalrawmaterialsasrawmaterialstoproduceavarietyoforganicchemicalrawmaterials(about200species)andsyntheticmaterials(syntheticplastic,syntheticfiber,syntheticresin,syntheticrubber,etc.).Thestepofproducingpetrochemicals生产石油化工产品的步骤Introduction——ThefirststepThesecondstepethyleneproduce6Therawoilandgas(gasoline,dieseloil,propane,etc)thebasicchemicalrawmaterials(ethylene,propylene,butadiene,benzene,tolueneandxylene)organicchemicalrawmaterialssyntheticmaterials(syntheticplastic,syntheticfiber,syntheticresin,syntheticrubber,etc.)ethyleneThefirststepThesecondstepThestepofproducingpetrochemicals生产石油化工产品的步骤合成材料（合成塑料、合成纤维、合成树脂、合成橡胶等）有机化工原料基本化工原料（乙烯、丙烯、丁二烯、苯、甲苯、二甲苯）原料油和气（如汽油、柴油、丙烷等）裂解Introduction——TheBasicRawMaterialofPetrochemical石油化工的基础原料Thebasicrawmaterialsmeannaturalresourcesusedforprocessingbasicchemicalrawmaterialsandproducts,whichusuallyrefertotheoil,gas,coal,air,water,salt,mineralsandmetalores.基础原料是指用来加工化工基本原料和产品的天然资源。通常指石油、天然气、煤以及空气、水、盐、矿物质和金属矿等自然资源。基本原料是指自然界不存在，需经过一定加工得到的原料。石油化工的基本原料有五类：烷烃（甲烷）、烯烃(乙烯、丙烯、丁烯和丁二烯)、炔烃(乙炔)、芳香烃(苯、甲苯、二甲苯)及合成气。Introduction——TheBaseStockofPetrochemical石油化工的基本原料Thebasestocksrefertomaterialswhichdonotexistinnatureandhavetogetcertainprocessing.Thebasicrawmaterialsforpetrochemicalhavefivecategories:alkanes(methane),olefins(ethylene,propylene,butyleneandbutadiene),alkyne(acetylene),aromatics(benzene,toluene,xylene)andsynthesisgas.themainwaytoproducebasicchemicalrawmaterialsbyusingpetroleumasrawmaterialsIntroduction——其它重芳烃ethylenepropylenen-buteneisobutenebutadieneisoprenecrudeoilrefinerygasethanepropanebutanesynthesisgasacetyleneEthylenePropylenebutylenehydrogenbenzenePhenylmethxyleneethylenepropylenebutylenenaphthalinotherheavyaromaticssteam-reformingcatalyticreforminghydrocrackingschizolysisseperationdecompressiongreavesseperationcatalyticcrackinghydrotreatmentdecompressiondieseloilpurificationseperationaromaticsextractionschizolysisseparationstraight-runvirgindesaltedwateratmosphericvacuummethane原油常减压蒸馏脱盐水炼厂气分离直馏馏分减压柴油减压渣油甲烷乙烷丙烷丁烷蒸汽转化裂解合成气乙炔乙烯丙烯丁烯氢气苯甲苯二甲苯乙烯丙烯正丁烯异丁烯异二烯异戊二烯乙烯丙烯丁烯萘分离催化裂化加氢处理净化分离裂解催化重整芳烃抽取脱盐水以石油为原料制取基本化工原料的主要途径ethylenepropyleneaceticacidbutadienesynthesisgascatalyticcrackingammoniaoxidation.chlorinationnitrationatalytic

crackingoxidationdehydrogenationnaturalgassteam-reformingSyntheticammoniaMethanolanditsdownstreamproductsHigheralcoholsAcetyleneCarbonMethaneethanepropanebutanehydrocyanicacidchloromethanenitrocarbol天然气甲烷乙烷丙烷丁烷蒸汽转化裂解氨氧化氯化硝化裂解氧化脱氢合成气乙炔碳合成氨甲醇及下游产品高级醇氢氰酸氯代甲烷硝基甲烷乙烯丙烯醋酸丁二酸天然气化工利用的主要途径ThechemicalutilizationofnaturalgasIntroduction——GB498-87标准ISO8681标准序号定义ClassDesignation1燃料FFuels2溶剂和化工原料SSolventsandrawmaterials3润滑剂LLubricants,industraloilsandrelatedproducts4蜡WWaxes5沥青BBitumen6焦CCokesTheClassificationofPetroleumProducts石油产品的分类PetrochemicalProductsIntroduction——AssessmentIndicatorandMeasurementParametersofPetrochemicalproductsIntroduction——石油化工产品的评定指标和计量参数加工一种原油前，先要测定原油的颜色与气味、沸点与馏程、密度、粘度、凝点、闪点、燃点、自燃点、残炭、含硫量等指标，即为原油评价试验。原油评价试验

Introduction——Distillationrangemeanspetroleumproducts’evaporationtemperaturerangefromtheinitialboilingpointtothefinalboilingpoints(drypoints)underspecifiedconditions.Usuallythedistillatewithacertainboilingpointrangeiscalledthedistillatefraction.Thedistillationrangeisanindicatorusedtodeterminethenumberoflightandheavycomponentsinpetroleumproducts.馏程是指油品在规定条件下，从初馏点到终馏点（即干点）蒸发的温度范围。通常把一定沸点范围内的馏出物叫馏分。馏程是用来判断石油产品中轻重组分组成多少的指标。DistillationRange馏程

馏程测定器Introduction——Theweightofmaterialinperunitvolumeisknownassevere,withitsunitas:kg/m3.Thematerialqualityinperunitvolumeiscalleddensity,withitsunitas:g/cm3.Specificgravitymeanstheratiobetweentheweightofthesubstanceandtheweightthesamevolumeofpurewaterat4℃.Thehydrometeristheratiobetweenthesamevolumeliquidweightandthesamevolumewaterweight.单位体积的物料所具有的重量，称为重度，单位：kg/m3。单位体积内所具有的物质质量称为密度，单位：g/cm3。比重是指物质的重量与同体积的纯水在4℃时的重量之比。液体比重是指相同体积的液体重量与水的重量之比。Severe,DensityandSpecificGravity重度、密度、比重Introduction——Whenfluidflows,andwhenthereisarelativemotionbetweentheadjacentfluidlayers,itwillproducefrictionalresistancebetweenthetwofluidlayers,whichisknownastheviscousforce.Viscosityisaphysicalpropertydatausedtomeasuretheviscousforce.Viscosityisdividedintodynamicviscosityandkine