文学大亨shakespeare相关知识

Lecture3

AnIntroductiontoLiteratureof

RenaissanceEngland

<Part1>RenaissancePeriod

(late15thcen.---mid17thcen.)Targets:Kings&historicaleventsRenaissance&anditsessenceTypesofLiterature&writersInform:rebirthoftheancientGreekandRomancultureInfact:thecultureofbourgeosieagainstcultureofCatholicchurchandfeudalcultureAbouttheTudorsbeforeQueenElizabethHenryVII(1485-1509)↓HenryVIII(1509-1547)↓EdwardVI(1547-1553)↓Mary(1552-1558)↓Elizabeth(1558-1603)RenaissancePeriod

(late15thcen.---mid17thcen.)toconclude:historicaleventsareasfollows:HenryVIII:beginningofProtestantism(religiousreformation)BloodyMary:thereturnoftheCatholicism(enclosuremovement)Elizabeth:returnoftheProtestantismNicolausCopernicus:heliocentrictheoryvsgeocentrictheoryGalilei:forerunnerofexperimentalscience:PartI:HistoricalOverview♫TheReignofQueenElizabeth(1558-1603)☼Supremacyonthesea☼Anageofexpansion,economicdevelopment&culturalprosperity.☼ThethrivingtheatreQueenElizabethI

(1533-1603)Toconcludeforthehistoricaloverview

1.Asocialtransitionfmthemedievaltothemodern2.Aseriesofhistoricalevents→therediscovery&reintroductionofancientRoman&Greekculture→thenewdiscoveriesinastrology→thereligiousreformation&economicexpansion

TheRenaissance–RebirthorRevival

Renaissance:humanism;ElizabethandramaHumanism(manisthecenterofuniverse):a)dignityofhumanbeings;b)importanceofpresentlife;c)rightofenjoyinglife(vsausterityandasceticism)RenaissanceLiteratureinEngland:p671)

Lyricalpoetry:Wyatt,Sidney,Spenser,2)

Prose-writing:

More,BaconThomasMore:Utopia3)

Varioustypesofnovels:Lyly,Nashe,Lodge,Deloney“UniversityWits”:a)comingfromOxfordandCambridgeb)RobertGreene,JohnLyly,ThomasNashe,Thomasc)Lodge,ChristopherMarlow,theirworks,uneveninquality,areimportantcontributionstoEnglishdrama.4)

Drama:Marlowe,Shakespeare,Johnson,

ChristapherMarlowe:

TheTamburlaineGreat:

ambitiousemperorforinfinitepowerandauthorityDr.Faustus:

basedontheGermanlegend;sellingsoulforknowledge;tragicending

ThePassinateShepherdtoHisLove:

a

lyricWilliamShakespeare

(1564-1616)Part2:WilliaShakespeare

(1564-1616)

MajorPlays&Comments1.Periodsofthedramaticcareer→1590-1595,apprenticeship;→1595-1600,highlyindividualizedstyleandapproach,outstandingcomedies,politicalmorality;

→1601-1608,greatesttragediesanddarkcomedies,uncertaintyaboutthefuture;

→1609-1612,principleromantictragicomedies.Hamlet–EmbodimentofShakespeareHamletprojectedShakespeare’svisionofpoliticalchaosin17th-centuryEngland.Withoutorderandloyaltyeverythingcanberuined.(SomethingisrotteninthestateofDenmark;Thetimeisoutofjoint.)Moralcorruptionisalsoaseriousconcernintheplay.Thelossoffidelityandtrueloveisanothersignofmoraldecline.(“Frailty,thynameiswoman.”)QuotesfromHamlet"Tobe,ornottobe:thatisthequestion".-(ActIII,SceneI)."Thereisnothingeithergoodorbad,butthinkingmakesitso".-(ActII,SceneII)."Whatapieceofworkisman!hownobleinreason!howinfiniteinfaculty!informandmovinghowexpressandadmirable!inactionhowlikeanangel!inapprehensionhowlikeagod!thebeautyoftheworld,theparagonofanimals!".-(ActII,SceneII).HamletThestory(P72-P76)TheCharacterofHamlet♪ahumanistwhoisfreefrommedievalprejudicesandsuperstitions;♪democratictendencybasedonhishumanistthought;♪acloseobserverofmenandmannersHeisascholar,soldierandstatesman.HisimagereflectstheversatilityofthemenoftheRenaissance.Part2:WilliamShakespeare

(1564-1616)StudyofthedramaticmonologueorSoliloquiesinHamlet

“Tobeornottobe”hasbecomeauniversalquestionpuzzlingeveryintellectualmind.“IntheperplexedfigureofHamlet,justbecauseofoursensethathismindlacksdefiniteboundaries,wefindourselves.”活下去还是不活：这是个问题（１）活下去还是不活，这是个问题：要做到高贵，究竟该忍气吞声来容受狂暴旳命运矢石交攻呢，还是该挺身对抗无边旳苦恼，扫它个洁净？死，就是睡眠－－就这么；而假如睡眠就等于了结了心痛以及千百种身体要担受旳皮肉之痛，那该是天大旳好事，正求之不得啊！死，就是睡眠；睡眠可能要做梦，这就麻烦了！活下去还是不活：这是个问题（2）我们一旦摆脱了尘世旳牵缠在死旳睡眠里还会做些什么梦，一想到就不能不犹豫。这一点顾虑恰好使劫难变成了长久旳折磨。谁甘心忍受人世旳鞭挞和嘲弄，忍受失恋旳痛苦、法庭旳迟延、衙门旳横暴、做埋头苦干旳大才受作威作福旳小人一脚踢出去，假如他只消自己来使一下尖刀就能够得到解脱啊？谁甘心挑担子，活下去还是不活：这是个问题（3）拖着疲累旳生命，呻吟，流汗，要不是怕一死就去了没有人回来旳那个从未发觉旳国土，怕那边还不知会怎样，所以意志动摇了，所以就宁愿忍受目前旳灾殃，而不愿投奔另某些未知旳苦难？这么子，顾虑使我们都成了懦夫，也就这么了，决断决行旳本色蒙上了惨白旳一层思虑旳病容；本能够轰轰烈烈旳大作大为，因为这一点想不通，就出了别扭，失去了行动旳名分。

（卞之琳译）PPTFROM:PASSWORD:judyzhuHappy

NationalHoliday

Seeyou

nextmonthHamlet

(1601)HamletandOpheliaPart2:WilliamShakespeare

(1564-1616)Dramaticmonologue:

Atypeofpoeminwhichacharacter,atsomespecificcriticalmoment,addressesanidentifiablebutsilentaudience,therebyunintentionallyrevealinghisorheressentialtemperamentandpersonality.ClassicalexamplesareRobertBrowning’s“MyLastDuchess”(1842)and“SoliloquyoftheSpanishCloister”(1842)TheMerchantofVenice(1596)ThemeofTheMerchantofVenicePortia’striumphoverShylocksymbolizesthetriumphof:

ReasonoverIrrationality;GenerosityoverVengeance;IntelligenceoverMalice.PortiainTheMerchantofVenice“Butthefullsumofme,issumofnothing;which,totermingross,isanunlesson’dgirl,unschooled,unpractis’d,Happyinthis,sheisnotyetsooldButshemaylearn;happierthanthis,Sheisnotbredsodullbutshecanlearn;Happiestofall,isthathergentlespiritCommitsitselftoyourstobedirectedAsfromherlord,hergovernor,herking.”

----ActIII

ShylockinTheMerchantofVenice

“Hehathdisgrac’dme,andhind’redmehalfamillion,laugh’datmylosses,mock’datmygains,scorn’dmynation,thwartedmybargains,cool’dmyfriends,heatedmineenemies;andwhat’shisreason?IamaJew.----ActIII

ShylockinTheMerchantofVeniceHathnotaJeweyes?HathnotaJewhands,organs,dimensions,senses,affections,passions;fedwiththesamefood,hurtwiththesameweapons,subjecttothesamedisease,heal’dbythesamemeans,warm’dandcoll’dbythesamewinterandsummer,asaChristianis?Ifyouprickus,dowenotblood?Ifyoutickleus,dowenotlaugh?Ifyoupoisonus,dowenotdie?Andifyouwrongus,shallwenotrevenge?”

----ActIIIRomeoandJuliet(1594)Romeo--O,shedothteachthetorchestoburnbright!ItseemsshehangsuponthecheckofnightAsarichjewelinanEthiop’sear—Beautytoorichforuse,forearthtoodear!Soshowsasnowydovetroopingwithcrows,Asyonderladyo’erherfellowsshows.Themeasuredone,I’llwatchherplaceofstand,Andtouchinghers,makeblessedmyrudehand.Didmyheartlovetillnow?Forswearit,sight!ForIne’ersawtruebeautytillthisnight.----ActI RomeoandJuliet(1594)RomeoO,speakagain,brightangel,forthouartAsglorioustothisnight,beingo’ermyhead,AsisawingedmessengerofheavenUntothewhite-upturnedwond’ringeyesOfmortalsthatfallbacktogazeonhim,Whenhebestridesthelazypuffingclouds,Andsailsuponthebosomoftheair.(ActII)"Itistheeast,andJulietisthesun".--(ActII,SceneII).

JulietMybountyisasboundlessasthesea,Myloveasdeep;themoreIgivetothee,ThemoreIhave,forbothareinfinite.(ActII)"ORomeo,Romeo!whereforeartthouRomeo?“

-(ActII,SceneII)."GoodNight,Goodnight!Partingissuchsweetsorrow,thatIshallsaygoodnighttillitbemorrow.“-(ActII,SceneII)."What'sinaname?Thatwhichwecallarosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet".

-(ActII,SceneII).After-classAssignment---ReciteSonnet18or29or106---Haveyoueverbeena“Hamlet”inyourlife?Writeapaperon:“Tobeornottobe,thatisaquestion.”---TrytotranslateF.Bacon’s<OfStudies>:P126---ReadJohnDonne’sintroduction&hispoetryfmP132-137Whatisasonnet?Asonnet=Atypeofpoem;Asonnet=Alyricpoem;Asonnet=Alyricpoemoffourteen

lines;Asonnet=Suchapoemwithastrictrhyme

scheme;Asonnet=Apoeminiambicpentameter.QuizSonnet

wasoriginallywritteninEnglish,whichspreadafterwardstotheEuropeancountries.Shakespeare

wasthepoetwhonotonlycreatedthegreatestsonnetsinEnglish,butalsowhofirstintroducedthepoeticformtoEngland.Shakespeare’s

154sonnetsarealladdressedtohismysticlover,justasPetrarch’stohisbeloved“Laura.”SonnetsinEnglandSonnetswereintroducedtoEnglandfirstinthesixteenthcent.by

SirThomasWyattandhisyoungercontemporaryHenryHoward,EarlofSurrey(1517-1547);TheEnglish/ShakespeareanSonnetwasfirstdevelopedbyHenryHowardandotherEnglishexperimenters,withShakespeareasitsgreatestpractitioner;TheformreacheditspeakduringthereignofElizabethⅠ;SonnetsbyShakespeareShakespeare’ssonnetswritteninabout1589andpublishedin1609.They(154)dividedintotwogroups,withSonnet

126astheoneseparatingthem.Thefirstaddressedtoayoungnoblemanofgreatbeauty;theothertoaDarkLady.Part2:WilliamShakespeare

(1564-1616)

۩

Shakespeareansonnet1.14lines=3quatrains+1couplet2.RhymeScheme:ababcdcdefefgg

3.Theme:

----immortalityofart/poetry;----thevalueofgenuinefriendship;----moralconflicts;----psychologicaluncertaintiesThee,Thou,Thy&ThineThou:you<第二人称代词单数主格>Thee:you<第二人称代词单数宾格>ThyorThine:your<第二人称代词单数全部格>Somemoreexamples:Hath=has;Doth=does;Dost=do;Canst=can;Be’est=be;Hast=have;Art=are;Swell’st=swell;Find’st=find;Wilt=will;Would’st=would;Might’st=might;Whilst=while

Sonnet18

ShallIcomparetheetoasummer'sday?

Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:

RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,

Andsummer'sleasehathalltooshortadate:

Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,

Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed;

Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,

Bychanceornature'schangingcourseuntrimmed;

Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade

Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow’st;

NorshallDeathbragthouwander'stinhisshade,

Whenineternallinestotimethougrow’st:

Solongasmencanbreatheoreyescansee,

Solonglivesthisandthisgiveslifetothee.QuatrainQuatrainQuatrainCoupletSonnet18能不能让我来把你比作夏日？你可是愈加可爱，愈加温婉；狂风会吹落五月里开旳好花儿，夏季租出旳日子又未免太短暂：有时候苍天旳巨眼照得太灼热，他那金彩旳脸色也会被遮暗；每一样美总会离开美而凋谢，被时机或者自然旳代谢所摧残；但是你永久旳夏天决不会凋枯，你永远不会失去你美旳形相：死神夸白着你在他影子里踯躅，你将在不朽旳诗中与时间同长；只要人类在呼吸，眼睛看得见，我这诗就活着，使你旳生命绵延。Part2:WilliamShakespeare

(1564-1616)

FeaturesofShakespeare’swritingHeisoneofthefoundersofrealisminworldliterature.Hisdramaticcreationoftenusedthemethodofadaptation.Hislongexperiencewiththestageandhisintimateknowledgeofdramaticartthusacquiredmakehimamaster-handforplay-writing.Hewasskilledinmanypoeticforms:thesong,thesonnet,thecouplet,andthedramaticblankverse.HewasagreatmasteroftheEnglishlanguage.Part2:WilliamShakespeare

(1564-1616)ConclusionAuniversallanguage“IdonotrememberthatanybookorpersonoreventinmylifeevermadesogreatanimpressionuponmeastheplaysofShakespeare.”(Goethe)“Heisnotforanage,butforalltime.”(BenJonson)PrincipleSonnetFormsFormA

theItalian/Patriarchalstyle14linesFormBtheEnglish/Shakespeareanstyle14linesFrancescoPetrarca

(1304-1374)ItalianpoetandhumanistCanzoniere

(317):

hiscollectionofItalianlyricsdedicatedtohisbelovedLauraEstablishmentofthesonnetasthemajor

forminEuropean

poetryTheme:thehopesandpainsofanadoringmaleloverIntroducedandtranslatedbySir

Thomas

WyattandEarlofSurreyintheearlysixteenthcent.

I'dsingofLoveinsuchanovelfashion

thatfromhercruelsideIwoulddrawbyforce

athousandsighsaday,kindlingagain

inhercoldmindathousandhighdesires;

I'dseeherlovelyfacetransformquiteoften

hereyesgrowwetandmorecompassionate,

likeonewhofeelsregret,whenit'stoolate,

forcausingsomeone'ssufferingbymistake;

AndI'dseescarletrosesinthesnows,

tossedbythebreeze,discoverivory

thatturnstomarblethosewhoseeitnearthem;

AllthisI'ddobecauseIdonotmind

mydiscontentmentinthisoneshortlife,

butgloryratherinmylaterfame.Sonnet131

Petrarch

TranslatedbyDavidYoungStanzaOneStanzaTwoStanzaThreeStanzaFourQuatrainQuatrainOctaveSestet

I'dsingofLoveinsuchanovelfashion

thatfromhercruelsideIwoulddrawbyforce

athousandsighsaday,kindlingagain

inhercoldmindathousandhighdesires;

I'dseeherlovelyfacetransformquiteoften

hereyesgrowwetandmorecompassionate,

likeonewhofeelsregret,whenit'stoolate,

forcausingsomeone'ssufferingbymistake;

AndI'dseescarletrosesinthesnows,

tossedbythebreeze,discoverivory

thatturnstomarblethosewhoseeitnearthem;

AllthisI'ddobecauseIdonotmind

mydiscontentmentinthisoneshortlife,

butgloryratherinmylaterfame.Sonnet131

Petrarch

TranslatedbyDavidYoungStanzaOneStanzaTwoStanzaThreeStanzaFourQuatrainQuatrainOctaveSestetFootAbasicunitofm