全球负责任人工智能指数 Global Index on Responsible AI - 2026 Report

206

INPARTNERSHIP

Acknowledgements

GIRAI2NDEDITIONREPORTℓ2

Acknowledgements

Authors

RachelAdams

FolaAdeleke

AyantolaAlayande

SelamawitEngidaAbdellaAnaFlorido

NicolásGrossmanLeahJunck

CollaboratingOrganisations

•BalkanInvestigativeReportingRegionalNetwork(BIRN)

•CaribbeanOpenInstitute,Jamaica(COI)

•East-WestManagementInstitute(EWMI)

•IniciativaLatinoamericanoporlosDatosAbiertos,Uruguay(ILDA)

•LocalDevelopmentResearchInstitute,Kenya(LDRI)

•LIRNEAsia,SriLanka

•MENAObservatoryonResponsibleAI,AccesstoKnowledgeforDevelopmentCenter,(A2K4D),OnsiSawirisSchoolofBusiness,AmericanUniversityinCairo(AUC)

TheauthorswouldliketothankthesupportprovidedbyaspecialgroupofinternationalexpertsonAI

GovernancewithwhomtheGIRAIteambuiltspacefordiscussion,feedbackandmethodologicalguidance,whilefinaldecisionsonthemethodologyandIndexremainedtheresponsibilityoftheGIRAIteam:

•Dr.AubraAnthony,TeachingAssistantProfessor,UniversityofTennessee

•Dr.ChinasaT.Okolo,FounderandScientificDirector,Technecultura

•JenniferLouie,AITrustandSafetyExpert,UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)

•Prof.DavidLeslie,DirectorofEthicsandResponsibleInnovationResearch,PublicPolicyProgramme,TheAlanTuringInstitute

•Prof.MattJones,ChiefOperatingOfficer,ResponsibleAIUK

•Dr.PaolaRicaurteQuijano,ProfessorandSeniorResearcher,TecnológicodeMonterrey

•Prof.YuvalShany,AcceleratorFellow,InstituteforEthicsinAI,UniversityofOxford

Theauthorsalsowishtothankthefollowingpeoplewhogenerouslyreviewedthisreportandprovidedvaluablefeedbackthroughoutthedifferentstagesoftheproject:MatthewSmitt,AbbeyGhandi,PaulaMartins,andBeckyFaith.TheauthorsalsothankDanielaBenavente,forhermethodologicalsupport,statisticalreviewoftheIndex,andgenerousadviceonframingandcommunicatingthefindings.

ThisworkwascarriedoutwiththeaidofagrantfromtheInternationalDevelopmentResearchCentre

(IDRC),Ottawa,CanadaandtheForeign,Commonwealth&DevelopmentOffice(FCDO)underthe

AI4Developmentfundingprogramme.SomefurtherfundswereusedfortheprojectfromtheGovernmentofCanadaandfromtheInteramericanDevelopmentBank.

HowtoCiteThisReport

Adams,R.,Adeleke,F.,Alayande,A.,Abdella,S.E.,Florido,A.,Junck,L.,&Grossman,N.(2026).

GlobalIndexonResponsibleAI2026(2ndEdition).SouthAfrica:GlobalCenteronAIGovernance.Thisworkisavailableunder

CreativeCommonsAttribution4.0International

(CCBY4.0).

Acknowledgements

GIRAI2NDEDITIONREPORTℓ3

Theauthorswishtothankthefollowingpeoplefortheirinvaluablecontributionsto

the2ndEditionoftheGlobalIndexonResponsibleAI—ascountry–levelresearchers,

coordinators,globalreviewers,dataanalysts,andtechnicalsupportstaff,andasGlobalCenteronAIGovernancecolleaguesandpartners.

AbedKhooliAdinaFlorea

AgataJałosińska

AgustinaBrizio

AhmadAlhajDaoud

AleksandarKostadinovAmadejPetan

Anastasiia

Klimashevskaia

AntoniaBogadoRodasArchanaAtmakuri

ArtemKobrin

AslamHayat

AsylaiAkisheva

AyantolaAlayandeBewindinAlfred

Sawadogo

BukolaAdesokan

CarlosGuerreroArgote

CarolynChristianCatherineSetiawanChanduniSenara

Bandara

ChelseaL.Newhouse

ChinenyeIfebirinachiChristyTsang

CleaStrydom

CosmasGabinMbargaAsseng

CristianLeón

DafinaOlluri

DanielaBenavente

DaphineNkunda

DariusTorabi

DavidZamoraDujePrkut

EdgarBrutyan

EduardoBejar

EftichiaSoufleriErikaMarquez

ErjonaHuruglica

EugeneArnaudYomboSembe

FabioGualandri

FarahElbehairyFengGao

FionaChawanaGadiPerl

GalinaStoeva

GaliyaYelubayevaGuyaJoel

HermanRamosHugoMiranda

IleniusIldephonceImaneHmiddou

IrinaBuzu

IrisPalma

Isiidemudia

IvanaJeremic

JayeolaGbengaJohannesBhanye

Jompon

PitaksantayothinJordanSeimu

JorgeOrtizClaverolJuanDavidGutiérrezRodríguez

KeziahKitheiMunyaoKhadijaAftab

KhadijaImranovaKundaNyirongo

LandryClaudeIradukunda

LarissaGaldinodeMagalhãesSantos

LeenaAzzam

LeonardoStollDeMorais

LesterRamírezIríasLíaHernández

LilaRaoGraham

LisaAnnVasciannieLuciaCizmaziova

MaathangiMohanMadinaTursunovaMahaJouini

ManaseKudzaiChiweshe

MarcelMirTeijeiroMariamAyvazyan

MarieBatistaMarinaMijuskovic

MarjanaPriftiSkenduli

MarkGaffley

MarwaSoudi

MaryGrace

Mirandilla-SantosMatíasJackson

MatíasValderramaBarragán

MelanieGeorge

MichelleAllen

MohamedGele

MuslimbekBuriev

MuhammadAimalMarjanNadaAlwadi

NadineWeheba

NaghamElHoussamyNassibouBassonguiNicolasGholam

NicoleAngelSánchezRojas

NicoleSanchez

NissilyMushaniNourNaim

NowzinKhan

PaolaRicaurteQuijano

PatriciaBoshe

PatricioJuliánFeldman

PayalPadhy

PeterkingQuaye

PilarFiuzaCasaisPriscillaRuiz

Guillén

Prof.Dr.MartinEbers

RachelKuoJingYingRehemaBaguma

RustamMukhamedovRuwangiFernandoSallyKuria

SamahKareem

SamikKharel

SamuelSegun

SebastiánHurtadoGuevara

ShadyElbassuoniSharonBesiwa

Essilfie

ShebaC.Okwany

ShurlandGeorge

ShylineMuthoniStevenAkomain

SurajJuddoo

SuzanaBrown

SuzanaN.RussellSvetlanaZens

TabrizAhmadli

TerryOmbati

TetianaAvdieievaThyTry

ToluOkitika

TongKhanhLinh

VesznaWessenauer

VíctorGonzález

WanZurainiMahrawiYacineKhelladi

YuanY.Stevens

YusraAhmadZilanQian

Disclaimer

GIRAI2NDEDITIONREPORTℓ4

Disclaimer

ThedatausedtoproducethisreportwascompiledwiththesupportofpartnerorganisationslistedintheAcknowledgementssection.

However,dataandanalysisdonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviews,positions,oropinionsofthoseindividualorganisations,andany

errororomissionisthesoleresponsibilityoftheGlobalIndexonResponsibleAIproject.Inparticular,theviewsexpressedhereindonotnecessarilyrepresentthoseofIDRCoritsBoardofGovernors,theGovernmentofCanada,orFCDO.Thedatausedinthisreportcoverstheperiod1November2023-30September2025.

Forewords

GIRAI2NDEDITIONREPORTℓ5

Foreword:RobertOpp

Acrossthemajorityofthe170

countriesandterritorieswhereUNDPworks,artificialintelligence

hasmoved,withunusualspeed,fromaspeculativeconversationintoaconcretegovernanceanddeliverychallenge.

GovernmentsarenotonlyaskingwhatAI

mightmeanfortheirsocieties;theyarealsomakingoperationalchoicesabouthowAI

enterspublicservices,howitisprocured,

howitreshapeslabourmarkets,andwhetherpeoplecanunderstandorchallengeits

use.The2ndEditionoftheGlobalIndex

onResponsibleAIarrivesatpreciselythis

transitionfromdebatetodeployment,andthatiswhyitissuchatimelyadditiontotheglobaldiscussiononAI.

Thefindingsofthereportaretellinginthis

regard.WhereAIgovernanceframeworks

areactive,only55%ofthosecaseshave

evidenceofimplementingthem–andthat

dropsto45%incountriesintheGlobal

South.Thisisanindicatorofthedistance

betweenresponsibleAIasalanguageof

commitmentandresponsibleAIasasystemofprotection.Frameworks,principles,

andstrategiesareproliferating,but

institutionalcapacitytotranslatethemintoaccountabilityforpeopleisnotkeepingpacewithadoption.

Thedefiningquestionisnolongerwhether

countriesadoptAI,buthowAIisintegrated,whoseprioritiesitreflects,whichrisksare

surfaced,whobenefitsassystemsscale,andwhetherinstitutionsretainmeaningfulagencyandoversightasthesesystemsevolve.

Andwhilemuchoftheglobalconversationcontinuestobeshapedbythepriorities

ofthosebuildingfrontiersystems,AIis

alreadybeingusedbyfarmersconsulting

agriculturaladvisories,byhealthworkersandteachersoperatingAI-enabledplatforms,andwithinjudicial,administrative,andfinancial

systemsshapingeverydaydecisionsacrossawiderangeofdevelopmentcontexts.Therealityisthatmostgovernmentstodayare

engagingwithAIprimarilyasadopters–

andthechoicestheymakeinthatroleare

developmentchoices,shapingwhoisserved,whoisexcluded,andwhoseinterestsare

reflectedassystemsscale.

WhatweareseeingatUNDPthroughour

work(oninitiativessuchasAIlandscape

assessments,strategysupport,trustand

safety,digitalpublicinfrastructure,data

governance,low-resourcelanguages,and

capacity-building)acrossmorethan50

countriesisthatAIadoptionrarelyhappensthroughasinglenationaldecisionorvisibledeploymentmoment.Itaccumulatesthroughoperationalchoicesacrossprocurement

systems,vendorplatforms,enterprise

software,andinstitutionalworkflows.Thesechoicesareoftenfragmentedanddifficult

toseeintheirtotality.Theyfrequentlysit

outsidethereachofformalgovernance

frameworksaswell.AsAIdiffusesthrough

publicandeconomicsystemsinthisway,theinstitutionswhereAIwillbeoperationalised,contested,andtrustedinpracticewill

shapesocietaloutcomesasmuchasthetechnologyitself.

Public-sectorAIdeservesparticularattentioninthisregard,becauseitisexercisedthroughpublicauthorityanddirectlyaffectsrights,services,

Forewords

entitlements,andtrustininstitutions.The

Index’sfindingthatfewerthanoneinfive

countriesrequiredisclosureoftheirown

algorithmicsystemsisamongitsmost

consequential.ResponsibleAImustapply

wherepublicpowerisexercised,notonly

wheremarketsareregulated.Fordevelopingcountries,lowimplementationscoresshouldnotbereadsimplyaslackofambition.Theyreflectstructuralconditions:infrastructure,financing,technicalevaluationcapacity,

institutionalbandwidth,andbargainingpowerwithinglobalAIecosystems.

Implementationgaps,inmanycontexts,aredevelopmentgaps.

ThenextphaseofresponsibleAIgovernancewillbelessaboutputtingprinciplesinplaceandmorefocusedonwhethercountries

canbuildtheinstitutions,safeguards,and

coalitionstomakethoseprinciplesreal.Thatmeansstrongerpublic-sectortransparency,procurementaccountability,oversight

capacity,meaningfulredresspathways,

multilingualinclusion,andgovernanceembeddedintothesystemsthrough

whichAIactuallyreachespeople.Itmeans

treatingtrustandsafetynotasaquestion

ofmodelperformancealonebutofwhetherinstitutionscanprevent,identify,andremedytheharmsAIproducesinpubliclife.ItmeansrecognisingthatSouth-Southcooperation,

adopter-countrycoalitions,andshared

institutionaltoolswillbecentraltoensuringthatglobalstandardsarenegotiatedratherthaninherited.

ThevalueoftheIndexisnotjustcomparisonbutalsovisibility.Ithelpsgovernments,civilsociety,funders,anddevelopmentpartnersseewherecommitmentsaretranslating

intoprotection,whereaccountability

remainsweak,andwherecollectiveactionismosturgentlyneeded.AsAImovesfromexperimentationintoinfrastructure,that

visibilityiswhatthenextphaserequirestoensureitisapositiveforcefordevelopmentratherthanadriverofinequality.

RobertOpp

ChiefDigitalOfficer,UNDP

GIRAI2NDEDITIONREPORTℓ6

Forewords

GIRAI2NDEDITIONREPORTℓ7

Foreword:VilasDhar

Someoneyouwillnevermeetis

teachinganAItotellatumorfrom

healthytissue,onelabeledimageat

atime.Theyarepaidpertask,monitoredby

software,andrankedbyasystemtheycannotsee.Themodeltheytrainwillbecalledone

ofthemostadvancedtechnologiesinhumanhistory,buttherulesofthesystemwheretheyliveofferthemalmostnothing:nofloorundertheirpay,nolimitonthemonitoring,andno

waytoknowwhethertherewillbedignityintheirworktomorrow.

TheyarewhothisIndexisbuilttosee.

TheIndexassesses135countriesagainsttheonequestionthatshouldorganisethisfield:

whethertheprotectionsgovernmentspromisereachthepeoplemostexposedtoAI’sharms.Itisthemostcompletepictureyetofhow

theworldisgoverningAIresponsibly,built

byresearchersineveryregionwhogatheredmorethan68,000datapointsintheirown

languagesandlegalsystems.Itsmostvaluablechoiceisalsothehardesttoquantify:whetherframeworksreachpeople,notsimplywhethertheyexistonpaper.

Judgedthatway,responsibleAIhasreachedtheendofitsfirstphase.Thatphasewas

aboutwritingthingsdown:adecadeof

principles,declarations,andvoluntary

commitmentsthatestablishedAIasa

publicconcern.Itwasnecessarywork,anditisnolongerenough.Bynow,some126

of135governmentsshowacommitment.

TheIndexthenscoreseachcountryoutof100onhowfarthatcommitmentreachesinpracticeacrossrights,redress,and

oversight,withaglobalaverageofjust35.

Evenwhereframeworksexist,evidenceofimplementationappearsinjustoverhalfofcases,lowerstillacrosstheGlobalSouth.

Onitsface,theIndexassessesgovernments,butreadmoredeeply,italsocreatesa

scorecardfortherestofus:thefunders,

advocates,andinstitutionswhohavespentadecadebuildingthisfield.Considerwherethescorescluster-andwhattheyshowabout

ourpriorities:AIliteracyisthestrongestarea,activein106countries.Attheotherend,fewerthanoneinfivegovernmentsdisclosetheir

ownuseofAI,only39protectworkers,andjust28havebuiltindependentoversightbodies.

Thedataholdsupamirrortothefieldwe

built.Toooften,wecontinuetoadvocateforthecurricula,theconvenings,theliteracy

campaigns:theworkthatismeasurable,

fundable,andlesscontested.Weare

slowertofundtheworkthatbindspower

toresponsibility:public-sectordisclosure,

redress,independentoversight,and

institutionswillingtochallengegovernments,companies,andfundersalike.

Theimplementationgapthisreportmeasuresis,inpart,agapinwhatourfieldhaschosentomakepossible.

TheIndexdescribesatwo-tierworld.Ofall

casesinwichanactiveframeworkcovered

areviewedpolicyarea,22%intheGlobal

Southwereaddressedbybindinginstruments,comparedwith58%intheNorth,andtheEUAIActaloneaccountsforroughlytwo-thirdsofallenforceableprotectionsgainedsince

the1stEdition.Thereflexistoexplainthisasacapacitydeficit:helptheSouthcatchup,

Forewords

harmonizetowardsaglobalstandard-butsuchanexplanationfailsusall.

Myexperiencesuggestsframeworksstay

non-bindingintheGlobalSouthforreasonsthathavelittletodowithimaginationor

legalskill.Peruhaswrittenoneofthemost

comprehensivebindingAIlawsintheGlobalSouth;Uruguayhasgivenplatformworkers

therighttoorganizeagainstthesystemsthatmanagethem.Whattheylackisbargaining

power:theymustregulatetechnologies

theydependonandcannotyetreplace,

andtherighttoregulatemeanslittlewheninfrastructure,standards,models,and

capitalsitelsewhere.Aglobalsystemthatconcentratesstandard-settinginahandfulofcapitalswhileexportingtheburdenof

compliancecannotbethefoundationforajustglobalAIfuture.

TheIndexalsopointstoamoresubtledanger-thatwemayrelyonthepromulgation

offrameworksasamarkerofsatisfactory

progress.Whennearlyeverygovernmentcanpointtoacommitment,thepressuretoturnthatcommitmentintoprotectioncanbegintofade.Recognitionbeginstostandinfor

remedy.Anindexthatcountedframeworkswouldhaveratifiedthatillusion-thisoneshowsusweneedtodigdeeper.

Thedataleavesuswithaconcreteobligation:championthehalfoftheworkwehave

avoided.Resourcetheoversightbodies,audits,redressmechanisms,andpublic-interest

groupswillingtochallengepowerdirectly.

BackSouth-Southcoordination,sothatthe

countriesmostexposedtoAInegotiateglobalgovernanceratherthaninheritit,andinsist

thatparticipationmeansmorethanbeingconsultedafterthedesignisdone.

Brazil,Nigeria,andothersarealreadybuildingthenextphaseofresponsibleAIoutsidetheusualcentersofpower,workingclosertotheharms,withfewerresources,undersharperconstraints,andaclearersenseofwhat

protectionmustmean.

Thatpersontrainingthatmodelwillnot

beprotectedsimplybyaddinganother

frameworktothecount.Theywillbe

protectedwhentheruleswheretheylive

canreachthem,whenworkerscancontest

thesystemsthatmanagethem,andwhen

governmentsmaketheirownuseofAI

accountableandvisible.Thatworkdoesnotrestwithgovernmentsalone,butwithallofus.ThisIndexistheevidencethatithasalreadybegun,andtheworkaheadistoclosethe

distancebetweenpromiseandprotection.

VilasDhar

President,PatrickJ.McGovernFoundation

GIRAI2NDEDITIONREPORTℓ8

Contents

Contents

Acknowledgements 2

Disclaimer 4

Forewords 5

Contents 9

ExecutiveSummary 10

HowtoReadThisReport 17

Part1:IntroductionandBackgroundtotheGlobalIndexonResponsibleAI 18

FromPromisestoProtections:TheUrgencyofTrackingResponsibleAI 19

MeasuringResponsibleAI:TheGlobalIndexonResponsibleAI 20

WhattheGlobalIndexonResponsibleAIMeasures 21

Scopeofthe2ndEdition 24

MethodologyandScoring 25

Part2:ScoresDistributionperRegion 28

Part3:KeyFindingsandGlobalTrendsinResponsibleAI 30

1.AIisacceleratingfasterthangovernmentscangovernitinthepublicinterest 31

2.ResponsibleAIgovernanceisexpandinginGlobalSouthcountries,butbinding

protectionsremainscarce 36

3.AIsafetyisbeinggovernedasatechnicalproblem,whilehumanharmsremain

under-addressed 39

4.GovernmentsareregulatingAItransparencybutnotdisclosingtheirownuseofAI 43

5.GenderisincreasinglyrecognisedinAIgovernance,butprotectionfromgendered

harmsremainsweak 45

6.FuturegenerationsarebeingpreparedfortheAIeconomybutnotprotected

fromAI-relatedharms 48

7.AI’senvironmentalfootprintremainsablindspotinresponsibleAIgovernance 52

8.Governmentsarerecognisingtheneedforlocal-languageAIbutnotrequiring

developerstodeliverit 56

9.GovernmentsareinvestinginAIskillsbutneglectingworkers’rights 60

10.GlobalAIgovernanceisfragmentingbeforeasharedfloorofprotectionhas

beenestablished 63

Part4:FromCommitmentstoProtections:TheNextPhaseofResponsible

AIGovernance 66

PrioritiesfortheNextPhaseofResponsibleAI 72

Conclusion 74

Annexures 75

Methodology 76

KeyDataandFigures 81

GIRAI2NDEDITIONREPORTℓ9

ExecutiveSummary

GIRAI2NDEDITIONREPORTℓ10

ExecutiveSummary

The2ndEditionoftheGlobalIndex

onResponsibleAI(GIRAI,orIndex)

showsthatresponsibleAIgovernance

isexpanding,butitisnotexpandingfast

enough,deeplyenough,orequitablyenoughtokeeppacewiththedevelopmentand

deploymentofAIaroundtheworld.

Morecountriesareadoptingresponsible

AIframeworks;however,manyremain

unenforceable,weaklyimplemented,anddisconnectedfromtheinstitutionsneededtoprotectpeopleinpractice.Thecentralfindingisclear:responsibleAIgovernance

evolutionhasshownthelimitsofthe

framework-buildingphase.Thenextphase

mustbejudgedbywhethergovernments

arebuildingenforceableprotectionsand

accountableinstitutions,whethertheyare

disclosingtheirownuseofAI,andwhether

theyareestablishingclearroutesforredress.

AsAIbecomesembeddedineveryday

life,responsibleAIgovernancewillhelp

determinewhetherAIsupportsjust,fair,

equal,andsustainablefuturesorwhetheritwilldeepenexistingharmsandinequalities.

WhattheIndexMeasures

TheGIRAIaskswhethergovernments

arenotonlyadoptingresponsibleAI

butgoverningAIinwaysthatprotect

rights,advancethepublicinterest,andservethosemostexposedtoharm.The2ndEditionassessesresponsibleAI

governanceacross135countriesand

jurisdictions1.Itisgroundedinahumanrights-basedapproachandinformedby

theUNESCORecommendationontheEthicsofArtificialIntelligence.

TheIndexmeasureswhethercountries

arebuildingtheframeworks,institutions,

practices,andenablingconditionsneeded

togovernAIresponsibly.Itisorganised

aroundfivedimensions,whichserveasbroadorganisingprinciplesforresponsibleAI:

1.InclusionandDiversity

AImustbegovernedsothatitdoesnotreproduceexistinghierarchies,deepenexclusion,orconcentratebenefitsamongthosealreadyadvantaged.Thisdimensionassesses

whethercountriesareprotectinggroupsandcommunitiesmostlikelytobemarginalisedorharmedbyAIsystems.

1.Throughoutthisreport,weusetheterm“countries”or“jurisdictions”interchangeably,tosimplifycommunication.WerecognisethatsomeofthejurisdictionsincludedintheGIRAIarecurrentlydisputedinnature.Thenamingofthesejurisdictionsinthisreport,aswellastheirgeographicalrepresentationontheGIRAIwebsite,doesnotreflectanypositiononsuchdisputesortheviewsoftheorganisation.

ExecutiveSummary

2.EthicsandSustainability

AImustbedevelopedanddeployedinwaysthatarefair,accountable,rights-respecting,andenvironmentallysustainable.Thisdimensionassesseswhethercountriesare

addressingtheethicalandecologicalconditionsunderwhichAIisbuiltandused.

3.LabourandSkills

AIisreshapingwork,skills,livelihoods,andlabourrights.Thisdimensionassesses

whethercountriesarepreparingpeopletoparticipateinAI-enabledeconomieswhilealsoprotectingworkersfromdisplacement,exploitation,surveillance,discrimination,andweakenedcollectiverights.

4.TrustandSafety

AIsystemsmustbesafe,secure,reliable,andaccountableiftheyaretoserve

thepublicgood.Thisdimensionassesseswhethercountriesareputtinginplacesafeguardstopreventharm,respondtomisuse,andmaintainpublictrust.

5.AIUseinPublicService

WhengovernmentsuseAI,theyexercisepublicpowerthroughtechnicalsystems.This

dimensionassesseswhethercountriesaregoverningpublic-sectorAIinwaysthatupholdrights,democraticvalues,transparency,accountability,andaccesstoessentialservices.

Withinthesefivedimensions,theIndex

develops17indicatorsassessingAIPoliciesfromtransversalcategoriesofdata,suchastypeofdocument,enforceability(binding/non-binding),regulatoryscope(horizontalorvertical),stakeholderconsultation,

operationalisation(implementationbody

andplan,budgetprovisions,andmonitoringandevaluation),thematiccoverage,and

implementationinitiatives(government-

ledinitiativesinabsenceofframeworks),in

additiontofiveindicatorsoncivilsocietyorganisation(CSO)engagement(one

perdimension),15measuringcontextualconditions,andoneassessingcredibleevidenceofgovernmentdeployments

ofunacceptableriskAIsystems(URAI

systems).TheURAIindicatorisusedtocomputeapenalty(URAIpenalty)thatisappliedasanaccountabilityadjustmenttothefinalcountryscore(Figure1).

TheIndexdoesnotdirectlyassess

individualAIsystemsortheconductofAIcompanies.Itsfocusisonnational-levelgovernanceconditions.

2NDEDITIONREPORTℓ11

ExecutiveSummary

GIRAI2NDEDITIONREPORTℓ12

KeyFindings

1.AIisacceleratingfasterthan

governmentscan

governitinthepublicinterest

DiffusionofAIisexpanding,with53%oftheglobalpopulationhavingusedgenerative

AItools.YetaverageGIRAIscoresremainlow,atroughly35outof100,andevidenceofimplementationexistsinonly55%

ofcaseswhereframeworksareactive,fallingto45%inGlobalSouthcountries2.

2.ResponsibleAI

governanceis

expandinginGlobalSouthcountries,butbindingprotectionsremainscarce

Sincethe1stEdition,GlobalSouthcountriessubstantiallybroadenedtheresponsible

AIcontentoftheirnationalframeworks.

Onaverage,thenumberofGIRAItopics

coveredrosefrom2.5to4.7,an83%

increase3.InGlobalNorthcountries,the

numberrosefrom8.2to11.1,a35%increase.GlobalSouthcountriesaccountfor203ofthe306newcountrycasesofindicators

coveredbyframeworksidentifiedsincethe1stEdition.Despitethisprogress,

mostofthegrowthisinsoftlaw:78%ofresponsibleAIframeworkcasesinthesecountriesarenon-binding,compared

with42%inGlobalNorthcountries.

3.AIsafetyisbeing

governedasatechnicalproblem,while

humanharmsremainunder-addressed

AIsafetyandsecurityisoneofthe

fastest-growingareasofgovernance,

butmuchofitfocusesontechnical

safeguards.Meanwhile,theIndexfound

credibleevidenceofgovernmentuseof

unacceptableriskAIsystemsin35of135countries,andonly49countries(36%)

haveframeworksaddressingAI-facilitatedmisinformationandviolence.

2.Inthisreport,theterm“GlobalSouth”referstodevelopingeconomies,and“GlobalNorth”referstodevelopedeconomies,asclassifiedinthe

UNStandard

countryorareacodesforstatisticaluse(M49).

3.Theincreaseof83%isbasedontheunroundedaverages(from2.547to4.653).Usingtheroundedvaluesreportedinthetext(2.5and4.7)wouldyieldaslightlydifferentpercentageduetorounding.

GIRAI2NDEDITIONREPORTℓ13

4.Governments

areregulatingAI

transparencybutnotdisclosingtheirownuseofAI

TransparencyandExplainabilityisthe

strongest-performingindicator,with

58%ofcountrieshavingsomeformof

framework.Yetimplementationlags

behindtheexistenceofframeworks.ForAIUseinPublicService,PublicDisclosureofGovernmentAlgorithmicSystems

istheweakest-performingindicator,withonly18%ofcountriesrequiringdisclosureofgovernmentAIsystems.

5.Genderisincreasingly

recognisedinAI

governance,but

protectionfromgenderedharmsremainsweak

Genderequalityisgainingvisibility,

with29newcountriesaddressing

genderandAIsincethe1stEdition,butonly24of55countrieswithgender-relatedframeworksshowevidence

ofimplementation.ProtectionfromgenderedAIharmsremainslimited.

6.Futuregenerations

arebeingpreparedfortheAIeconomybut

notprotectedfromAI-relatedharms

AILiteracyisoneofthestrongest-

performingindicators,with71countries(53%)havingsomeframeworkin

placeand106countriesshowing

evidenceofsomeactivityinthisarea.Bycontrast,only55countries(41%)

haveframeworksaddressingchildren’srightsinAI,andonly27ofthem

showevidenceofimplementation.

7.AI’senvironmental

footprintremainsa

blindspotinresponsibleAIgovernance

Only27%ofcountrieshaveframeworksaddressingAI’senvironmental