跨文化交际-第六章

大学英语

跨文化交际Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication黑龙江大学外语部Thosewhoknowdonottalk.Thosewhotalkdonotknow.Keepyourmouthclosed.Guardyoursenses.Temperyoursharpness.Simplifyyourproblems.Maskyourbrightness.BeatonewiththedustoftheEarth.Thisisprimalunion.HewhohasachievedthisstateIsunconcernedwithfriendsandenemies,Withgoodandharm,withhonoranddisgrace.Thisthereforeisthehigheststateofman.AnidiomThereislanguageinhereyes,hercheeks,herlip,nay,herfootspeaks.—ShakespeareLearningobjectives:Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication1.tounderstandthesignificanceofnonverbalinterculturalcommunication2.toperceivethedefinitionofnonverbalinterculturalcommunication3.todescribethefunctionsofnonverbalinterculturalcommunication4.tosummarizethecategoriesofnonverbalinterculturalcommunication

ChapterOutlineChapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationNonverbalInterculturalCommunication

Significance

Definition&FunctionsCategoriesOtherCategories

RepeatingRegulatingContradictingComplementingParalanguageSilenceProxemicsChronemicsOculesicsOlfacticsHapticsKinesicsChromaticsAttirelead-incase

WhatIsWrongwiththeInteraction?Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationPleasereadCaseandthendiscussthequestionsinpairs.Nonverbalbehaviorisasignificantareaofcommunicationstudyforatleastthreereasons.Nonverbalbehavioraccountsformuchofthemeaningwegetfromconversations.Nonverbalbehaviorspontaneouslyreflectsthesubconsciousness.Wecannotavoidcommunicatingthroughnonverbalsignals.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationTextA

SignificanceofNonverbalCommunicationBesides,nonverbalbehaviorissignificantbecausenonverbalcommunicationcanbeopentomanyinterpretations.ThisgesturemeansOKintheU.Sandmanycultures,whileitmeanszeroinFrance,andmeansmoneyinJapan.DefinitionofNonverbalCommunicationTheFunctionsofNonverbalCommunication

Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationTextB

DefinitionandFunctionsofNonverbalCommunicationDefinitionofNonverbalCommunication

Themessagessentwithoutusingwordsarecallednonverbalcommunication.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationTheFunctionsofNonverbalCommunication

a.RepeatingPeopleusenonverbalcommunicationtorepeat,clarify,andempasizetheirpointofview.Forexample,nodassaying"yes".b.Complementing

Nonverbalcommunicationcuescanaddtoorcomplementaverbalmessage.Forexample,scratchhead.

Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationChapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationc.SubstitutingNonverbalmessagesmaysubstituteverbalonesincertainsettings.

Therearesituationsinwhichwordscannotbeused.Inaverynoisystreet,forexample,policeofficermightusehandgesturestoreplacespokenmessages.d.RegulatingNonverbalbehaviorscanhelpcontrolverbalinteractionsbyregulatingthem,suchasturn-takingsignals(handraised)inconversationse.ContradictingCertainnonverbalbehaviorscancontradictspokenwords.1.paralanguage(副语言)2.

silence

(沉默)Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication

TextC

ParalanguageandSilence1.Paralanguage

a.voicesetthecontextinwhichthespeakerisspeaking:

thesituationgendermoodageperson’scultureb.voicequalities

volumepitchtemporhythmarticulationresonancenasalityaccentc.vocalization:

characterizersqualifiers

segregates

Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationChapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication2.Silence

Silenceisaformofnonverbalcommunicationthatmaybeinterpretedinvariouswaysdependinguponthesituation,thedurationofthesilence,andtheculture.Theuseofsilenceincommunicationisalsoimportant.Silencecancommunicateagreement,apathy(冷漠),awe(敬畏),confusion,contemplation(沉思),disagreement,embarrassment,obligation,regret,repressedhostility,respect,sadness,thoughtfulness,oranynumberofmeanings.Case-analysis:

AQuarrel

WhatisthebasicbarrierinthecommunicationbetweenSmithandLiHua?

1.chronemics(时间行为)2.

proxemics[prɑ:k'si:mi:ks](空间行为)Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationTextD

TimeandSpace1.Chronemics

ThesenseoftimeMonochronicandpolychronicviewsoftime

Chronemicsisthestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.

Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationa.

Timeiscyclical(循环的)b.

Timeislinear(线性的)

Westernculturesthinktimeislinear—aflowfromthepasttothepresenttothefuture.

Lifeonearthevolvedinresponsetothecyclesofdayandnightandtheebbandflowofthetides.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication

Thesenseoftime

a.Monochronictime

b.Polychronictime

Polychronictimemeansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.

Monochronictimemeanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication

Monochronicandpolychronicviewsoftime

Activity:

Recallyourownexperienceaboutwaitingforsomeonewhoislateforanappointment,orwhenyouarelateforanappointment.Describeyourfeelingsundersuchcircumstances.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication2.proxemics

a.Fixedfeaturesofspace

b.Semifixedfeaturesofspacec.PersonalspaceProxemicsreferstothestudyofspatialrelations.Thestudyofproxemicsincludesthreeaspectsofspace:(a)fixedfeaturesofspace.(b)semifixedfeaturesofspace,and(c)personalspaceChapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationa.FixedfeaturesofspaceArchitectureandspacingofbuildingsbelongtothisaspectofspace.Forexample,apersonintheUnitedStatescandriveonahighwayformilesandneverseeasignofpeopleordwellings.Therefore,hemaybeamazedattheclosenessofpeopleinChina.Interculturalcommunicatorsneedtorealizethatcultureshavealternativeapproachestospaceandwaysofusingit.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationb.Semifixedfeaturesofspace

Semifixedfeaturesofspacerefertospatialarrangementsofmovableobjectswithinaroom,suchasfurniturearrangementandseating.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationChapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication

Furniturearrangement

French

spaceisareflectionofFrenchculture.Everythingiscentralized,andspatiallytheentirecountryislaidoutaroundcenters.InGermany,whereprivacyisstressed,officefurnitureisspreadthroughouttheoffice.InJapan,wheregroupparticipationisencouraged,manydesksarearrangedhierarchicallyinthecenterofalarge,commonroomabsentofwalls.Chinesegeomancy(泥土占卜),fengshui,istheartofarrangingthephysicalenvironmenttoestablishharmonywiththenaturalenvironmenttoachievehappiness,prosperity,andhealth.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationSeating

IntheUnitedStates,theytendtotalkwiththoseoppositethemratherthanthoseseatedorstandbesidethem.TheChineseoftenexperienceuneasinesswhentheyfacesomeonedirectlyorsitonoppositesideofadeskortablefromsomeone.

c.PersonalspaceIntheUnitedStatesHallreportsthatpsychologistshaveidentifiedfourzonesfromwhichU.S.peopleinteract:theintimatezone,thepersonalzone,thesocialzone,andthepubliczone.2.InIndiaInIndia,thereareelaboraterulesabouthowcloselymembersofeachcaste

mayapproachothercastes.3.InArab

ArabsofthesamesexdostandmuchcloserthanNorthAmericans.AnArabenteringanelevatormaystandrightnexttoanotherpersonandbetouchingeventhoughnooneelseisintheelevator.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication

Case-analysis:

Don’tPutYourHandonMyArm

Whatcanbelearnedfromthecaseabove?Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationDon’tPutYourHandonMyArm

ItwashardforSamtoconcentrateonwhatMartinwassaying.MartinwasvisitingfromChileandEnglishwasnothisnativelanguage,butthatwasnottheproblem.SamwasalltoawareofMartin’shandrestingonhisarm.Hetriedtoignoreit,buthefeltlikepeoplepassingbywerestaringatthem.Hedidn’twantpeoplegettingthewrongimpression.Theywouldn’tknowMartinwasfromChileand,eveniftheydid,itwasonethingtogivesomeoneafriendlypatbutquiteanothertojuststandthereholdingtheotherguy’sarm,occasionallyrubbingit.Itjustwasn’tsonatural.HetriedtodisengagefromMartinthroughsomepurposefulgesturesandsteppingbackslightly,butMartinpersistedandSamalwaysendedupwithMartin’shandonhimagain.SamhadbeenaskedbyhissuperiortohelpwithtransportationforMartinduringhisstayintheUnitedStates,andhedidn’twanttooffendMartin.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication1.oculesics

(目光语)2.

olfactics

(嗅觉)3.

haptics

(触觉行为)4.kinesics

(身势语行为)5.chromatics

(色彩学)6.attire

(服饰）TextE

OtherCategoriesofNonverbalCommunication

Thestudyofcommunicationssentbytheeyesistermedoculesics.AprolongedgazeorstareintheUnitedStatesisconsideredrude.InotherculturessuchasJapan,Korea,andThailand,staringisalsoconsideredrude.Inmostcultures,mendonotstareatwomen.InFranceandItaly,however,mencanstareatwomeninpublic.IntheUnitedStates,staringatapersonisconsideredasignofinterestandmayevenbeinterpretedassexuallysuggestive.

1.oculesics

Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication2.olfactics

ThestudyofcommunicationviasmelliscalledOlfactics.

Aperson’ssmellcanhaveapositiveornegativeeffectontheoralmessage.

Activity:

Discussion

Haveyouhadtheexperienceofbeingpuzzledandannoyedbyadirecteyecontactfrompeopleofothercultures?Ifyes,trytothinkaboutthereasonwhy.Discussitwithyourgroupmembers.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication3.haptics

Hapticsortouchreferstocommunicatingthroughtheuseofbodilycontact.InThailandandLaos,itisrudeforastrangeroracquaintance(熟人)totouchachildonthetopoftheheadbecausetheheadisregardedasthehomeofthespiritorsoul.Itisbelievedthatachild’sspiritorsoulisnotstrongenoughtobetouchedandhastendencytobecomeillifpatted.EvenplacingahandonthebackofanAsianworker’schairisconsideredinappropriate.WhiteMuslimshuganotherpersonaroundtheshoulders,Koreayoungpeopledonottouchtheshouldersoftheirelders.Discussion:p186Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication4.kinesics

Kinesicsisthetermusedforcommunicatingthroughvarioustypesofbodymovementsincludingfacialexpressions,gestures,postureandstance,andothermannerismsthatmayaccompanyorreplaceoralmessages.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationa.

Gestures

amovementofpartofyourbody,especiallyyourhandsorhead,toshowwhatyoumeanorhowyoufeel.b.

PosturePosture,thewaysomeonestands,sits,orwalks,cansendpositiveornegativenonverbalmessages.Posturecansignalagreementordisagreement.Appropriatepostureisrelatedtoaperson’sstatusinsociety.Forexample,themanagermaystanderectwhentalkingtosubordinates,butthesubordinatesmaydroptheirshoulderswhentalkingtothemanager.

c.

FacialexpressionsChapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication

Gesturescanbeemblemsororregulators(one’sfaceturnsredwithembarrassment).Gesturesareusedtoaddemphasisorclaritytoanoralmessage.symbols(the“ok”gesture),illustrators(policeofficer’shandhelduptostoptraffic),Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication5.chromatics

Chromaticsreferstothestudyofcoloruseinaffectingpeople’smood,emotions,andimpressionofothers.Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication

BlackisthecolorofmourningtomanyEuropeansandU.S.Americans,butwhiteisworntofuneralsinJapanandmanyothernations.

IntheUnitedStates,whiteistypicallywornbybrideswhileinIndia,redoryellowisworn.

Purpleissometimesassociatedwithroyalty,butitisthecolorofdeathinmanyLatinAmericancountries.Red(especiallyredroses)isassociatedwithromanceinsomeculturesincludingtheUnitedStates.RedisnotanappropriatecolorforwrappinggiftsinJapan.DarkredisthecolorofmourningalongtheIvoryCoast.Culturaldifferencesassociatedwithcolorsinclude:Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunication

GreenisnotusedforwrappingpackagesinEgyptsincegreenisthenationalistcolor(asred,whiteandbluearethenationalistcolorsintheUnitedStates).MenshouldavoidwearingagreenhatinChinaasthissignifiesthattheirwifeorsisterisaprostitute.Inmanycountriesoftheworld,blueisconsideredamasculinecolor,buttopeopleofFranceandtheUnitedKingdom,redismoremasculine.Blue,inIran,isanundesirablecolor.WhilepeopleoftheUnitedStatesconsiderpinktobethemostfemininecolor,personsinmostothercountriesthinkofyellowasthemostfemininecolor.

Culturaldifferencesassociatedwithcolorsinclude:Chapter6NonverbalInterculturalCommunicationUnitedAirlinesunknowinglygotoffonthewrongfootduringitsinitialflightsfromHongKong.Tocommemoratetheoccasion,theyhandedoutwhitecarnations(康乃馨)tothepassengers.WhentheylearnedthattomanyAsianswhiteflowersrepresentbadluckandevendeath,theychangedtoredcarnations.Ch