2026气象太阳模拟器校准结果的不确定度评定

气象用太阳模拟器校准结果不确定度评定示例气象用太阳模拟器校准结果不确定度评定示例太阳模拟器光谱匹配度校准不确定度评定数学模型太阳模拟器不同波段光谱辐照度的光谱匹配度：（1）式中：——太阳模拟器～波段范围内光谱辐照度积分值占300nm～2500nm范围内光谱辐照度总积分值的百分比；——AM1.5标准光谱辐照度分布；——～波段范围内的光谱匹配度。不确定度来源由公式（1）可知，被校太阳模拟器光谱匹配度的不确定度主要来源于以下4个方面：（a）光谱辐射计校准引入的不确定度；（b）光谱辐射计余弦响应引入的标准不确定度；（c）光谱匹配度重复性引入的标准不确定度。不确定度评定由光谱辐射计校准引入的不确定度光谱辐射计由上级计量技术机构校准取得的扩展不确定度，，300nm~1700nm,，1700nm~2500nm，其引入的标准不确定度为，300nm~1700nm,，1700nm~2500nm光谱辐射计余弦响应引入的标准不确定度光谱辐射计探头角度的不同，相对于太阳模拟器入射光线，将引入不同的误差。通过改变光谱辐射计探头角度，测得角度变化15°范围内测量偏差为0.8%，按均匀分布计，其引入的标准不确定度为；光谱匹配度重复性引入的标准不确定度在重复性条件下，重复测得被校太阳模拟器光谱匹配度，数据见表1，重复性引入的不确定度为。1太阳模拟器光谱匹配度测量重复性序号波长间隔/nm300～400400～700700～11001100～25001比值0.931.121.040.932比值0.921.131.030.953比值0.911.131.040.914比值0.901.121.040.925比值0.901.131.030.926比值0.901.141.040.937比值0.921.121.050.918比值0.911.121.040.929比值0.931.131.040.9110比值0.911.121.030.92实验标准差1.2%0.7%0.6%1.2%合成标准不确定度评定长波辐射表灵敏度测量结果的标准不确定度分量见表2。表2长波辐射表灵敏度测量结果的标准不确定度分量序号不确定度来源评定方法分布符号标准不确定度分量1光谱辐射计校准B正态分布3%（300nm~1700nm）4%（1700nm~2500nm）2光谱辐射计余弦响应B均匀分布0.46%3光谱匹配度重复性A正态分布1.2%按下式计算合成标准不确定度：（300nm~1700nm）（2）（1700nm~2500nm）（3）式中：——被校太阳模拟器光谱匹配度校准结果的合成标准不确定度；QUOTEμV∙W−1m2扩展不确定度扩展不确定度为：（300nm~1700nm）（4）（1700nm~2500nm）（5）太阳模拟器辐照度不均匀度校准不确定度评定2.1数学模型太阳模拟器在设定的同一辐射输出值下辐照度不均匀度按公式（6）计算：（6）式中：——设定的同一辐射输出值下辐照度不均匀度；——各测试点10次采样值算术平均值的最大值，W/m²；——各测试点10次采样值算术平均值的最小值，W/m²。2.2不确定度来源由公式（6）可知，太阳模拟器辐照度不均匀度校准不确定度主要来源于以下2个方面：（1）总辐射表测量引入的不确定度，其包括总辐射表灵敏度稳定性引入的不确定度、非线性引入的不确定度、温度响应引入的不确定度及配套设备数字多用表测量引入的不确定度。（2）辐照度测量重复性引入的不确定度，其包括辐照度最大值重复性引入的不确定度和辐照度最小值重复性引入的不确定度。2.3不确定度评定2.3.1评定示例说明以太阳模拟器1100W/m²@160mm时辐照度不均匀度进行测试为例，CMP22二等标准总辐射表作为测试标准器，其灵敏度为μV/（W/m2）。具体测试数据如下：表31100W/m²@160mm条件下太阳模拟器辐照度不均匀度各测试点数据及统计值2.3.2总辐射表测量引入的不确定度总辐射表测量引入的不确定度应包括总辐射表灵敏度稳定性引入的不确定度、总辐射表非线性引入的不确定度、总辐射表温度响应引入的不确定度及配套设备数字多用表测量引入的不确定度。总辐射表测量辐照度的原理公式如（7）所示：（7）式中：——总辐射表测得的辐照度，W/m²——数字多用表采集的总辐射表输出的电压，V；——总辐射表灵敏度，μV/（W/m2）。总辐射表测量引入的辐照度不均匀度校准不确定度分量如表4所示表4总辐射表测量引入的辐照度不均匀度校准不确定度分量不确定度来源评定方法先验知识概率分布符号标准不确定度灵敏度溯源性B0.2%正太分布0.1%非线性（100W/m2~1000W/m2）B0.2%均匀分布0.12%温度响应（-20℃~50℃）B0.3%均匀分布0.17%数字多用表（-100mV~100mV）B1.1μV正太分布0.55μV总辐射表测量引入的不确定度按公式（8）~（10）计算：（8）（9）（10）式中：——总辐射表灵敏度，μV/（m²/W）；——灵敏系数，为式（7）对输入量的偏导数，（m²/W）2/μV；——灵敏系数，为式（7）对输入量的偏导数，（m²/W）/μV。基于表3数据，不均匀度测试中辐照度最大值为1041.39W/m²，最小值为1022.26W/m²，按式（8）~（10），总辐射表对辐照度最大值测量引入的不确定度，对辐照度最小值测量引入的不确定度。2.3.3辐照度测量重复性引入的不确定度按公式（6）,不均匀度计算公式中涉及辐照度最大值和辐照度最小值两个变量，从表3可知，辐照度最大值为1041.39W/m²，实验标准差为2.49W/m²，最大值引入的不确定度。辐照度最小值为1022.26W/m²，实验标准差为1.36W/m²，最小值引入的不确定度。2.3.4合成标准不确定度评定按公式（11）~（13）计算合成标准不确定度：（11）（12）（13）式中：——灵敏系数，为式（6）对输入量的偏导数，m²/W；——灵敏系数，为式（6）对输入量的偏导数，m²/W。代入表3数据计算，。2.3.5辐照度不均匀度校准结果辐照度不均匀度校准结果如下：，；k=2太阳模拟器辐照度不稳定度校准不确定度评定3.1数学模型太阳模拟器辐照度不稳定度按公式（14）计算：（14）式中：——辐照度不稳定度；——1h内测得的辐照度最大值，W/m²；——1h内测得的辐照度最小值，W/m²。3.2不确定度来源由公式（14）可知，太阳模拟器辐照度不稳定度主要是由总辐射表测量辐照度引入的，根据总辐射表测量辐照度的原理公式（7），辐照度不稳定度的校准不确定度主要来源于以下4个方面：（1）总辐射表灵敏度稳定性引入的不确定度；（2）总辐射表非线性引入的不确定度；（3）总辐射表温度响应引入的不确定度；（4）配套设备数字多用表测量引入的不确定度。3.3不确定度评定3.3.1评定示例说明以CMP22二等标准总辐射表作为测试标准器，其灵敏度为μV/（W/m2），将二等标准总辐射表放置在有效辐照面中心点，调节太阳模拟器使其输出辐照度点为(1000±50)W/m2内一值。稳定0.5h后，二等标准总辐射表以10s为采样间隔，采集时长不低于1小时，数据见表5。经统计分析，1h内测得的辐照度最大值W/m2，1h内测得的辐照度最大值W/m2，按公式（14）计算得到辐照度不稳定度。表5辐照度不稳定度校准测试数据序号时间戳电压辐照度序号时间戳电压辐照度117:02:460.008729975.2718117:32:460.008696971.64217:02:560.008744976.9818217:32:560.008717973.98317:03:060.008728975.2018317:33:060.008713973.55417:03:160.008727975.1018417:33:160.008705972.64517:03:260.008736976.0718517:33:260.008711973.29617:03:360.008736976.1218617:33:360.008712973.36717:03:460.008732975.7018717:33:460.008718974.09817:03:560.008738976.2718817:33:560.008733975.75917:04:060.008738976.3718917:34:060.008713973.531017:04:160.008741976.6519017:34:160.008711973.311117:04:260.008735975.9719117:34:260.008727975.061217:04:360.008728975.1619217:34:360.008722974.491317:04:460.008715973.7619317:34:460.008731975.581417:04:560.008756978.3119417:34:560.008712973.391517:05:060.008740976.4819517:35:060.008714973.601617:05:160.008734975.8519617:35:160.008720974.251717:05:260.008715973.7719717:35:260.008721974.401817:05:360.008740976.4819817:35:360.008718974.041917:05:460.008738976.3619917:35:460.008722974.492017:05:560.008743976.8420017:35:560.008719974.152117:06:060.008761978.9020117:36:060.008738976.322217:06:160.008779980.9220217:36:160.008730975.392317:06:260.008776980.5120317:36:260.008731975.492417:06:360.008787981.8020417:36:360.008707972.832517:06:460.008786981.6920517:36:460.008721974.382617:06:560.008783981.3020617:36:560.008711973.312717:07:060.008799983.0720717:37:060.008728975.232817:07:160.008788981.8820817:37:160.008704972.462917:07:260.008780981.0220917:37:260.008715973.783017:07:360.008775980.4221017:37:360.008706972.753117:07:460.008751977.8021117:37:460.008723974.643217:07:560.008754978.0921217:37:560.008712973.423317:08:060.008766979.4821317:38:060.008724974.743417:08:160.008741976.5921417:38:160.008729975.313517:08:260.008752977.8821517:38:260.008714973.673617:08:360.008737976.2321617:38:360.008719974.243717:08:460.008731975.5721717:38:460.008713973.523817:08:560.008741976.6421817:38:560.008728975.193917:09:060.008742976.8021917:39:060.008705972.664017:09:160.008735975.9522017:39:160.008731975.574117:09:260.008734975.8722117:39:260.008718974.044217:09:360.008748977.4022217:39:360.008731975.564317:09:460.008740976.5422317:39:460.008711973.244417:09:560.008738976.3222417:39:560.008718974.064517:10:060.008739976.4222517:40:060.008714973.644617:10:160.008744976.9322617:40:160.008711973.264717:10:260.008726974.9822717:40:260.008717973.954817:10:360.008723974.6122817:40:360.008717974.014917:10:460.008723974.6022917:40:460.008723974.685017:10:560.008722974.4823017:40:560.008714973.665117:11:060.008738976.3123117:41:060.008718974.075217:11:160.008722974.5323217:41:160.008701972.185317:11:260.008700972.0423317:41:260.008719974.155417:11:360.008721974.4323417:41:360.008734975.865517:11:460.008726974.9323517:41:460.008720974.285617:11:560.008735976.0323617:41:560.008726974.995717:12:060.008727975.0923717:42:060.008725974.915817:12:160.008716973.8323817:42:160.008720974.295917:12:260.008706972.7823917:42:260.008721974.426017:12:360.008721974.4424017:42:360.008717973.986117:12:460.008724974.8024117:42:460.008721974.366217:12:560.008727975.0724217:42:560.008708973.016317:13:060.008712973.3924317:43:060.008707972.906417:13:160.008714973.6624417:43:160.008720974.276517:13:260.008710973.2224517:43:260.008733975.756617:13:360.008706972.7024617:43:360.008719974.236717:13:460.008704972.5524717:43:460.008712973.386817:13:560.008716973.8424817:43:560.008718974.066917:14:060.008704972.5524917:44:060.008715973.737017:14:160.008709973.0925017:44:160.008722974.557117:14:260.008720974.2625117:44:260.008724974.767217:14:360.008708972.9725217:44:360.008739976.397317:14:460.008713973.5025317:44:460.008745977.087417:14:560.008727975.1325417:44:560.008734975.917517:15:060.008714973.5825517:45:060.008752977.927617:15:160.008709973.1125617:45:160.008768979.657717:15:260.008721974.3925717:45:260.008756978.287817:15:360.008722974.5125817:45:360.008758978.607917:15:460.008719974.1525917:45:460.008733975.738017:15:560.008716973.8926017:45:560.008744976.938117:16:060.008715973.7526117:46:060.008737976.238217:16:160.008732975.6926217:46:160.008751977.818317:16:260.008712973.4326317:46:260.008739976.468417:16:360.008714973.5926417:46:360.008743976.928517:16:460.008714973.5926517:46:460.008728975.188617:16:560.008710973.1826617:46:560.008743976.868717:17:060.008714973.5826717:47:060.008742976.768817:17:160.008692971.1826817:47:160.008753978.018917:17:260.008729975.2726917:47:260.008726974.969017:17:360.008708972.9927017:47:360.008737976.269117:17:460.008723974.6127117:47:460.008723974.689217:17:560.008719974.1427217:47:560.008727975.079317:18:060.008716973.8627317:48:060.008735975.949417:18:160.008708972.9827417:48:160.008749977.549517:18:260.008707972.8827517:48:260.008726974.999617:18:360.008717973.9727617:48:360.008726974.949717:18:460.008697971.6827717:48:460.008740976.549817:18:560.008702972.3127817:48:560.008723974.649917:19:060.008709973.0527917:49:060.008729975.2910017:19:160.008699971.9628017:49:160.008741976.6610117:19:260.008710973.1528117:49:260.008732975.6610217:19:360.008724974.7028217:49:360.008737976.2510317:19:460.008716973.8028317:49:460.008745977.1410417:19:560.008732975.6728417:49:560.008731975.5610517:20:060.008722974.5628517:50:060.008725974.8910617:20:160.008733975.7628617:50:160.008743976.8910717:20:260.008724974.7428717:50:260.008747977.3010817:20:360.008712973.4528817:50:360.008733975.7610917:20:460.008699971.9728917:50:460.008755978.2111017:20:560.008724974.7129017:50:560.008731975.5311117:21:060.008716973.8629117:51:060.008757978.4211217:21:160.008720974.3129217:51:160.008741976.6211317:21:260.008733975.7029317:51:260.008743976.8211417:21:360.008706972.7429417:51:360.008731975.5411517:21:460.008706972.7129517:51:460.008764979.2511617:21:560.008718974.0329617:51:560.008760978.7511717:22:060.008729975.3029717:52:060.008759978.6211817:22:160.008726974.9229817:52:160.008758978.5911917:22:260.008718974.0429917:52:260.008769979.8312017:22:360.008710973.1930017:52:360.008733975.7712117:22:460.008719974.2430117:52:460.008762979.0412217:22:560.008728975.1630217:52:560.008746977.1612317:23:060.008719974.1530317:53:060.008776980.5312417:23:160.008723974.6030417:53:160.008748977.4212517:23:260.008731975.5530517:53:260.008758978.4912617:23:360.008733975.7930617:53:360.008766979.4812717:23:460.008722974.5430717:53:460.008734975.8912817:23:560.008724974.7430817:53:560.008751977.7812917:24:060.008746977.2630917:54:060.008736976.1013017:24:160.008717973.9431017:54:160.008745977.1013117:24:260.008709973.0531117:54:260.008760978.7513217:24:360.008736976.0331217:54:360.008753977.9313317:24:460.008714973.5931317:54:460.008771980.0413417:24:560.008705972.6431417:54:560.008764979.2013517:25:060.008731975.5231517:55:060.008750977.6713617:25:160.008721974.4131617:55:160.008772980.0813717:25:260.008742976.7931717:55:260.008747977.3013817:25:360.008733975.7831817:55:360.008735975.9613917:25:460.008730975.4231917:55:460.008751977.8014017:25:560.008746977.2132017:55:560.008733975.7514117:26:060.008744976.9932117:56:060.008732975.7014217:26:160.008745977.0732217:56:160.008737976.1614317:26:260.008724974.7832317:56:260.008760978.7314417:26:360.008731975.4932417:56:360.008762979.0314517:26:460.008717973.9132517:56:460.008756978.2814617:26:560.008732975.6232617:56:560.008731975.5214717:27:060.008734975.8332717:57:060.008755978.1914817:27:160.008725974.9132817:57:160.008757978.4714917:27:260.008726974.9632917:57:260.008744976.9815017:27:360.008720974.3533017:57:360.008747977.2815117:27:460.008705972.5833117:57:460.008741976.6815217:27:560.008736976.0733217:57:560.008743976.8415317:28:060.008731975.5433317:58:060.008738976.2915417:28:160.008720974.3133417:58:160.008739976.4515517:28:260.008717973.9533517:58:260.008745977.0715617:28:360.008727975.1233617:58:360.008733975.7515717:28:460.008730975.4633717:58:460.008719974.1515817:28:560.008720974.3033817:58:560.008743976.8415917:29:060.008708972.9233917:59:060.008729975.3316017:29:160.008714973.6034017:59:160.008733975.7316117:29:260.008717973.9234117:59:260.008738976.3516217:29:360.008718974.0434217:59:360.008729975.2716317:29:460.008716973.9134317:59:460.008726974.9616417:29:560.008733975.7834417:59:560.008718974.0716517:30:060.008716973.9034518:00:060.008732975.6016617:30:160.008711973.3134618:00:160.008733975.8016717:30:260.008738976.3334718:00:260.008751977.7816817:30:360.008711973.2834818:00:360.008745977.1216917:30:460.008726974.9834918:00:460.008730975.3717017:30:560.008713973.5735018:00:560.008737976.1517117:31:060.008728975.1735118:01:060.008735975.9317217:31:160.008725974.8135218:01:160.008755978.2417317:31:260.008712973.4535318:01:260.008735975.9917417:31:360.008698971.8735418:01:360.008749977.6017517:31:460.008727975.0735518:01:460.008718974.131761