外研版英语选择性必修第二册　Unit 2　Improving yourself 教师用书

选择性必修第二册Unit2ImprovingyourselfⅠ.阅读单词——会意1．moderatorn．主持人2．detoxn．脱瘾3．fundraisingn．募捐，筹款4．profilen．概况；侧面轮廓；形象，印象；姿态5．procrastinationn．拖延6．headphonesn．(头戴式)耳机7．headlinen．媒体报道的热门话题；标题8．toothpasten．牙膏9．soapn．肥皂10．itemn．一件商品(或物品)；项目；一条(新闻)11．unprecedentedlyadv.空前地12．personalfinances(个人的)财务管理13．jarn．(玻璃)罐子，广口瓶14．likewiseadv.同样地；相似地15．nailn．钉子；指甲Ⅱ.拼写单词——记形1．switchv．(用开关)改变，转换n.开关；(尤指突然彻底的)改变，转变2．toweln．毛巾3．deadlinen．截止时间；最后期限4．spitv．(spat/spit，spat/spit)吐口水，吐唾沫5．binn．垃圾箱6．districtn．地区，区域7．lifelongadj.终身的8．visionn．构想，设想；视力，视觉；远见卓识Ⅲ.拓展单词——悉变1．securityn．安全→secureadj.安全的；可靠的；稳固的vt.保护，使安全；获得→insecureadj.不安全的2．motivatev．激发，激励→motivationn．动力；动机→motivatedadj.积极的；主动的3．occupyv．占用，占去(时间)；占领，占据；使忙碌→occupationn．占领；占用；职业，工作→occupiedadj.有人使用(或居住)；忙于……的；被占领的4．distractv．分散(注意力)，使分心→distractedadj.注意力分散的；思想不集中的→distractionn．使人分心的事物5．accessn．接触的机会；通道，入口v.到达，进入；访问；获取(计算机数据)→accessibleadj.可进入的；可得到的；可使用的；易懂的；平易近人的6．relyv．(为生活或生存而)依赖→reliableadj.可信赖的→unreliableadj.不可靠的→reliabilityn．可靠性；可信度7．appropriateadj.恰当的，合适的→appropriatelyadv.恰当地，合适地→inappropriateadj.不合适的8．considerateadj.替他人着想的→considerationn．仔细考虑；体谅→considerv．仔细考虑；认为→considerableadj.相当多(或大、重要等)的→consideringprep.&conj.考虑到；就……而言9．promotev．促进，增进；促销；晋升→promotionn．促进，增进；促销活动；晋升10．clarifyv．澄清，讲清楚，阐明→clarificationn．澄清，阐明11．necessityn．必需品；必然性→necessaryadj.必要的；必然的→unnecessaryadj.非必然的；不必要的→necessarilyadv.必然地，不可避免地12．investv．投资；投入(时间、精力)→investmentn．投资额；投资；(时间、精力的)投入13．objectivelyadv.客观地→objectiveadj.客观的n．目标，目的→objectv．反对n．物体；对象14．equipv．使有知识和技能，使能够胜任；装备，配备→equipmentn．器材；设备15．constantlyadv.持续不断地；经常地→constantadj.恒定的；不断的n．常数，常量积累——构词法学一法会一类派生后缀-wise来自古英语名词wise(方法、方式)，它可以加在形容词、名词或动词后面构成方式副词，表示“以……的方式；像……的；朝……的方向；在……的方面”。在现代英语中，-wise的最后一种含义用得比较多，并因此变成相当活跃的能产型后缀。如likewise＝like(类似的)＋-wise(以……的方式)→以类似的方式→同样地，类似地，otherwise＝other(其他的)＋-wise(在……方面)→在其他的方面→否则，要不然。(1)Hetoldthechildrentostartmovingclockwisearoundtheroom.顺时针方向(猜加黑词义)(2)Shetoreofftwosectionsofpapertowelandfoldedthemlengthwise.纵向地；沿长度方向(3)Career-wise，workinginthiscompanywillgiveyoumoreopportunities.职业方面Ⅳ.背核心短语1．switchon(用开关)开，打开2．throwinthetowel认输3．relyon依靠，依赖4．maxout(钱)花光；(信用卡)刷爆5．incontrastto与……形成对比6．persuadesbtodosth说服某人做某事7．onreflection经过仔细考虑8．beoccupiedwith忙于……9．missout错失(机会)；不包括，遗漏10．checkout核实；查看；结账离开11．stepawayfrom远离12．incontrolof控制，掌管13．thehereandnow当下，此时此刻14．putaside储存；留出(一段时间)；把……撇开不理，不考虑Ⅴ.悟经典句式1．Noteatingfortwodayswouldhavebeeneasier!(wouldhavedone)让我饿两天可能还更轻松些！2．Tobehonest，Ididn’tfindthedetoxtoodifficult，butIdidgivemyphonetomydadtoavoidgivingin！(“do＋动词原形”表强调)说实话，我觉得社交媒体脱瘾没那么难，但为了让自己不要半途而废，我还是把手机上交给爸爸了。3．Afterreadingthepostsonthisforum，itseemsthatsomethingotherthanmoneyhasalsobeenraisedthroughthedetox.(itseemsthat...)看了论坛上的各个帖子，这次活动对人们的影响似乎远远不止通过活动筹集到的钱。4．Insidethebagsarenecessitiessuchastoothpaste，soapandsocks，boughtfirstwithherpocketmoneyandthenthroughcrowdfunding.(介词短语置于句首的完全倒装句)包里面装着一些生活必需品，比如牙膏、肥皂和袜子等。最初购买这些物品用的都是她自己的零花钱，后来则是通过众筹购买。5．Howeverpeopleintendtousetheirmoney，managingitseemstobeunprecedentedlyimportanttoyoungergenerations.(however引导让步状语从句)无论人们打算怎样使用自己的钱，理财对于年轻一代来说似乎变得前所未有地重要。6．WhiletheSpendingjarisaboutthehereandnow，theSavingjargivesyouavisionforthefuture.(while表对比)“消费”罐子关注的是眼前和当下，而“储蓄”罐子则为你提供了未来的愿景。体验——析真题长句知高考难度(2025•浙江1月)There’snovalueindeliveringanykindofcommunication，whetherwritten，spoken，formal，orinformal，ifthemessagedoesn’tcomeacrossclearly.[句式分析]本句是主从复合句。主句为therebe句型；whether...or...引导的并列结构，本质是省略了itis的省略句，作插入语补充说明主句中的anykindofcommunication；if引导条件状语从句。[尝试翻译]如果信息无法清晰地传达出去，那么进行任何形式的沟通——无论是书面的、口头的、正式的还是非正式的——都是没有意义的。Ⅰ.重点单词(每空1分，共21分)1．lifelongadj.终身的2．toweln．毛巾3．deadlinen．截止时间；最后期限4．spitv．吐口水，吐唾沫5．binn．垃圾箱6．districtn．地区，区域7．visionn．构想，设想；视力，视觉；远见卓识8．switchv．(用开关)改变，转换n.开关；(尤指突然彻底的)改变，转变9．securityn．安全→secureadj.安全的；可靠的；稳固的vt.保护，使安全；获得→insecureadj.不安全的10．investv．投资；投入(时间、精力)→investmentn．投资额；投资；(时间、精力的)投入11．objectivelyadv.客观地→objectiveadj.客观的n．目标，目的→objectv．反对n．物体；对象12．appropriateadj.恰当的；合适的→appropriatelyadv.恰当地；合适地→inappropriateadj.不合适的13．constantlyadv.持续不断地；经常地→constantadj.恒定的；不断的n．常数，常量Ⅱ.单句语法填空(每空1分，共14分)1．Fallenrockscutofftheonlyaccesstothevillage，soitisnotaccessible(access)totheoutsidenow.2．Thelibrarianhasclarifiedhisopinionsindetailbutsomeonestillcan’tunderstandhisclarification.(clarify)3．Hehasadecentoccupationandoccupiesanimportantpositioninthecompany，soheisoccupiedwithhisworkonadailybasis.(occupy)4.Instantlyourheadteacherrealizedthatwewerelazy，hewouldmotivateustostudy(study)hardandhisconstantmotivation(motivate)isessentialforourdevelopment.5．Whilewaitingforthechancetogetpromoted，hedevotedhimselftohisworkeverydayandfinallyhegotapromotionlastmonth.(promote)6．Heisreliableandhisreliabilitywinshimalotofpraise.Inconclusion，youcanrelyon/uponitthathecanhelpyououtofthedifficulty.(rely)Ⅲ.补全语段(句式仿写)(每题3分，共12分)EveryonehastheirstrengthsandweaknessesandIamnoexception.Forme，helpingthoseintroubleisthefirstthingtoconsider1.whilecaringaboutmyselfisthesecond(而关心我自己是其次)．Plus，determinationandpatiencearethequalitiesIamproudtohave，so2.howeverdifficultthetasksare(无论任务多么困难)，IfirmlybelievethatIcandealwiththemsuccessfully.However,3.itseemsthatIamalittlebitcareless(我似乎有点粗心)，whichcreatesembarrassingmomentsordisappointingperformance.Tobettermyself，Ishallmakechecklistsandto-dolists.OnlyinthiswaycanIconcentratebetter.I4.dohopethat(真的希望)IcanbebetterthanIhaveeverbeen.Toequiponeselfwithstrongself-managementskills，onemustfirstprioritizetaskswisely.Occupiedwithendlessdistractions，manyfindithardtofocus，butrelyingonawell-plannedschedulecanmakeadifference.Beneatheveryachievementliesconsistenteffort.Itseemsthatthosewhomasterself-managementskillsrarelywastetimeontrivialmatters.Bysettingcleargoalsandstickingtothem，wegraduallybuildthedisciplineneededtothriveinallareasoflife.occupyv．占用，占去(时间)；占领，占据；使忙碌[occupationn．占领；占用；职业，工作occupiedadj.有人使用(或居住)；忙于……的；被占领的]•occupyoneselfwithsth/(in)doingsth忙于(做)某事•beoccupiedwithsth/(in)doingsth忙于(做)某事(1)Incontrasttomyformeroccupation(occupy)，Ihavemoreaccesstoallwalksoflife，whichcanfurtherpromotemyabilitytodealwithinterpersonalrelationships.(2)(2023•全国乙，书面表达)暑假期间我一门心思学习弹吉他，不仅掌握了基本和弦，还找到了一种在繁忙学习之余缓解压力的新方法。①BecauseIoccupiedmyself(in)/wasoccupied(in)learninghowtoplaytheguitarduringthesummervacation，Inotonlymasteredbasicchordsbutalsofoundanewwaytorelievestressafterbusystudydays.②Occupyingmyself(in)learninghowtoplaytheguitarduringthesummervacation，Inotonlymasteredbasicchordsbutalsofoundanewwaytorelievestressafterbusystudydays.(用现在分词短语作状语改写)③Occupied(in)learninghowtoplaytheguitarduringthesummervacation，Inotonlymasteredbasicchordsbutalsofoundanewwaytorelievestressafterbusystudydays.(用形容词短语作状语改写)relyv．(为生活或生存而)依赖(reliableadj.可信赖的unreliableadj.不可靠的reliabilityn．可靠性；可信度)rely/depend/counton/upon(doing)sth依赖/信任/指望(做)某事relyon/uponsbdoing/todosth指望/相信某人做某事relyon/uponitthat...相信……；指望……(1)Heisnotonlyconsideratebutalsoreliableandthosearoundhimhavenodoubtabouthisreliabilityandheconstantlymotivatesotherstomoveforward.(rely)(2)(2023•天津3月，书面表达)我的邻居王阿姨就是这样一位“活雷锋”，以至于每当我们遇到困难时，大家都指望她伸出援手。MyneighborAuntWangissuchalivingLeiFengthatweallrelyon/uponhertolendahand/relyon/uponherlendingahand/relyon/uponitthatshewilllendahandwheneverwe’reintrouble.用法点拨在“relyon/uponit＋that从句”中，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的that从句。与此类似的有“dependon/seetoit＋that从句”“appreciateit＋if从句”“like/hateit＋when从句”等。equipv．使有知识和技能，使能够胜任；装备，配备(equipmentn．器材；设备)equip...with...用……装备……equipsbfor(doing)sth使某人为(做)某事而有所准备equipsbtodosth使某人具备做某事的条件beequippedwith配备有……(表状态)(申请信)首先，我以前的教学经验使我适合这个职位。此外，从小接触英语使我能够毫无困难地与外国人交流。最后但同样重要的是，我掌握了多媒体教学的现代知识。总之，我坚信我能成为一名合格的助教。Firstly，myformerexperienceinteachingequipsmefortheposition.Besides，gettingaccesstoEnglishatanearlyageequipsmetocommunicatewithforeignerswithoutdifficulty.Lastbutnotleast，Ihaveequippedmyselfwith/havebeenequippedwithmodernknowledgeconcerningmultimediateaching.Inconclusion，IfirmlybelievethatIcanbeaqualifiedteachingassistant.itseemsthat...Afterreadingthepostsonthisforum，itseemsthatsomethingotherthanmoneyhasalsobeenraisedthroughthedetox.看了论坛上的各个帖子，这次活动对人们的影响似乎远远不止通过活动筹集到的钱。itseemsthat...似乎……seem(tobe)＋adj./n.看起来好像……seemtodo/tobedoing/tohavedone...看起来要做……/正在做……/已经做了……Itseemsasif/though...看起来好像……(1)Theenginejustwon’tstart.Somethingseemstohavegone(go)wrongwithit.(2)(话题写作之传统文化)随着社会的发展，我们似乎正在失去很多传统，所以我们有责任防止它们消失。Withthedevelopmentofsociety，itseemsthatwearelosingalotoftraditions/weseemtobelosingalotoftraditions，soit’sourresponsibilitytosavethemfromdisappearing.(3)(续写之情节推动描写)我为之前没顾及他的感受而道歉，并把那袋自制饼干递给了他。他迟疑了一下，随后拥抱了我——那一刻，我们之间的紧张感仿佛烟消云散，只留下了彼此熟悉的亲近感。AfterIapologizedfornotconsideringhisfeelingsandgavehimthehomemadebiscuits，hehesitatedandthenhuggedme—andattheverymoment，itseemedasifthetensionbetweenushaddisappeared，leavingonlyourfamiliarcloseness.介词短语置于句首的完全倒装句Insidethebagsarenecessitiessuchastoothpaste，soapandsocks，boughtfirstwithherpocketmoneyandthenthroughcrowdfunding.包里面装着一些生活必需品，比如牙膏、肥皂和袜子等。最初购买这些物品用的都是她自己的零花钱，后来则是通过众筹购买。•out，in，into，down，up，away，here，now，then，there等表示方位和时间的副词和表示地点的介词短语置于句首，且主语是名词时，谓语动词一般为be动词或lie，come，go，stand等动词，句子用完全倒装。•作表语的形容词或分词(短语)位于句首时也可用完全倒装，构成“形容词/分词(短语)＋系动词＋主语”结构。•如果句子的主语为人称代词，则不用倒装语序。(1)(建议信)以下是如何平衡兼职工作和学习的三条建议。Herearethreesuggestionsonhowtokeepabalancebetweenapart-timejobandstudy.(2)(续写之环境描写)农场前流过一条小河，这条小河给周围的风景增添了更多的美。Infrontofthefarmflowsasmallriver，whichaddsmorebeautytothesurroundingscenery.(3)(2024•浙江1月，读后续写)站在起跑线前的是Eva，她满怀自信与活力。发令枪响，Eva和其他学生一同冲出起跑线，脸上洋溢着兴奋之情。StandinginfrontofthestartinglinewasEva，fullofconfidenceandenergy.Atthesoundofagun，outofthestartinglinerushedEvaaswellastheotherstudents，theirfacesbrimmingwithexcitement.1．Ashecommitsalmostallhissparetimetoreadingbooks，hehaspoorvision①.Butbeingamanofgreatvision②，hecangiveusavision③ofourfuture.①n.视力，视觉②n.远见卓识③n.构想，设想2．Occupying①thecityoccupied②onemonth；thentherulersoccupied③themselvesinreconstructingthedestroyedcity.①v.占领，占据②v.占用，占去(时间)③v.使忙碌3．Wethreegainedaccess①throughasidedoorintoanInternetbar，wherewecouldgetaccess②tocomputers.Weinstantlyaccessed③theInternet，accessed④informationweneededandthenweleftasquicklyaspossible.①n.通道，入口②n.接触的机会③v.访问④v.获取(计算机数据)4．Tofurtherpromote①thedevelopmentofthefactory，hetriedhisbesttopromote②itsproductsandachievedtheexpectedeffect，andconsequently，hegotpromoted③tosalesmanager.①v.促进，增进②v.促销③v.晋升5．Intoday’snewspaper，therewasanexcitingitem①aboutanewcommunityproject.Thearticlelistedseveralitems②withintheproject，includingtheinstallationofnewplaygroundequipmentandtheplantingoftrees.Residentswereencouragedtodonateunuseditems③tosupporttheinitiative.①n.一条新闻②n.项目③n.物品6．Themoderatorpostedpicturesandupdatedhisprofiles①online.Inthepictures，hisprofile②lookedveryhandsome.Theupdatedprofiles③onthewebsitehighlightedhistalentsandachievements.Despitehischarmingappearance，hekeptalowprofile④inhisoccupationanddailylife.①n.概况②n.侧面轮廓③n.形象④n.姿态提示：题干中加底纹词汇为上一单元词汇1.InstantlyIenteredthebank，Imaxedmycreditcardouttopayformytrainingwithouthesitation.2.Variedsitesarefreeandaccessible(access)toanyonewithanInternetconnection.3．Hegotalicenceandoccupiedanimportantpositioninthecompanyincontrolofthedailynecessities.4．Asaconsequence，thenewpolicyhasbroughtagreatmanyvisitorsconstantly(constant)．5．Incontrasttomydeskmate，IambetteratarithmeticwhilehehasapreferenceforEnglish.6．Onreflection(reflect)，theteacherrealizedthathisteachingmethodmightnotbesuitableforallstudents.7．Itisinappropriate(appropriate)toplacetooheavyataxonsmallbusinessesstrugglingtosurvive.8．Ourheadteachermotivatesustobecome(become)maturepeoplewithmanyvirtues，suchasintegrity.9．Ihavebeendevotingmyselftomycareerandeventually，Igotapromotion(promote)．10．Withtheprojectdeadlineapproaching，Lisaputasidepersonalplansandmaxedoutherenergytosatisfytheclient’sneeds.Themoderatortoldastoryaboutaboyinthesuburbandistrictwhooccupiedhimselfinplayingcomputergameswithheadphonesalldaylong.Everydayfromdawntilldusk，helockedhimselfinhisroom，never1.switching(switch)onthelight.Heevensecretlymaxedouthismother’screditcard.Therewasnothingthatcoulddistract2.his(he)attentionfromcomputergames.Heneverwentoutuntilhehadtobuy3.necessities(necessity)，suchassoapandtoothpaste.4.Frustrated(frustrate)bywhathewasdoing，hismothercriedconstantly.5.Topromote(promote)hisstudy，hisfathertookawayhiscomputer.Therefore，noaccess6.tothecomputerwasgiventohiminhisfamily.However，hereliedonthecomputersomuchthathecouldn’tstandthepainofdetox，sohewenttothenetbartoplay.Unfortunately，hishealth7.broke(break)downafterplayingcomputergameswithoutfood，waterorrestforthreedays,8.whichmadealifelongimpactonhim.Fromthismatter，wecanlearnthatweshouldmotivateteenagerstoobjectivelylookonthecomputerasatoolanduseit9.appropriately(appropriate).10.Whatisthemostimportantisthatweshouldbeequippedwithknowledge.假如你是阳光中学的学生李华，你校将举行以“HowtoBeaGoodTeenager”为主题的英文演讲比赛。请你根据以下提示，写一篇演讲稿。TopicHowtoBeaGoodTeenagerMannersbehavepolitelyStudyworkhardforbettergradesHobbiesreadbooks，dosomevoluntarywork...Furthermore…完成句子1．这是我将要讲的内容：如何成为一个优秀的青少年。(完全倒装)HereiswhatIwilltalkabout—HowtoBeaGoodTeenager.2．首先，举止礼貌是很重要的，它能让你获得更宝贵的机会。(getaccessto；非限制性定语从句)Firstofall，behavingpolitelyisquitesignificant，whichenablesyoutogetaccesstomorepreciousopportunities.3．我们可以相信，有了良好的行为，我们不仅可以交到更多的朋友，还能与他人相处得很好。(relyonitthat...)Wecanrelyonitthatwithgoodbehavior，wecannotonlymakemorefriendsbutalsogetalongwellwithothers.4．同样重要的是，我们必须专心学习，以获得更好的成绩，从而使我们充分发展。(beoccupiedin；作表语的形容词位于句首的倒装句)Equallyimportantisthatwemustbeoccupiedinstudyingforbettergradestomakeusfullydeveloped.5．务必保持身体健康，所以尽量避免过度在手机上玩游戏。(“do＋动词原形”表强调)Dokeepphysicallyhealthy，sotrytoavoidplayinggamesoncellphonestoomuch.6．无论我们有多忙，我们都有必要读书和做一些志愿工作，这样我们就可以具备各种能力。(equip；however引导让步状语从句)Howeverbusyweare，itisnecessaryforustoreadbooksanddosomevoluntaryworksothatwecanequipourselveswithvariousabilities.组句成篇把以上句子用适当的过渡词语和过渡句组成一篇80个词左右的短文。参考范文HowtoBeaGoodTeenagerGoodmorning，everyone！I’mLiHuafromGradeEight.HereiswhatIwilltalkabout—HowtoBeaGoodTeenager.Firstofall，behavingpolitelyisquitesignificant，whichenablesyoutogetaccesstomorepreciousopportunities.Wecanrelyonitthatwithgoodbehavior，wecannotonlymakemorefriendsbutalsogetalongwellwithothers.Equallyimportantisthatwemustbeoccupiedinstudyingforbettergradestomakeusfullydeveloped.Thirdly，dokeepphysicallyhealthy，sotrytoavoidplayinggamesoncellphonestoomuch.Lastbutnotleast，howeverbusyweare，itisnecessaryforustoreadbooksanddosomevoluntaryworksothatwecanequipourselveswithvariousabilities.That’sall.Thanksforlistening！语料积累动作细节描写：动“手指”词块lift/holdawarningfinger伸出一根手指警告lift/holdafingertoone’slips伸出一根手指按在嘴上dipone’sfingerinsth把手指浸在……中snapone’sfingers打响指wag/waveone’sfinger摇着手指(表示不赞同)pointanaccusingfingeratsb指责某人，怪罪某人drumone’sfingersonsp用手指咚咚地敲某处wrapone’sfingersaroundsth把手指缠在某物上句型“Noneofthat！”criedtheteacher，wagging/wavingherfinger.(现在分词短语作状语)“别那样！”老师挥舞着她的手指喊道。“Itwasthem！”shecried，pointinganaccusingfingerattheboys.(现在分词短语作状语)“是他们干的！”她喊道，指责那些男孩们。Itwasatthattimethatmyconsiderateteacherdrummedhisfingersontheblackboardandthenheldawarningfinger，signalingthemtokeepquiet.(动作链描写)就在那个时候，我那位体贴的老师用手指在黑板上敲了敲，然后伸出一根手指警告，示意他们保持安静。语料运用战胜自我Standingonthestage，I①wrappedmyfingersaroundthecornersofmycoat，quiveringalloverandloweringmyhead.Ialmostthrewinthetowel.Somestudentscouldn’thelpwhispering.Itwasatthattimethatmyconsiderateteacher②drummedhisfingersontheblackboardandthenheldawarningfinger(动作链描写)，signalingthemtokeepquiet.“Bequiet！”criedmyteacher，③liftingafingertohislips(现在分词短语作状语)．Motivatedbymyteacher，Ibeganreadingmystory.IwassooccupiedinreadingthatIdidn’tfeelnervousanylonger.Abraverandmoreconfidentgirlappearedandeversincethen，Ihavebeeninvestinglotsofenergyinpractisingreading.我站在舞台上，把手指缠在衣角上，浑身发抖，低着头。我差点就认输了。一些学生忍不住窃窃私语。就在那个时候，我那位体贴的老师用手指在黑板上敲了敲，然后伸出一根手指警告，示意他们保持安静。“安静！”我的老师喊道，伸出一根手指按在嘴上。在老师的激励下，我开始读我的故事。我全神贯注地读，不再感到紧张了。一个更勇敢、更自信的女孩出现了，从那以后，我投入了大量的精力练习阅读。单元主题组合练(分值：62.5分)Ⅰ.阅读理解(每小题2.5分，满分20分)AOliviaandIbecameinstantfriendsinawritingclassmanyyearsago.Imadeajokeaboutapoorlycraftedstory.Whileothersjuststaredblankly，Olivialaughed.Thatmomentmarkedthebeginningofourbond.It’sanexampleofhowfriendshipoftenforms①unexpectedly.Recentresearchrevealsthatthedevelopmentofclosenessisactuallymorecomplex.Sociologistsandpsychologistshaveidentifieddelicatebutprofoundfactorsthatdrawpeopletogether，andevendeterminewhatdefinesa“bestfriend”．Theseinteractionsareextremelysmallbutimportant;theyarethe“darkmatter”offriendship.Closenessandroutineencounterslaythefoundationforfriendship.Aclassicstudyhasshownthatpeopleoftenbefriendthosewhotheyregularlyinteractwith—neighbors，colleaguesorclassmates.However，physicalclosenessaloneisn’tenough.Sharedinterestslikehobbiesorhumorsparkconnections.②Inreality，truefriendshipblossomswhenwegodeeperandopenuptoeachother.③Self-disclosuremarkstheshiftfromcasualacquaintancetotruefriendship.Asimple“CanItalktoyouforaminute？”mightinitiateadeeperconnection.AsSociologistBeverleyFehrexplainsinherbookFriendshipProcesses，transformingfromacquaintanceshiptofriendshipinvolvesgraduallysharingmorepersonalinformation.It’sareciprocal(互惠的)process：onepersonopensup，andtheotherrespondsinkind.Reciprocityisthemostdecisiveindevelopingfriendship.WhenIstartedmyfirstjobinabookstore，Igrewclosetoanassistant.Almosteverydaywesharedlunchwitheachotherandbondedwhileworkingforadifficultboss.However，whenshemovedtoanewjob，ourrelationshipbegantochange.Istartedsharingmoreaboutmypersonallife，butsheneverdidthesame.Eventually，ourlunchespeteredouttoonceamonth，beforeshedriftedoutofmylifeforgood.Iwaseagertotellhermyproblems，butshewasunwillingtosharehers.Thenecessaryreciprocitywasmissing，soouracquaintanceshipnevertippedoverintofriendship.语篇解读本文是一篇说明文，主要探讨友谊形成的复杂因素，包括偶然相遇、共同兴趣、自我表露和互惠行为等，并通过个人经历和理论研究说明真正友谊的关键条件。1．WhyisOliviamentionedinparagraph1?A．Toshowakeeninterestinwriting.B．Todescribeamixedreactiontoajoke.C．Toinitiatethetopicoffriendshipformation.D．Toillustratetheimportanceofthesenseofhumour.答案C解析推理判断题。根据文章第一段中“Thatmomentmarkedthebeginningofourbond.It’sanexampleofhowfriendshipoftenformsunexpectedly.”以及下文内容可推知，提到Olivia是为了引出友谊形成的主题。故选C。2．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“darkmatter”inparagraph2mean?A．Conflict-freesocialfactors.B．Simpleyetcloseconnections.C．Non-light-emittingmaterials.D．Minutebutsignificantinteractions.答案D解析词义猜测题。根据文章第二段中“Theseinteractionsareextremelysmallbutimportant；theyarethe‘darkmatter’offriendship.”可推知，“darkmatter”指的是上文提到的这些微小但又很重要的互动。故选D。3．Whatstoppedtheauthordevelopingfriendshipwiththeassistant?A．Theauthor’stalkativepersonality.B．Thecompany’stightschedule.C．Theassistant’sunresponsivebehavior.D．Theboss’sunpleasantcharacter.答案C解析细节理解题。根据文章第五段中“Istartedsharingmoreaboutmypersonallife，butsheneverdidthesame.Eventually，ourlunchespeteredouttoonceamonth，beforeshedriftedoutofmylifeforgood.Iwaseagertotellhermyproblems，butshewasunwillingtosharehers.Thenecessaryreciprocitywasmissing，soouracquaintanceshipnevertippedoverintofriendship.”可知，店员的不回应行为阻碍了与作者友谊的发展。故选C。4．Whatcontributesmosttoatruefriendship?A．Regularmeeting.B．Mutualopenness.C．Commonground.D．Comfortabledistance.答案B解析推理判断题。根据文章第三段中“Inreality，truefriendshipblossomswhenwegodeeperandopenuptoeachother.”和第四段“Self-disclosuremarkstheshiftfromcasualacquaintancetotruefriendship...transformingfromacquaintanceshiptofriendshipinvolvesgraduallysharingmorepersonalinformation.It’sareciprocal(互惠的)process：onepersonopensup，andtheotherrespondsinkind.”以及第五段中“Reciprocityisthemostdecisiveindevelopingfriendship.”可推知，相互敞开心扉最有助于促成一段真正的友谊。故选B。语境猜词①unexpectedly(派)＝un＋expect＋ed＋lyadv.出乎意料地②inreality事实上③self-disclosure(合)＝self＋disclosuren．自我表露BMostpeoplesayself-controlisthesameas①willpower.Researchersdeprecate.Psychologistssayself-controlisaboutplanningaheadtoavoidneedingwillpowerinthemoment.Apsychologistsaysthatifhetoldhispatientstoexerciseself-controltoavoidsweets，theywouldthinkhemeantresistingtheimmediatedesiretoeatafreshlybakedcookie.Theywouldnotthinkhemeanttakingthelongroutehometoavoiddrivingpastthebakery.“Thiscaseisavividexampleofhow②precommitment，preplanningandthingslikethatarenotwhatordinarypeoplecallself-control，”thepsychologistadds.Inthepast，scientistsassumedthatpeoplestronginself-controlweresimplybetterthanothersatmusclingthroughtemptation(诱惑)．Theywantedtoknowhowotherscouldstrengthenthatmuscle.However，furtherresearchbegantochallengethetheory.Inonestudy，researchersanalyzedtheresultsofabout100self-controlstudiesofalmost33,000participants.Theyfoundthatpeoplewhoscoredhighinself-controlwerenobetterthanothersatresistingtemptationinthemoment.Instead，suchindividualsreportedhavingestablishedhabitsorroutines.Inanotherstudy，researcherspinged(查验)over200peopleonlineseveraltimesadaytomeasuretheirdesiresinrealtime.Individualswhoscoredhighinself-controlreportedexperiencinglesstemptationandweakerdesiresthanthosewithlowerscores.So，thesplit(分离)betweenwillpowerandself-controlbegan.Scientistsbeganexploringthestrategiesthatcouldhelppeopledothosedifferentthings.Someresearchfocusedonstrategiespeoplecouldcalloninthemomenttomovebeyondsimplewillpowertoresisttemptation.Forinstance，distractingoneselforfocusingonthenegativeaspectsofatemptationcanhelppeopleovercomeimmediatedesires.Butwith③mountingevidenceprovingthatpreplanningisthekeytolong-termsuccess，that’swhereresearchersfocusedtheirattention.Sometipsincludelinkinggoalfailuretoaself-imposedpunishment.Anotherinvolvesbundlingadislikedaction—say，running—withadesirableone，suchaslisteningtoafavoritesong.语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了近年来一系列心理学研究表明，自控力与意志力是两种不同的能力，而要提高两者也有不同的策略。文章旨在引导学生提前规划，理性对待诱惑。5．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“deprecate”inparagraph1mean?A．Complain. B．Admit.C．Misunderstand. D．Disapprove.答案D解析词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“Mostpeoplesayself-controlisthesameaswillpower.”以及下文“Psychologistssayself-controlisaboutplanningaheadtoavoidneedingwillpowerinthemoment.”可知，研究者不同意这样的观点，即自控力等同于意志力。所以画线词的意思是“不同意”。故选D。6．Whydoestheauthormentionavoidingsweets?A．Tohighlighttheimportanceofhealthyeating.B．Torecommendthemethodsofpreplanning.C．Toshowcasethewaytopracticeself-control.D．Toexemplifytheself-controlconceptinpsychology.答案D解析推理判断题。根据第二段“Apsychologistsaysthatifhetoldhispatientstoexerciseself-controltoavoidsweets...‘Thiscaseisavividexampleofhowprecommitment，preplanningandthingslikethatarenotwhatordinarypeoplecallself-control，’thepsychologistadds.”可知，作者提到避免甜食是为了举例说明心理学中的自控力概念。故选D。7．Whatdidtheresearchersconcludeaboutthosescoringhighinself-control?A．Theywerestrongtoresisttemptation.B．Theyfacedmuchtemptation.C．Theyweren’tnecessarilystrongonwillpower.D．Theirroutineskeptchanging.答案C解析细节理解题。根据第三段中“Theyfoundthatpeoplewhoscoredhighinself-controlwerenobetterthanothersatresistingtemptationinthemoment.”可知，自控力得分高的人并不一定在意志力上更强。故选C。8．Whatdoestheauthorsuggestreadersdoaboutself-control?A．Thinktwice.B．Planahead.C．Resisttemptation.D．Encouragethemselves.答案B解析推理判断题。根据第五段中“Butwithmountingevidenceprovingthatpreplanningisthekeytolong-termsuccess，that’swhereresearchersfocusedtheirattention.”可知，作者建议读者在自控力方面要预先计划。故选B。语境猜词①willpower(合)＝will＋powern．意志力②precommitment(派)＝pre＋commit＋mentn．预先承诺③mounting(派)＝mount＋ingadj.不断增加的，日益增多的Ⅱ.七选五(每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)Iusedtothinkthewholepurposeoflifewaspursuinghappiness.Everyonesaidthepathtohappinesswassuccess，soIsearchedforthemostidealjobandbeautifulapartment.1AndIwasn’talone;myfriends—theystruggledwiththis，too.Eventually，Idecidedtogotograduateschooltostudypositivepsychologyandlearnwhattrulymakespeoplehappy.WhatIdiscoveredthereisthatwhatreallymakespeoplehappyishavingmeaninginlife.Sothisallmademewonder:Howcanweeachlivemoremeaningfully?2Bringingitalltogether，IfoundthattherearewhatIcallthreepillars(支柱)ofameaningfullife.Thefirstpillaris①belonging.Truebelongingcomesfromlove.Formanypeople，belongingisthemostimportantsourceofmeaning—thosebondswithfamilyandfriends.Forothers，thekeytomeaningisthesecondpillar:purpose.Now，findingyourpurposeisnotthesamethingasfindingajobthatmakesyouhappy.Thekeytopurposeisusingyourstrengthtoserveothers.Ofcourse，formanyofus，thathappensthroughwork.3Thethirdpillarofmeaning，I’vefound，tendstosurprisepeople.Thatisstorytelling，thestoryyoutellyourselfaboutyourself.Creatinganarrativefromtheeventsofyourlifebrings②clearness.Ithelpsyouunderstandhowyoubecameyou.4Youcanedit，interpretandretellyourstory，evenasyou’reconstrainedbythefacts.5Butwhenlifeisreallygoodorwhenthingsarereally