CNCF-中国云原生发展状况报告 STATE OF CLOUD NATIVE DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA 2026

STATEOF

CLOUDNATIVEDEVELOPMENTINCHINA2026

China-specificInsightsfor

KubeCon+CloudNativeCon+Openlnfra

Summit+PyTorchConferenceChina

/DAT人August2026

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4

REPORTHIGHLIGHTS

5

INTRODUCTION

9

TRENDSINCLOUDNATIVEDEVELOPMENT

28

THEPATHTOINCREASEDCLOUDNATIVEMATURITY

44

APPENDIX

47

METHODOLOGY

TABLEOFCONTENTS

3

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REPORTHIGHLIGHTS

•1.75McloudnativedevelopersinChinaasofQ12026,with

19.9Mglobally.

➜

•Almosthalf(48%)ofChinesebackenddevelopersarecloudnative,with28%ofallChinesedevelopersclassifiedascloudnative.

➜

•ProfessionalIIoTdevelopersinChinaaremorelikelytobecloudnative(48%)thantheglobalaverage(42%).

➜

•Morethanhalfoftheyoungest(under25yearsofage)

Chinesebackenddevelopersarecloudnative(53%),

suggestingitisbecomingthestandardforfuturebackendservicesdevelopment.

➜

•Globally,88%ofbackenddevelopersworkwithsomeformofDevOpsstandardization.

➜

•Asdevelopersworldwideincreasetheircloudnative

maturity,featureflaggingactsasacrucialgateway

technologybetweenmainstreaminfrastructurepracticesandmoreadvancedpractices.

➜

•Theadvancedpractices(chaosengineering,servicemeshes,immutableinfrastructurepractices,multicluster

management)formatight“elitecluster”withhigherlevelsofcrossusagethanexpectedbychance.

➜

•AIdevelopersaroundtheworldfollowadifferentmaturitypathway,withimmutableinfrastructurepracticesbeingagatewaytomoreadvancedpracticesratherthana

destination.

➜

/DATA

INTRODUCTION

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1.Introduction

Clouddeploymenthasbecomeanintegralpartofsoftware

development,withthevastmajorityofdevelopersnowrelyingoncloudinfrastructureinsomecapacity.Whilecloud

deploymenthasbecomenearlyuniversal,organizationsvarywidelyinhoweffectivelytheyleveragecloudnative

technologiesandarchitecturalpractices.Despitewidespreadadoptionofcloudinfrastructure,manydevelopersand

organizationshaveyettofullyleveragecloudnative

technologiesandarchitecturalpatternsthatunlockthecloud'sfullpotential.

Thisreport,producedinpartnershipwiththeCloudNative

ComputingFoundation(CNCF),presentsthelatestinsights

intotheStateofCloudNativeDevelopmentinQ22026.It

providesananalysisofkeytrendsshapingthecloudnative

ecosystem,drawingondatafromthe31steditionof

SlashData’sDeveloperNationsurvey,fieldedbetween

December2025andJanuary2026,whichsurveyedmore

than12,500respondentsfrom95countriesaroundtheworld.

Q12026|StateofCloudNativeDevelopmentforCNCF6

Q12026|StateofCloudNativeDevelopmentforCNCF7

1.Introduction

Becausetheterm“cloudnative”meansdifferentthingsto

differentdevelopers,forthisreport,wedefinedevelopersascloudnativebasedontheuseoftwoormorespecific

technologies1,whichincludecontainers,container

orchestrationandmanagementtools,servicemeshes,

Kubernetes,cloudfunctionsorserverlesscomputing,event-drivenarchitecture,observabilitytools,immutable

infrastructurepractices,chaosengineering,multiclustermanagement,andstreamingandmessagingservices.

Thisisthesecondreportintheseriesthatincludesthe

“expanded”cloudnativeaudience,whichcoversthe

communitythatexistsoutsideofthetraditionalbackend

servicesspace.Assuch,inthisreport,wecontinuetoprovideestimatesfortheproportionofcloudnativedevelopersacrossawiderangeofdevelopmentspacesandhowthismayimpactthefutureofthecloudnativecommunityandthedevelopmentoftechnologiestoservethesenewdevelopers.Inaddition,welookatthepopularityofdifferentcloudtechnologiesacross

thesedivergentdevelopmentspaces.Throughouttheanalysisoftheexpandedcloudnativecommunity,weinclude

additionalattentiontotheartificialintelligencecommunity,whichisanimportantgrouptounderstandascloudnativetechnologiesseektomeetthismoment.

1Thoseinvolvedinbackenddevelopmentareshownmorecloudnativetechnologiesduringthesurvey.Assuch,thoseinbackenddevelopmentmustselectatleastthreecloudnativetechnologies,whileallotherrespondentsmustselectatleasttwo.

Q12026|StateofCloudNativeDevelopmentforCNCF8

1.Introduction

Anewsectionofthisreportexaminestechnologyadoption

pathwaysandmaturityjourneysinthecloudnativespace.

Usingassociationanalysis,weidentifywhichcloudnative

technologiesarecommonlyadoptedtogether,revealing

distinctprogressionstagesfromfoundationaltoolsthrough

mainstreampracticestoadvancedreliabilityandscale

managementcapabilities.Thisanalysisprovidestechnology

creatorsandplatformteamswithinsightsintonaturaladoptionsequencesandarchitecturalaffinities.

RegionalSpotlight:Throughoutthis

report,wehighlightChinesecloudnative

adoptionpatternsandtrendsincollaborationwithKubeCon+CloudNativeCon+OpenInfraSummit+PyTorchConferenceChina2026inShanghai.

/DATA

TRENDSIN

CLOUDNATIVE

DEVELOPMENT

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Q12026|StateofCloudNativeDevelopmentforCNCF10

2.TrendsinCloudNativeDevelopment

Thecloudnativedevelopercommunitycontinuestoexpandinabsoluteterms,growingfrom15.6MdevelopersinQ32025toapproximately19.9MinQ12026.Thisrepresentsroughly39%oftheentireglobaldeveloperpopulationandreflectscloud

nativepracticesexpandingbeyondtheirtraditionalbackendinfrastructureoriginsintomainstreamsoftwaredevelopmentacrossdomains.

19.9M

CLOUDNATIVEDEVELOPERSINQ12026

2.TrendsinCloudNativeDevelopment

Amongbackenddevelopersspecifically-historicallythecorecloudnativecommunity-52%areclassifiedascloudnativeinQ12026,downfrom58%inQ32025butstillabovethe49%recordedinQ12025.Whilethequarter-on-quarterdeclineisnotable,itmayreflectnormalvariationorindicatethatQ3

2025's58%waselevated.TheQ32026measurementwillclarifywhetherthetypicalbaselineiscloserto52%,58%,orsomewherebetween.Year-over-yeargrowthremains

positive.

AmongChinesebackenddevelopers,theproportionclassifiedascloudnativehasgrownsteadilyoverthelasttwoyears.

Withinthistimeframe,cloudnativehasincreasedfrom30%ofbackenddeveloperstoalmosthalf,48%.Thisemergesfrom

cloudnativehavingbecomeadominantpracticeamong

backenddevelopersyoungerthan45(80后and90后).Amongthesebackenddevelopers,morethan53%arecloudnative,andthisisthehighestamongtheyoungestdevelopers(under25yearsofage)at58%.AmongolderChinesebackend

developers,only15%arecloudnative.ThiswouldsuggestthatcloudnativewillcontinuetogrowinChina,asyounger

developersformalargerproportionofthedeveloperecosystem.

/AT人

Thereareapproximately1.75McloudnativedevelopersinChinaasofQ12026

Q12026

StateofCloudNativeDevelopmentforCNCF11

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Q12026|StateofCloudNativeDevelopmentforCNCF12

2.TrendsinCloudNativeDevelopment

ProportionofCloudNativeBackendDevelopers

%ofbackenddevelopersQ12021(n=4,668)|Q32021(n=5,260)|Q12022(n=5,261)|Q32022(n=5,619)|Q12023(n=8,182)|Q32023(n=4,847)|Q12024(n=2,743)|Q32024(n=2,754)|Q12025(n=1,903)|Q32025(n=2,791)|Q12026(n=2,793)

58%

60%

32%

55%

52%

49%

50%

47%

48%

46%

46%

43%

45%

40%

38%

35%

30%

30%

25%

20%

China:Q12024(n=319)|Q32024(n=302)|Q12025(n=243)|Q32025(n=275)|Q12026(n=319)

2021

Q12022

2022

2023

Q12021

Q12024

Q32024

Q12025

Q32025

Q12026

Q3

Q3

Q1

Q32023

followingtechnologies

Questionwording:Whichofthe

months?

haveyouusedaspartofyourbackendservicesdevelopmentinthelast12

UpperCI

Global

LowerCI

China

Q12026|StateofCloudNativeDevelopmentforCNCF13

2.TrendsinCloudNativeDevelopment

Theexpansionofthecloudnativepopulationwasbroad-

basedratherthanconcentratedinanysinglearea.

Professionalgamesdevelopers,forexample,increasedfrom30%cloudnativeinQ32025to39%inQ12026,while

industrialIoTdevelopersrosefrom38%to42%overthesameperiod.Theseincreasesreflectcloudnativetechnologies

becomingstandardtoolsacrossdiversedevelopment

contexts,notjustthoseinspecializedinfrastructurework.

TheAIdevelopercommunityshowedsimilar,butmore

modest,growth,withapproximately7.3McloudnativeAI

developersinQ12026,upfrom7.1MinQ32025.Thissegmentremainsstrategicallyimportantascloudnativetechnologies

increasinglyenablescalableAIoperations,distributedtraining,andproductionmodeldeployment.

LookingacrossthewiderChinesedevelopercommunity,only21%oftheyoungestdevelopersarecloudnative,withit

peakingamong35to44-year-olds(33%).Thisislikelya

reflectionofthechangingcompositionofthesedevelopers

comparedtotheirpeersfromdifferentgenerations,alongwiththeonboardingprocesses.Thehighrateofcloudnative(53%)amongtheyoungestdevelopersinbackendservicessuggeststhatthisisalmostadefaultapproach,butonly15%ofthis

generationareinbackendservicescomparedto25%ofthoseaged25to34yearsold.Inaddition,only2%oftheyoungestdevelopersareworkinginDevOps,comparedto6%of25-to-34-year-oldsand10%of35-to-44-year-olds,andDevOps

developersaresomeofthemostcloudnative.A

counterexampleisthatalmostathirdoftheyoungest

generationworkongamesdevelopment,afieldthathas

historicallyseenlowerlevelsofcloudnativepracticesamongitsdevelopers.

Q12026|StateofCloudNativeDevelopmentforCNCF14

2.TrendsinCloudNativeDevelopment

Developersbelowtheageof25areintheveryfirstfewyearsoftheircareer,andtheirroledistributionreflectsthis,astheyareconcentratedinareaslikegamesdevelopmentandless

representedintheinfrastructure-adjacentroleswherecloud

nativeexposureishighest.Whereyoungdevelopersarein

backendservices,cloudnativepracticeappearstobe

effectivelythedefault,suggestingitisembeddedinhowthoserolesarestructuredratherthansomethingdevelopersseek

outindependently.Forthoseinotherareas,cloudnativeis

likelyanexposuretheywillaccumulateastheircareers

developandtheirrolesevolve.Thismeansthatthecurrent

gapislessastructuralceilingthanareflectionofwherethesedevelopersareintheirprofessionaljourney.

7.3M

AIDEVELOPERSARECLOUDNATIVE,0.4MINCHINA

Q12026|StateofCloudNativeDevelopmentforCNCF15

2.TrendsinCloudNativeDevelopment

AmongprofessionalIndustrialInternetofThings(IIoT)developers,Chinaexceedsthe

globalcloudnativerate(48%comparedto42%globally),theonlydevelopmentarea

whereChinesedevelopersexceedtheglobalaverageforthatarea.Twostructural

factorslikelyexplainthis.First,thescaleandcomplexityofChina'sindustrial

deploymentscreateanaturaldemandfortheorchestration,observability,and

distributedsystemscapabilitiesthatcloudnativepracticesprovide,aslargeIIoTsystemsbenefitmoredirectlyfromcloudnativeapproachesthansmallerorlessintegrated

equivalents.Second,China'sMadeinChina2025initiativeisconsistentwithplacing

cloudnativearchitectureatthecenterofitssmartcityandadvancedmanufacturing

development,creatingapolicy-drivenpushtowardcloudnativeadoptioninexactlythesectorswhereIIoTdevelopersareconcentrated.Together,thedriversofthetechnical

demandsofcomplexindustrialsystemsanddeliberatenationalinfrastructureinvestmentofferacoherentexplanationforwhyChineseIIoTdevelopersareleadingtheirglobal

peersincloudnativepractice.

Q12026|StateofCloudNativeDevelopmentforCNCF16

2.TrendsinCloudNativeDevelopment

Proportionofprofessionaldevelopersineachdevelopmentareathatarecloudnative

%ofprofessionalcloudnativedevelopersineachdevelopmentarea(Q12026:Globaln=9,082|Chinan=1,229)

GlobalChina

50%

46%43%42%42%42%

37%36%37%

27%

n/a

55%53%53%

48%

48%

42%

33%

DevOps

Backendservices

Webbackenddevelopment

Webfrontenddevelopment

Augmentedreality

Machinelearning/

AI

3rd-party

apps/extensions

IndustrialIoTSoftwaresecurity

41%42%

40%38%

36%

33%

40%39%38%37%37%

31%

31%29%30%26%

Datascience

Desktopapps

Mobileapps

Embeddedsoftware

Softwarequalityassurance

Virtualreality

Games

Consumerelectronicsdevices

Questionwording:Howareyouinvolvedinthefollowingtypesofdevelopmentorprojects?|Whichofthefollowingtechnologieshaveyouusedaspartofyourbackendorcloudservicesdevelopmentinthelast12months?

Q12026|StateofCloudNativeDevelopmentforCNCF17

2.TrendsinCloudNativeDevelopment

Clouddeploymenttrends

Beyondthetrendsincloudnativedevelopers,wealso

examinehowclouddeploymentchoiceshaveevolvedovertime.Whenlookingattheentiredevelopercommunity,wecanseethathybridcloudhasshownastrongincreasein

adoptionoverthelastfiveyears.22%ofdeveloperswere

deployingtohybridcloudinQ12021,comparedto34%inQ12026.Hybridcloudhasemergedasaverypopular

choiceformedium-sizedenterprisesandthoseinheavily

regulatedindustriessuchasfinanceandhealthcare,asit

offersadditionalsecurityandcompliancebenefitsthatareincreasinglyattractiveornecessaryformany.Evolvingdatasovereigntyrequirementsandprivacyregulations,suchasGDPRinEuropeandtheUSCloudAct,makehybrid

deploymentsattractivefororganizationsneedingto

balancecloudscalabilitywithon-premisesdataresidency.

34%

OFALLDEVELOPERSAREDEPLOYINGTOHYBRIDCLOUDINQ12026,THE

HIGHESTPROPORTIONRECORDEDTODATE

Q12026|StateofCloudNativeDevelopmentforCNCF18

2.TrendsinCloudNativeDevelopment

China'sclouddeploymentlandscapereflectstheindustries

mostrepresentedamongitsdeveloperpopulation.

Manufacturing,telecommunications,hardware,andenergy

togetheraccountforasubstantiallyhighershareofChinese

developersthantheglobalaverage.Theseareindustries

characterizedbylonginfrastructurecycles,operational

continuityrequirements,andstronginstitutionalpreferencesforcontrolledinfrastructure.On-premiseserversarethe

leadingdeploymentchoiceat59%,withprivatecloudat35%andpubliccloudat29%,apatternconsistentwiththe

enterpriseandindustrialweightingofChina'sdeveloper

community.

Aswehavediscussedpreviously

,highon-

premiseusagedoesnotprecludecloudnativepractice.The

twocancoexistwhereSIsandplatformteamsintegratecloudnativeapproacheswithinmanagedinfrastructure,andChina'scloudnativerateslikelyreflectthis.

Hybridcloud,whichhasseensignificantgrowthglobally,hasnotshownthesametrajectoryinChina.Thisislikelya

reflectionofthedomesticcloudecosystemratherthanalack

ofcloudsophistication.China'sdomesticcloudservice

providersofferorganizationsaroutetoscalablecloud

infrastructurewithoutthedatasovereigntytradeoffsthatmakehybridarchitecturesattractiveinothermarkets.Thisreducesthecompliance-drivenpressuretowardhybridthatisvisible

elsewhere.HowthislandscapeevolvesasChina'sregulatoryframeworksdevelopanddomesticCSPscontinuetoexpandtheircapabilitieswillbeanimportantsignaltowatchinfuturewavesofthisresearch.

Themainframefigure(23%,substantiallyabovetheglobalaverageof16%)likelyreflectsthescaleofChina'sbanking,telecoms,andstate-adjacentinfrastructure,where

mainframeremainsanactivepartofthetechnologystackratherthanalegacyholdover.

Q12026|StateofCloudNativeDevelopmentforCNCF19

2.TrendsinCloudNativeDevelopment

Trendsinclouddeployments

%ofdevelopers|%ofChinesedevelopers(Global:21Q1n=11,177|21Q3n=12,132|22Q1n=13,344|22Q3n=17,820|23Q1n=20,879|23Q3n=10,521|24Q1n=10,521|24Q3n=9,886|25Q1n=10,731|25Q3n=12,021|26Q1n=11,937

China:24Q3n=858|25Q1n=1,075|25Q3n=1,297|26Q1n=1,160)

Clouddeploymenttrendamongalldevelopers

39%

38%38%On-premiseservers

38%Privatecloud

34%Hybridcloud

35%

33%Publiccloud

22%

23%Multi-cloud

17%

16%Mainframe

9%

7%

3%Distributedcloud

Q3Q1Q3Q1Q3Q1Q3Q1Q3Q1

2021202220222023202320242024202520252026

ClouddeploymenttrendamongalldevelopersinChina

47%On-premiseservers

56%

29%Privatecloud

30%

29%

29%Publiccloud

25%

24%

22%

16%Hybridcloud

12%Mainframe

10%Multi-cloud

6%

3%Distributedcloud

Q32024Q12025Q32025Q12026

Questionwording:Wheredoesthecodeofyourprojectsrun?

Q12026|StateofCloudNativeDevelopmentforCNCF20

2.TrendsinCloudNativeDevelopment

Cloudtechnologies

Cloudnativedevelopmentextendsbeyondthe

technologiesdevelopersuse;however,trackingtheuseoftechnologiesassociatedwithcloudnativedevelopment

providesimportantcontextforhowthespaceisevolving.Inthissection,welookattheadoptionofthesetechnologiesamongbackenddevelopers.

Themostimmediatechangeisthesharpdeclineincontainerusage(40%)afterbeingconsistentlyabove60%sinceQ3

2020.Whilethedecreasemightlooklikeadramaticand

unexpectedfalloffofcontainers,experiencewiththe

developmentworldmakesitclearthatthisisn’tthecase.As

discussedinthe

previouseditionofthisreport

,thedecline

reflectsamethodologicalchangeinhowwedefinethe

backenddevelopercommunity.Thecurrentdefinitionincludeswebbackenddevelopers,whotypicallyworkwithhigher-levelservicesthatabstractunderlyinginfrastructure,alongside

traditionalbackendinfrastructuredevelopers.This

compositionalshiftmechanicallyreducesreportedcontainerusage,evenifadoptionrateswithineachsubgroupremainmorestable.1

1Amodelingofthehistoricbackenddevelopershasa58%adoptionofcontainers.

2.TrendsinCloudNativeDevelopment

Forothertechnologies,weseeasmalldeclineinmost,withanexceptionforservicemeshes,whichhaveincreased

overthelastsixmonthsfrom8%to11%butarestillbelowtheprevioushighbeforethepopulationchangewas

undertaken.Thisgrowthinservicemeshadoption,despitethecompositionalchangesaffectingothertechnologies,

suggestsasubstantialincreaseinadoption,potentially

drivenbyorganizationsreachingthescaleandcomplexitywhereservicemeshbenefitsjustifyimplementationcosts.

Thecontinueddeclinesinself-reportedtechnology

adoption,occurringafterthecompositionalshiftfrom

expandedbackenddefinitions,suggestabehavioralfactormaybeatwork.Asplatformengineeringpracticesexpand,developersincreasinglyinteractwithinfrastructurethroughabstractionlayersratherthandirectlyconfiguring

technologieslikecontainers,Kubernetes,orservice

meshes.Thisallowsdeveloperstofocusonapplication

logicandbusinessproblemswhileplatformteamsmanagetheunderlyinginfrastructure.

/AT人

Theproportionofbackend

developerswithnoformalized

platformorDevOpspractices

declinedsharplyfrom20%to12%,indicatinggrowinginfrastructure

standardizationandabstraction

Q12026/StateofCloudNativeDevelopmentforCNCF

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Q12026|StateofCloudNativeDevelopmentforCNCF22

2.TrendsinCloudNativeDevelopment

Whileindividualplatformengineeringapproachesremain

minoritypractices,thecombinationhasreachedcriticalmass:

88%ofbackenddevelopersnowworkwithatleastoneform

ofinfrastructurestandardization,upfrom80%sixmonthsago.Specifically,thosewithdeveloperexperienceteamshave

increasedfrom38%to42%,andunifiedDevOpssystemshavegrownfrom36%to41%.The8-percentage-pointdeclinein

developersworkingwithoutanyinfrastructurestandardizationcoincideswitha6-percentage-pointdropincontainerusageandsimilarmodestdeclinesacrossothercloudnative

technologies.

Asdiscussedpreviouslyinourresearchonthe

"DevOps

divide"

,successfulplatformengineeringcreatesaseparationbetweeninfrastructureoperators(whomanagetechnologies)andapplicationdevelopers(whoconsumethemthrough

simplifiedinterfaces).Thisraisesameasurementquestion:

WhendevelopersdeploycontainerizedapplicationsthroughanIDPwithoutwritingDockerfilesorconfiguringregistries,shouldtheyreportthemselvesas“usingcontainers?”

Thesimultaneousriseofstandardizedenvironmentsand

declineinreportedtechnologyusagesuggestthat

infrastructureabstractionisaffectinghowdevelopersperceiveandreporttheirtechnologyuse,eveniftheunderlying

infrastructurehasn'tchanged.

Q12026|StateofCloudNativeDevelopmentforCNCF23

2.TrendsinCloudNativeDevelopment

Trendsintheadoptionoftechnologiesassociatedwithcloudnativedevelopment

%ofbackenddevelopersQ12021(n=4,668)|Q32021(n=5,260)|Q12022(n=5,261)|Q32022(n=5,619)|Q12023(n=8,182)|Q32023(n=4,847)|Q12024(n=2,743)|Q32024(n=2,754)|Q12025(n=1,903)|Q32025(n=2,666)|Q12026(n=2,792)

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

Containers

Kubernetes

managementplatforms

Containerorchestrationtools&

Servicemeshes

Cloudfunctionsorserverlessarchitecture

Q32020Q12021Q32021Q12022Q32022Q12023Q32023Q12024Q32024Q12025Q32025Q12026

Note:Duetothechangingnatureofbackendservicedevelopmentanditsmethodologicalcapturewithinoursurvey,thelargedecreaseincontainersisreflectiveofachangeinthisdevelopercomposition.PleaseseetheStateofCloudNativefromQ32025forestimatesofthetrendsforthehistoricalgroup.

Questionwording:Whichofthefollowingtechnologieshaveyouusedaspartofyourbackendorcloudservicesdevelopmentinthelast12months?

24

2.TrendsinCloudNativeDevelopment

Servertechnologiesandapproaches

Forthelastpartofthissection,focusingonbackend

development,wedigintogreatergranularityonthe

technologiesandapproachesusedfortheirinfrastructure.

Thisdataalsoenablesus,forthefirsttime,tohaveaclearer

understandingoftheirrelativepopularity.Further,itallowsustoseehowwidespreadtheadoptionofcloudnative

technologiesandapproachesis,evenfordeveloperswho

don'tmeetthethresholdtobeclassifiedascloudnative,manyofwhomstilluseindividualcloudnativetechnologies.71%ofbackenddevelopersuseatleastonecloudnativetechnology,eventhoughonly52%meetthethresholdforcloudnative

classification(3+technologies).This19-percentage-pointgaprevealsmanydevelopersareinearlystagesofcloudnative

adoption,usingoneortwotechnologiesbutnotyet

employingthemulti-technol