计算机专业英语第3版unit1

计算机专业英语（第3版）卜艳萍主编电子工业出版社年9/17/20261计算机专业英语（第3版）1/58内容简介

本书共分6个单元，第1单元介绍计算机硬件基础，分别讲述处理器、存放器和输入/输出技术。第2单元是计算机软件知识部分，内容有C语言、数据结构、操作系统、编译原理及数据库技术。第3单元是多媒体及应用方面知识，包含多媒体、图形图像、CAD、计算机动画和多媒体应用软件。第4单元是计算机网络相关知识介绍，包含计算机网络基础、互联网搜索引擎、无线网络技术及网络安全。第5单元讲述电子商务方面内容，有电子商务基础、EDI和网络广告。第6单元是计算机领域新技术介绍，包含人工智能、虚拟现实和神经网络。

9/17/20262计算机专业英语（第3版）2/58Unit1HardwareBasics1.1CentralProcessingUnit1.2Memory1.3Input/OutputSystems9/17/20263计算机专业英语（第3版）3/581.1CentralProcessingUnit

TheCPUistheheartofthecomputersystem.Itisresponsibleforperformingallarithmeticoperationsandlogicdecisionsinitiatedbytheprogram.TheCPUcoordinatesalltheactivitiesofthevariouscomponentsofthecomputer.Itdetermineswhichoperationsshouldbecarriedoutandinwhatorder.9/17/20264计算机专业英语（第3版）4/58Blockdiagramofadigitalcomputer

9/17/20265计算机专业英语（第3版）5/58ThreebasiccapabilitiesofcomputersFirst,computershavecircuitsforperformingarithmeticoperations,suchas:addition,subtraction,division,multiplicationandexponentiation.Second,computershaveameansofcommunicatingwiththeuser.Third,computershavecircuitswhichcanmakedecisions.9/17/20266计算机专业英语（第3版）6/58Thecontrolunit

Thecontrolunitisthefunctionalunitthatisresponsibleforsupervisingtheoperationoftheentirecomputersystem.Thecontrolunitfetchesinstructionsfrommemoryanddeterminestheirtypeordecodesthem.Itthenbreakseachinstructionintoaseriesofsimplesmallstepsoractions.Bydoingthis,itcontrolsthestep-by-stepoperationoftheentirecomputersystem.9/17/20267计算机专业英语（第3版）7/58TheArithmetic/LogicUnit

DataarebroughtintotheALUbythecontrolunit,andtheALUperformswhateverarithmeticorlogicoperationsarerequiredtohelpcarryouttheinstructions.Arithmeticoperationsincludeadding,subtracting,multiplying,anddividing.Logicoperationsmakeacomparisonandtakeactionbasedontheresults.9/17/20268计算机专业英语（第3版）8/58Registers

Aregisterisastoragelocationinsidetheprocessor.RegistersintheCPUareusedtostorethecurrentinstruction,thelocationofthenextinstructiontobeexecuted,andtheoperands.9/17/20269计算机专业英语（第3版）9/58Instruction

Aninstructionismadeupofoperationsthatspecifythefunctiontobeperformedandoperandsthatrepresentthedatatobeoperatedon.Whentheoperandsarestoredinthecomputer’smemory,theyhaveanaddresstoindicatewheretheyare.9/17/202610计算机专业英语（第3版）10/58ThestepsofexecutingeachinstructionFetchthenextinstructionfrommemoryintotheinstructionregister.Changetheprogramcountertopointtothefollowinginstruction.Determinethetypeofinstructionjustfetched.Iftheinstructionusesdatainmemory,determinewheretheyare.FetchthedataintointernalCPUregisters.Executetheinstruction.Storetheresultsintheproperplace.Gotostep1tobeginexecutingthefollowinginstruction.9/17/202611计算机专业英语（第3版）11/58KeyWords

address地址，寻址analogous类似，相同arithmetic算术auxiliary辅助，补充awesome惊人，令人敬畏capability性能，能力decode解码，译码distinguish区分，区分exponentiation幂运算fetch获取，取得fraction小部分initiate开始，启发，提议，创始instantaneously瞬间地，即时地instruction指令9/17/202612计算机专业英语（第3版）12/58KeyWords

keyboard键盘mainframe大型机manipulation操作，处理microelectronic微电子operand操作数originality创意，创造力retrieve恢复remarkable显著，不日常sequence次序，序列silicon硅transistor晶体管9/17/202613计算机专业英语（第3版）13/58Notes

[1]AlthoughmostCPUchipsaresmallerthanalensofapairofglasses,theelectroniccomponentstheycontainwouldhavefilledaroomafewdecadesago.本句由“Although”引导让步状语从句，“theelectroniccomponents”作主语。译文：即使大多数CPU芯片比一块眼镜片还小，但所包含电子元件在几十年前却要装满一个房间。9/17/202614计算机专业英语（第3版）14/58Notes

[2]Theprogram,whichtellsthecomputerswhattodoandthedata,whichprovidetheinformationneededtosolvetheproblem,arekeptinsidethecomputerinaplacecalledmemory.这里主语是“theprogramandthedata”，由which引导两个定语从句分别修饰theprogram和thedata。译文：程序作用是指示计算机怎样工作，而数据则是为处理问题提供所需要信息，二者都存放在存放器里。9/17/202615计算机专业英语（第3版）15/58Notes

[3]TheArithmetic/LogicUnit(ALU)isthefunctionalunitthatprovidesthecomputerwithlogicalandcomputationalcapabilities.本句由“that”引导定语从句，修饰“thefunctionalunit”。译文：算术逻辑单元（ALU）是为计算机提供逻辑及计算能力功效部件。9/17/202616计算机专业英语（第3版）16/58Notes

[4]Forexample,ifaninstructionistoperformtheoperationofaddingtwonumbers,itmustknowwhatthetwonumbersareandwherethetwonumbersare.这里“whatthetwonumbersareandwherethetwonumbersare”作宾语，它由两个并列从句组成。译文：比如，一条指令要完成两数相加操作，它就必须知道：这两个数是什么？这两个数在哪儿？9/17/202617计算机专业英语（第3版）17/58Notes

[5]Atimercalledaclockreleasespreciselytimedelectricalsignalsthatprovidearegularpulsefortheprocessor’swork.本句中“thatprovidearegularpulsefortheprocessor’swork”修饰electricalsignals。译文：一个称做时钟计时器准确地发出定时电信号，该信号为处理器工作提供有规律脉冲信号。9/17/202618计算机专业英语（第3版）18/58TranslationExercises集成电路integratedcircuit取指—译码—执行fetch-decode-execute算术逻辑运算ArithmeticLogicalOperations微电子技术microelectronictechniques数字计算机系统digitalcomputersystem辅助存放器auxiliarystorage工作区workspace逻辑决议logicdecisionp9/17/202619计算机专业英语（第3版）19/58TranslationExercisesCentralProcessingUnit中央处理器functionalunit功效单元currentinstruction当前指令instructionregister指令存放器programcounter程序计数器electroniccomponents电子元件inputinformationandcommands输入信息和指令Arithmetic/LogicUnit算术逻辑单元9/17/202620计算机专业英语（第3版）20/58ReadingMaterial:

——MicroprocessorMicrocomputer,ormicroforshort,isakindofcomputers.Itwasbornintheearly1970s.themicroprocessorisbuiltasasinglesemiconductordevice;thatis,thethousandsofindividualcircuitelementsnecessarytoperformallthelogicalandarithmeticfunctionsofacomputeraremanufacturedasasinglechip.9/17/202621计算机专业英语（第3版）21/58ReadingMaterial:

——MicroprocessorComputerprogramstellthemicroprocessorwhattodo,whichishoweverythingworksinsideaPC.Othertermsforthemicroprocessorincludetheprocessor;thecentralprocessingunit（CPU）;andthenumberofthemicroprocessor,suchas8088,80286,80386,80486,andsoon.9/17/202622计算机专业英语（第3版）22/581.2MemoryAsystematicarrangementofmemorycellsconstitutesamemory.Twobasictypesofsemiconductormemoryareconsidered.ThefirstistheRandomAccessMemory(RAM),aread-writememory,inwhicheachindividualcellcanbeaddressedatanyparticulartime.AsecondclassofsemiconductormemoryistheRead-OnlyMemory(ROM).Thesetofdatainthistypeofmemoryisgenerallyconsideredtobefixed.9/17/202623计算机专业英语（第3版）23/58SRAMandDRAMTwotypeofRAMarethestaticRAM(SRAM)anddynamicRAM(DRAM).AstaticRAMconsistsofabasicbi-stableflip-flopcircuitthatneedsonlyadccurrentorvoltageappliedtoretainitsmemory.AdynamicRAMisanMOSmemorythatstoresonebitofinformationaschargeonacapacitor.9/17/202624计算机专业英语（第3版）24/58TypesofROM

Thefirstisprogrammedeitherbythemanufacturer(maskprogrammable)orbytheuser(programmable,orPROM).OncetheROMhasbeenprogrammedbyeithermethod,thedatainthememoryarefixedandcannotbealtered.ThesecondtypeofROMmaybereferredtoasanalterableROMinthatthedataintheROMmaybereprogrammedifdesired.ThistypeofROMmaybecalledanEPROM(erasableprogrammableROM),EEPROM(electricallyerasablePROM),orflashmemory.9/17/202625计算机专业英语（第3版）25/58Basicmemoryarchitecture

9/17/202626计算机专业英语（第3版）26/58MemoryContentsMemoriesconsistofanumberofcells,eachofwhichcanstoreapieceofinformation.Computermemoryismeasuredinkilobytesormegabytesofinformation.Abyteistheamountofstorageneededtoholdonecharacter,suchasaletteroranumericdigit.Onekilobyte(KB)equals1024bytes,andonemegabyte(MB)isabout1millionbytes.SoftwarerequiresthecorrectamountofRAMtoworkproperly.9/17/202627计算机专业英语（第3版）27/58MemoryAddress

Computersthatusethebinarynumbersystemalsoexpressmemoryaddressesasbinarynumbers.Ifanaddresshasmbits,themaximumnumberofcellsdirectlyaddressableis2m.9/17/202628计算机专业英语（第3版）28/58KeyWordsadjacent邻近，靠近allocate分配，分配capacitor电容configuration结构consecutive连续，连贯etch蚀刻hexadecimal十六进制implicit暗示，绝正确individual个别，独特kilobyte千字节megabyte兆字节9/17/202629计算机专业英语（第3版）29/58KeyWordsmillisecond毫秒non-metallic非金属nonvolatile非易失性octal八进制organization组织programmable可编程semiconductor半导体significance主要性，意义stable稳定standardize标准化virtually实际上9/17/202630计算机专业英语（第3版）30/58Notes

[1]Thenumberofbitsintheaddressisrelatedtothemaximumnumberofdirectlyaddressablecellsinthememoryandisindependentofthenumberofbitspercell.本句中，ofdirectlyaddressablecellsinthememory修饰themaximumnumber。译文：地址位数与存放器可直接寻址最大单元数量相关，而与每个单元位数无关。9/17/202631计算机专业英语（第3版）31/58Notes

[2]Thusa16-bitwords,whereasa32-bitmachinewillhave32-bitregistersandinstructionsformoving,adding,subtracting,andotherwisemanipulating32-bitwords.Thusa16-bitwords是一个省略句，这里whereas作“而”讲。译文：因而16位机器含有16位存放器和指令以实现16位字操作；32位机器则有32位存放器和指令，以实现传送、加法、减法和其它他32位字操作。9/17/202632计算机专业英语（第3版）32/58Notes

[3]Thiswastheabilitytoetchthousandsofintegratedcircuitsontoatinypiece(chip)ofsilicon,whichisanon-metallicelementwithsemiconductorcharacteristics.由which引导是非限定性定语从句，用来修饰silicon。译文：这就是将成千上万个集成电路蚀刻在一小块硅（芯）片上能力。硅片是含有半导体特征非金属元件。9/17/202633计算机专业英语（第3版）33/58Notes

[4]Toaccessexpandedmemory,aprogramneedstocommunicatewiththeEMM.本句中“Toaccessexpandedmemory”作目标状语。译文：为了访问扩展存放器，程序需要与EMM联络。9/17/202634计算机专业英语（第3版）34/58Notes

[5]Whenaprogramallocatesexpandedmemorypages,theEMMreturnsahandletotherequestingprogram.本句中，由“when”引导时间状语从句。译文：当一个程序装入扩展存放器页中时，EMM就将一个标志回复给这个请求程序。9/17/202635计算机专业英语（第3版）35/58TranslationExercises易失性存放器volatilememory外围电路peripheralcircuit实模式therealmode寻址能力addressability闪存flashmemory刷新电路refreshcircuitry只读存放器ReadOnlyMemory随机存取存放器RandomAccessMemory9/17/202636计算机专业英语（第3版）36/58TranslationExercisesperiodicrefresh定时刷新softwareinterrupt软件中止binarynumber二进制数字electricallyerasablePROM电可擦除可编程只读存放器expandedmemory扩展存放器erasableprogrammableROM可擦除可编程只读存放器refreshcycle刷新周期logicalpage逻辑页面9/17/202637计算机专业英语（第3版）37/58ReadingMaterial:

——CacheandMagneticDisks

Avarietyofdifferenttypesofcache（diskcache,memorycache,processorcache）canimproveoverallsystemperformance.Acachecanbeoptionallyimplementedonalmostanysystem.Cachecontrollershavebeenusedonmainframecomputersystemsformanyyears;theirmigrationtothemicrocouldbeseenasalogicalnextstep.9/17/202638计算机专业英语（第3版）38/58ReadingMaterial:

——CacheandMagneticDisksTherearetwomajortypesofmagneticdisks:floppydisksandharddisks.Bothtypesofdisksrelyonarotatingplattercoatedwithamagneticsurfaceanduseamoveableread/writeheadtoaccessthedisk.Diskstorageisnonvolatile,meaningthatthedataremainsevenwhenpowerisremoved.9/17/202639计算机专业英语（第3版）39/58ReadingMaterial:

——CacheandMagneticDisksToaccessdata,theoperatingsystemmustdirectthediskthroughathree-stageprocess.Thefirststepistopositionthearmoverthepropertrack.Thisoperationiscalledaseek,andthetimetomovethearmtothedesiredtrackiscalledseektime.Oncetheheadhasreachedthecorrecttrack,wemustwaitforthedesiredsectortorotateundertheread/writehead.Thistimeiscalledtherotationlatencyorrotationaldelay.Thelastcomponentofadiskaccess,transfertime,isthetimetotransferablockofbits,typicallyasector.9/17/202640计算机专业英语（第3版）40/581.3Input/OutputSystemsYoucanuseyourkeyboardformanypurposes:TypinginformationEnteringnumberswiththenumerickeypadRequestingspecificfunctionsPerformingsystemfunctionswithkeycombinationsMovingaroundthecomputerscreen9/17/202641计算机专业英语（第3版）41/58Monitor

Computersonlyusemonitorstoshowyouexcitingoperationresultsormarvelousandvividpictures.Monitorsalsoarethebestwindowsforconversationbetweenusersandcomputers.9/17/202642计算机专业英语（第3版）42/58ParametersofMonitorsElementDistanceVideoBandwidthSolutionScanStyle9/17/202643计算机专业英语（第3版）43/58Mouse

Theinterfacebetweenamouseandasystemcantakeoneoftwoforms:themouseeithergeneratesaseriesofpulseswhenitismoved,oritincrementsanddecrementscounters.Mostmicealsoincludeoneormorebuttons,andthesystemmustbeabletodetectwhenabuttonisdepressed.9/17/202644计算机专业英语（第3版）44/58OpticalDisks

Anopticaldiskisadiskonwhichdataareencodedforretrievalbyalaser.Opticaldisksofferinformationdensitiesfarbeyondtherangeofcurrentmagneticmass-storagedevices.Currently,threeversionsofopticaldisktechnologyarecompetingforthemass-storagemarket,theyareread-onlyopticaldisks,write-onceopticaldisks,anderasableopticaldisks.9/17/202645计算机专业英语（第3版）45/58Bus

Abusisasharedcommunicationlink,whichusesonesetofwirestoconnectmultiplesubsystems.Thetwomajoradvantagesofthebusorganizationareversatilityandlowcost.Abusgenerallycontainsasetofcontrollinesandasetofdatalines.Thecontrollinesareusedtosignalrequestsandacknowledgments,andtoindicatewhattypeofinformationisonthedatalines.Thedatalinesofthebuscarryinformationbetweenthesourceandthedestination.9/17/202646计算机专业英语（第3版）46/58KeyWordsacknowledgement认可，确认appropriately适当地bandwidth带宽blank空白cursor光标documentation文档，文件interface接口，界面latency潜伏，潜在layout布局，分布marvelous令人惊异，了不起minimize最小化mouse鼠标non-interlace非隔行9/17/202647计算机专业英语（第3版）47/58KeyWordsoptical光学parameter参数periodically定时地punctuation标点符号responsive响应，应答reusability可重复使用solution分辨率spacebar空格键streamline流线，流线型subsystem子系统sustain承受，支持typewriter打字机video视频9/17/202648计算机专业英语（第3版）48/58Notes[1]Ininterlacestyle,electron-beamsweepselementsinoddrowsfirsttimeanddoeselementsinevenrowssecondtime.本句中electron-beam译作电子射枪，elements译作像素。译文：在隔行方式中，电子射枪首先扫描奇数项中像素，第二次再扫描偶数项中像素。9/17/202649计算机专业英语（第3版）49/58Notes[2]Bymonitoringthestatusofthebutton,thesystemcanalsodifferentiatebetweenclickingthebuttonandholdingitdown.本句中“Bymonitoringthestatusofthebutton”是分词短语作状语。译文：依靠对按钮状态监测，系统也就能区分单击按键与按着按键拖曳之间差异。9/17/202650计算机专业英语（第3版）50/58Notes[3]Similarly,softwareinterpretationofthemousepositionmeansthatthecursordoesn’tjumpcompletelyoffthescreenwhenthemouseismovedalongdistanceinonedirection.本句中，“when”引导时间状语从句。译文：一样，用软件描述鼠标位置，也意味着当鼠标沿一个方向长距离移动时，光标不会完全跳离出屏幕。9/17/202651计算机专业英语（第3版）51/58Notes[4]Towritedata,apowerfulbeamoflaserlightburnstinyspotsorpitsintothecoatingthatcoversthesurfaceofthesedisks.本句中“Towritedata”作目标状语，“thatcoversthesurfaceofthesedisks”是定语从句，修饰“thecoating”。译文：为了写入数