考向18阅读理解之人与自然-2023年高考英语考点微专题

考向18阅读理解之人与自然

真题典例

IPassagel

（2022•全国•高・考真・题）Goffin'scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,havebeenshowr.to

havesimilarshaperecognitionabilitiestoahumantwoyearold.Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,the

birdshaveprovedskillulattoolusewhilekeptinthecage.Inarecentexperiment,cockatooswerepresentedwith

aboxwithanutinsideit.Theclearfrontoftheboxhada"keyhole”inageometricshape,andthebirdswere

givenfivedifferentlyshaped"keys"tochoosefrom.Insertingthecorrect"key"wouldletoutthenut.

Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefiomaroundoneyearofage,butitwillbeanother

yearbeforetheyareabletodothesamewithlesssymmetrical（对称的）shapes.Thisabilitytorecognizethata

shapewillneedtoheturnedinaspecificdirectionhefbreitwillfitiscalledanIiocentricframeofreference”In

theexperiment,Goffin'scockatooswereabletoselecttherighttoolfbrthejob,inmostcases,byvisual

recognitionalone.Wheretrialanderrorwasused,thecockatoosdidbetterthanmonkeysinsimilartests.This

indicatesthatGoffin'scockatoosdoindeedpossessanallocentricframeofreferencewhenmovingobjectsin

space,similartotwoyearoldbabies.

Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhetherthecockatoosrelyentirelyon

visualclues（线索）,oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.

1.Howdidthecockatoosgetthenutfromtheboxintheexperiment?

A.Byfollowinginstructions.B.Byusingatool.

C.Byturningtheboxaround.D.Byremovingthelid.

2.Whichtaskcanhumanoneyearoldsmostlikelypleteaccordingtothetext?

A.Usingakeytounlockadoor.B.Tellingparrotsfromotherbirds.

C.Puttingaballintoaroundhole.D.Groupingtoysofdifferentshapes.

3.Whatdocsthefollowuptestaimtofindoutaboutthecockatoos?

A.Howfartheyareabletosee.B.Howtheytrackmovingobjects.

C.Whethertheyaresmarterthanmonkeys.D.Whethertheyuseasenseoftouchinthetest.

4.Whichcanbeasuitabletitlefbrthetext?

A.Cockatoos:QuickErrorCheckersB.Cockatoos:IndependentLearners

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C.Cockatoos:CleverSignalReadersD.Cockatoos:SkilfiilShapeSorters

【答案】1.B2.C3.D4.D

【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一种会识别形状的凤头鹦鹉。

1.细节理解题。根据文章第一段"Thoughnotknowntousetoolsinthewild,thebirdshaveprovedskilfiilattool

usewhilekeptinthecage.（虽然人们不知道这些鸟在野外会使用工具，但事实证明，它们在关在笼子里时就

能熟练地使用工具）”以及“thebirdsweregivenfivedifferentlyshaped“keys”tochoosefrom.Inserting,the

correct“keys”wouldletoutthenut.（研究人员给了这些鸟5把形状各异的“钥匙”供它们选择。插入，正确的

“钥匙”会让坚果出来）''可知，在实验中，凤头鹦鹉是通过使用工具从盒子里取出坚果的。故选B。

2.纽节理解题。根据文章第二段“Inhumans,babiescanputaroundshapeinaroundholefromaroundoneyear

ofage（在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里）''结合选项，可知，一

岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选Co

3.推理判断题。通过文章最后一段“Thenextstep,accordingtotheresearchers,istotryandworkoutwhether

thecockatoosrelyentirelyonvisualclues,oralsouseasenseoftouchinmakingtheirshapeselections.（根据研

究人员的说法，下一步是尝试弄清楚凤头鹏鹉是完全依靠视觉线索，还是也使用触觉来选择它们的形状）”

可推知，后续测试的目的是了解凤头鹦鹉在测试中是否使用触觉。故选D。

4.主旨大意题。通读全文，再结合文章:第一段"Comn'scockatoos,akindofsmallparrotnativetoAustralasia,

havebeenshowntohavesimilarshaperecognitionabilitiestoahumantwoyearold.（科芬的凤头鹦鹉是一种原产

于大洋洲的小鹦鹉，它的形状识别能力与两岁的人类相似）''可推知，本文主要介绍了会识别形状的凤头鹦

鹉。D项“Cockatoos:SkilfulSh叩eSorters（凤头鹦鹉：识别形状的熟练工）“符合文意，最适合作为本文标题。

故选D。

（2021,全国•高考真题）IhaveworkedasakeeperattheNationalZoo,Parisfor11years.SpotandStripe

arethefirsttigercubsthathaveeverbeenbomhere.Globally,athirdofSumatrancubsinzoosdon'tmakeitto

adulthood,soIdecidedtogivethemroundlheclockcareathome.

I'vegottwochildren-theyoungerone,Kynan,wasextremelyhappyf.boutthetigersarrivingbutallofus

reallylookedforwardtobeingpartoftheirlivesandwatchingthemgrow.Iwasn'tworriedaboutbringingthem

intomyhomewithmywifeandkids.Thesewerecubs.Theyweighedabout2.5kgandweresosmallthatthere

wasabsolutelynorisk.

Astheygrewmoremobile,wcletthemmovefreelyaroundthehouseduringtheday,butwhenwcwere

asleepwehadtocontaintheminalargeroom,otherwisethey'dgelUDtomischief.We'dedowninthemorningto

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findthey'dturnedtheroomupsidedown,andleftitlookinglikeazoo.

Thingsquicklygotveryintenseduetothehugeamountofenergyrequiredtolookafterthem.Therewere

sometoughtimesandIjustfeltextremelytired.Iwasgratefulthatmyfamilywastheretohelp.Wehadtohavea

bitofaproductionlinegoing,makingup“tigermilk",washingbabybottles,andcleaningthefloors.

WhenSpotandStripewerefourmonthsold,theywerelearninghowtoopendoorsandjumpfences,andwe

knewitreallywastimeforthemtogo.Itwashardforustofinallypartwiththem.Forthefirstfewdays,Kynan

wasalwaysabitdisappointedthatthecubsweren'tthere.

I'mnotsadaboutit.I'mhandsonwiththemeverydayatthezoo,andIdolookbackveryfondlyonthetime

thatwehadthem.

5.Whydidtheauthorbringthetigercubshome?

A.Toensuretheirsunival.B.Toobsenetheirdifferences.

C.Toteachthemlifeskills.D.Toletthemplaywithhiskids.

6.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“getuptomischief'meaninparagraph3?

A.RehavebadlyR.fasetheirwayC.SleepsoundlyD-Misstheirmom

7.Whatdidtheauthorthinkofraisingthetigercubsathome?

A.Boring.B.Tiring.C.Costly.D.Risky.

8.WhydidtheauthordecidetosendSpotandStripebacktothezoo?

A.Theyfrightenedthechildren.B.Theybecamedifficulttocontain.

C.Theyannoyedtheneighbours.D.Theystartedfightingeachother.

【答案】5.A6.A7.B8.B

【分析】这是一篇记叙文。讲述了作者为了保证两只老虎幼崽的存活，决定在家里全天候照顾它们。介绍

了老虎在作者家生活的情况以及作者照顾老虎的感受。

5.细节理解题。根据第一段中“61062叩,athirdofSumatrancubsinzoosdon'tmakeittoadulthood,soIdecided

togivethemroundtheclockcareathome.（在全球范围内，动物园里三分之一的苏门答腊老虎幼崽活不到成

年，所以我决定在家里全天候照顾它们）”可知，作者把老虎幼崽带回家是为了确保他们的存活。故选A。

6.词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“Astheygrewmoremobile,weletthemmovefreelyaroundthehouseduring

theday,butwhenwcwereasleepwchadtocontaintheminalargeroom,otherwisethey'd”（随着它们的活N；越

来越多，我们白天让它们在房子里自由活动，但当我们睡觉时，我们必须把它们关在一个大房间里，否则

它们会）以及后文"We'dedowninthemorningtofindthey'dturnedtheroomupsidedown,andleftitlooking

likeazoo"（我们早上下楼时发现他们把房间弄得乱七八糟，让它看起来像个动物园。）可知，作者不得不

把老虎们关在一个大房间里，否则它们就会调皮捣蛋，表现不好。早上下楼时发现他们把房间弄得乱七八

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糟，看起来像个动物园。故画线词意思是“表现不好”。故选A。

7.推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中“Thingsquicklygotveryintenseduetothehugeamountofenergyrequiredto

lookafterthem.Thereweresometoughtimesand1justfeltextremelytired（由于需要大量的精力来照顾它便，

事情很快变得非常紧张。有一段艰难的日子，我只是觉得非常累）”可推知，作者认为在家里养小老虎累人。

故选Bo

8.组节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“WhenSpotandStripewerefourmonthsold,theywerelearninghowtoopen

doorsandjumpfences,andweknewitreallywastimeforthemtogo.（当Spot和Stripe四个月大的时候,他们

正在学习如何开门和跳栅栏，我们知道是时候让他们离开了）“可知，作者决定把Spot和Stripe送回动物园

是因为他们变得难以控制。故选B。

（2021•北京•高考真:题）EarlyfifthcenturyphilosopherSt.Augustinefamouslywrotethatheknewwhatlime

wasunlesssomeoneaskedhim.AlbertEinsteinaddedanotherwrinklewhenhetheorizedthattimevaries

dependingonwhereyoumeasureit.Today'sstateoftheartatomic（原子的）clockshaveprovenEinstein

right.Evenadvancedphysicscan'tdecisivelytelluswhattimeis,becausetheanswerdependsonthequestion

you'reasking.

Forgetabouttimeasanabsolute.Whatif»insteadofconsideringtimeintermsofastronomy,werclaledtimeto

ecology?Whatifweallowedenvironmentalconditionstosetthetempo（节奏）ofhumanlife?We're

increasinglyawareofthefactthatwecan'tcontrolEarthsystemswithengineeringalone,andrealizingthatwe

needtomoderate（i周节）ouractionsifwehopetoliveinbalance.Whatifourdefinitionoftimereflectedtha:?

Recently.Iconceptualizedanewapproachtotimekeepingthat'sconnectedtocircumstancesonourplanet,

conditionsthatmightchangeasaresultofglobalwarming.We'renowbuildingaclockattheAnchorageMuseum

thatreflectsthetotalflowofseveralmajorAlaskanrivers,whicharesensitivetolocalandglobalenvironmental

changes.We'veprogrammedittomatchanatomicclockifthewaterwayscontinuetoflowattheirpresentrate.If

theriversrunfasterinthefutureonaverage,theclockwillgetaheadofstandardtime.Iftheyrunslower,you'll

seetheoppositeefleet.

Theclockregistersbothshorttennirregularitiesandlongtermtrendsinriverdynamics.It'sasortof

observatorythatrevealshowtheriversarebehavingfromiheirowntemporalGame（时间框架），andallowsusto

witnessthosechangesonoursmartwatchesorphones.AnyonewhooptstogoonAlaskaMeanRiverTimewill

liveinhannonywiththeplanet.Anyonewhoconsidersrivertimeinrelationtoatomictimewillencountera

majorimbalanceandmaybemotivatedtocounteractitbyconsuminglessfuelorsupportinggreenerpolicies.

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Evenifthismethodoftimekeepingisnovelinitsparticulars,earlyagriculturalsocietiesalsoconnectedtime

tonaturalphenomena.InpreClassicalGreece,forinstance,people^corrected'officialcalendarsbyshiftingdates

forwardorbackwardtoreflectthechangeofseason.Temporalconnectiontotheenvironmentwasvitaltotheir

sunival.Likewise,rivertimeandothertimekeepingsystemswe'redevelopingmayencourageenvironmental

awareness.

WhenSt.Augustineadmittedhisinabilitytodefinetime,hehighlightedoneoftime*smostnoticeable

qualities：Timebeesmeaningfulonlyinadefinedcontext.Anytimekeepingsystemisvalid,andeachisas

praiseworthyasitspurpose.

9.WhatisthemainideaofParagraph1?

A.Timekeepingisincreasinglyrelatedtonature.

B.Everyonecandefinetimeontheirownterms.

C.Thequalitiesoftimevarywithhowyoumeasureit.

D.Timeisamajorconcernofphilosophersandscientists.

10.TheauthorraisesthreequestionsirParagraph?mainlyto.

A.presentanassumptionB.evaluateanargument

C.highlightanexperimentD.introduceanapproach

11.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?

A.Thosewhodonotgoonrivertimewillliveanimbalancedlife.

B.NewwaysofmeasuringtimecanhelptocontrolEarthsystems.

C.Atomictimewillgetaheadofrivertimeiftheriversrunslower.

D.Modemtechnologymayhelptoshapetherivers'temporalframe.

12.Whatcanweinferfromthispassage?

A.Itiscrucialtoimprovethedefinitionoftime.

B.Afixedframewillmaketimemeaningless.

C.Weshouldliveinharmonywithnature.

D.Historyisamirrorreflectingreality.

【答案】9.BIO.Dll.C12.C

【分析】本文是议论文。文章:通过讨论时间的定义，讲述了人们应该和大自然和谐相处，保护环境。

9.主旨大意题。根据第一段最后一句"Evenadvancedphysicscan'tdecisivelytelluswhattimeis,becausethe

ansv/crdependsonthequestionyou'reasking.（即使是先进的物理学也不能决定性地告诉我们时间是什么,

因为答案取决于你要问的问题）“以及上文列举的哲学家St.Augustine和爱因斯坦对于时间的定义可推断，

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第一段主要讲述每个人都可以用自己的话来定义时间。故选B项。

1（）.推理判断题。根据第二段的"We'reincreasinglyawareofthefactthatwecan'tcontrolEarthsystemswith

engineeringalone,andrealizingthatweneedtomoderate（调节）ouractionsifwehopetoliveinbalance.（我

们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要

调E我们的行动。）”进而提出问题“Whatifourdefinitionoftimereflectedthat?（如果时间的定义反映那些会

怎么样呢）“，结合前两个问题“Whatif,insteadofconsideringtimeintennsofastronomy,werelatedtimeto

ecolDgy?Whatifweallowedenvironmentalconditionstosetthetempo（节奏）ofhumanlife?（如果我们不考

虑天文学方面的时间，而是将时间与生态学联系起来呢？如果我们允许环境条件来设定人类生活的节奏

呢）”可推断，第二段提出的三个问题是为了介绍方法。故选D项。

11.细节理解题。根据第三段的“Wdveprogrammedittomatchanatomicclockifthewaterwayscontinueto

flowattheirpresentrate.Iftheriversrunfasterinthefutureonaverage,theclockwillgetaheadofstandard

time.Iftheyrunslower,youllseetheoppositeeffect.（如果水道维续以目前的速度流动，我们对它进行了

编程，匹配了一个原子时间。如果河流在未来的平均运行速度更快，时间就会超过标准时间。如果它仅的

运行速度较慢，你就会看到相反的效果可■知,如果河流运行速度得较慢,原子时间将超过河流时间.

故选C项。

12.推理判断题。根据第二段的"We'reincreasinglyawareofthefactthatwecan'tcontrolEarthsystemswith

engineeringalone,andrealizingthatweneedtomoderate（调节）ouractionsifwehopetoliveinbalance.（我

们越来越意识到，我们不能只是用工程学来控制地球系统，意识到，如果我们希望保持平衡，我们就需要

调节我们的行动o）”和倒数第二段的"Temporalconnectiontotheenvironmentwasvitaltotheir

sunival.Likewise,rivertimeandothertimekeepingsystemswe'redevelopingmayencourageenvironmental

awareness（时间与环境的暂时联系对它们的生存至关重要。同样，河流时间和我们正在开发的其他时间保

护系统也可能会鼓励人们提高环境意识）”可推断，从这篇文章中我们知道我们应该与自然和谐共处，保护

环境。故选C。

（2021•北京•高考真题）Hundredsofscientists,writersandacademicssoundedawarningtohumanityinan

openletterpublishedlastDecember:Policymakersandtherestofusmustengageopenlywiththeriskofglobal

collapse.Researchersinmanyareashaveprojectedthewidespreadcollapseas“acrediblescenario（情景）this

century”.

Asurveyofscientistsfoundthatextremeweatherevents,（bodinsecurity,andfreshwatershortagesmight

createglobalcollapse.Ofcourse,ifyouareanonhunianspecies,collapseiswellunderway.

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Thecallforpublicengagementwiththeunthinkableisespeciallygermaneinthismomentof

stilluncontrolledpandemicandeconomiccrisesintheworld'smosttechnologicallyadvancednations.Notvery

longago,itwasalsounthinkablethataviruswouldshutdownnationsandthatsafetynetswouldbeprovenso

disastrouslylackinginflexibility.

Theinternationalscholars'warningletterdoesn'tsayexactlywhatcollapsewilllooklikeorwhenitmight

happen.Collapseology,thestudyofcollapse,ismoreconcernedwithidentifyingtrendsandwiththemthedangers

ofeverydaycivilization.Amongthesignatories（签署者）ofthewarningwasBobJohnson,theoriginatorofthe

“ecclogicalfbotpiint''concept,whichmeasuresthetotalamountofenvironmentalinputneededtomaintaina

givenlifestyle.Withthecurrentfootprintofhumanity,*'itseemsthatglobalcollapseiscertaintohappeninsome

form,possiblywithinadecade,certainlywithinthiscentury,“Johnsonsaidinanemail.

“OnlyifwediscusstheconsequencesofourbiophysicaltheDecemberwarninglettersays,“canwe

havethehopetoreducetheirspeed,severityandharm''.Andyetmessengersoftheingdisturbancearelikelytobe

ignored.Weallwanttohopethingswilltumoutfine.Asapoetwrote,

Manisavictimafdapp（麻醉品）

Intheincurableformofhope.

Thehundredsofscholarswhosignedtheletterareintent（执着）onquietinghopethatignorespreparedness.

“Let'slookdirectlyintotheissueofcollapse/'theysay,“anddealwiththeterriblepossibilitiesofwhatwesee

theretomakethebestofatroublingfuture.''

13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“germane"inParagraph3probablymean?

A.Scientific.B.Credible.

C.Original.D.Relevant.

14.Asforthepublicawarenessofglobalcollapse,theauthoris.

A.worriedB.puzzled

C.surprisedD.scared

15.Whatcanwelearnfromthispassage?

A.Thesignatoriesmaychangethebiophysicallimits.

D.Theciuthoragreeswiththemessageofthepoem.

C.Theissueofcollapseisbeingprioritized.

D.Theglobalcollapseiswellunderway.

【答案】13.D14.A15.B

【分析】这是一篇说明文，文章阐述了全球崩塌(globalcollapse)的概念。数百名科学家、作家和学者在

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去年12月发表的一封公开信中向全人类发出了警告：政策制定者和我们每个人必须直面“全球崩塌”的风

险。文章具体阐释了学者们对这一概念的定义、理解和它的现实意义。

13.词义猜测题。根据该词所在的具体语境，第三段第一句"Thecallforpublicengagementwiththe

unthinkableisespeciallygermaneinthismomentofstilkmcontrolledpandemicandeconomiccrisesintheworld's

mosttechnologicallyadvancednations."（呼吁公众对世界不确定性的关注，尤其与此时此刻的情况密切相关：

此时此刻，在世界上技术最先进的国家，仍处于无法控制流行病和经济危机的泥潭中），下文也提到，一

场病毒肆虐，一个国家社会停止了运转，大流行无法控制，经济下行，这样的事情在不久之前都是无法想

象，不可思议（unthinkable）的,即世界充满了不确定性。而此时此刻呼吁人们对这种unthinkable加以关

注，正是和此时此刻的世界实况密切相关。A.Scientific科学的：B.Credible可信的，可靠的；C.Original

原来的，原创的：D.Relevant相关的，有重大关系的。根据上面的分析，仅有D符合语境，故选D。

14.推理判断题。本题要求判断作者的情感态度，根据原文第五段“yetmessengersoftheingdisturbanceare

likelytobeignored.Weallwanttohopethingswillturnout（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略,

我们都希望事情在未来会变好）和倒数最后一段的呼吁，例如“Lefslookdirectlyintotheissueofcollapse,''

theysay,“anddealwiththeterriblepossibilitiesofwhatweseetheretomakethebestofatroublingfiiture”（他

们说，“让我们直面全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟。

可知，作者认为公众对“全球崩塌'’的重视意识不够，比较担心，A.worried担忧的：B.puzzled困惑的，茫

然的：C.surprised惊讶的：D.scared害怕的，综合以上的分析，可见作者对此是“担忧的“，故选A。

15.推理判断题。原文诗歌“Manisavictimofdope;Intheincurableformofhope.^^（人类是麻醉品的受害者:

沉迷于无可救药的幻想中）表达的是，人类无视未来全球崩塌的巨大危险，把头埋进沙子里，假装不知道，

充满不切实际的幻想和希望。而诗歌前面的段落就提到“yetmessengersoftheingdisturbancearelikelytobe

ignored.Weallwanttohopethingswillturnoutfine.”（然而未来崩溃的先行信号很可能被忽略，我们都希望

事情在未来会变好），结合上下文，这里指的是人们都幻想着未来就会变好。诗歌之后的最后一段则提到

执着于“quietinghopethatignorespreparedness.”（掐灭不做准备的空有幻想），接着又借学者之口，提至『'Let's

lookdirectlyintotheissueofcollapse/'theysay,“anddealwiththeterriblepossibilitiesofwhatweseethereto

makethebestofatroublingfuture."（他们说，“让我们直而全球崩塌的议题，真正去解决我们看到的可能的

糟糕情况，以便使未来没那么糟.”）可见，上卜.文一脉相承，表达相同的一方观点，未对另一方的观点

有&何呈现，理解文章后可知，作者有明显的态度倾向，作者对于这首诗表达的信息是赞同的，故选D。

（2021•全国•高考真题）Ifyouevergettheimpressionthatyourdogcan"（cH"whetheryoulookcontentor

annoyed,youmaybeontosomething.Dogsmayindeedbeabletodistinguishbetweenhappyandangryhuman

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faces,accordingtoanewstudy

Researcherstrainedagroupof11dogstodistinguishbetweenimages（国像）ofthesamepersonmakingeither

ahanpyoranangryfhce.Duringthetrainingstage,eachdogwasshownonlytheupperhalforthelowerhalfof

theperson'sface.Theresearchersthentestedtheclogs'abilitytodistinguishbetweenhumanfticialexpressionsby

showingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson'sfaceonimagestotallydifferentfromtheonesusedintraining.Ihe

researchersfoundthatthedogswereabletopicktheangryorhappyfacebytouchingapictureofitwiththeir

nosesmoreoftenthanonewouldexpectbyrandomchance.

Thestudyshowedtheanimalshadfiguredouthowtoapplywhattheylearnedabouthumanfacesduring

trainingtonewfacesinthetestingstage.uWecanruleoutthatthedogssimplydistinguishbetweenthepictures

basedonasimplecue,suchasthesightofteeth,'*saidstudyauthorCorsinMuller."Instead,ourresultssuggest

thatthesuccessfuldogsrealizedthatasmilingmouthmeansthesamethingassmilingeyes,andthesamerule

appliestoanangrymouthhavingthesamemeaningasangryeyes."

"Withourstudy,wethinkwecannowconfidentlyconcludethatatleastsomedogscandistinguishhuman

fjicialexpressions,"MullertoldLivpScipnce

Atthispoint,itisnotclearwhydogsseemtobeequippedwiththeabilitytorecognizedifferentfacial

expressionsinhumans."Tous,themostlikelyexplanationappearstobethatthebasisliesintheirlivingwith

humans,whichgivesthemalotofexposuretohumanfiicialexpressions/'andthisexposurehasprovidedthem

withmanychancestolearntodistinguishbetweenthem,Muilersaid.

16.Thenewstudyfocusedonwhetherdogscan.

A.distinguishshapesB.makesenseofhumanfaces

C.feelhappyorang^D.municatewitheachother

17.Whatcanweleamaboutthestudyfromparagraph2?

A.Researcherstestedthedogsinrandomorder.

B.Diversemethodswereadoptedduringtraining.

C.Picturesusedinthetwostagesweredifferent

D.Thedogswerephotographedbeforethelest.

18.Whatisthelastparagraphmainly<ibout?

A.Asuggestionforfuturestudies.B.Apossiblereasonfbrthestudyfindings.

C.AmajorlimitationofthestudyD.Anexplanationoftheresearchmethod.

【答案】16.B17.C18.B

【分析】这是一篇说明文。一项研究证明狗能够识别人类的面部表情，但目前还不清楚它们为什么有这种

第9页共41页

能力，可能的原因是它们长时间与人类共同生活。

16.细节理解题。根据第二段的“Researcherstrainedagroupof11dogstodistinguishbetweenimagesofthe

samepersonmakingeitherahappyoranangryface.（研究人员训练了11只狗来区分同一个人脸上的表情是高

兴还是愤怒）“可知，该新研究的关注点是狗是否能够区分人的面部表情。故选B。

17.细节理解题o根据第二段的“Duringthetrainingstage,eachdogwasshownonlytheupperhalforthelower

halfoftheperson'sface.Theresearchersthentestedthedogs'abilitytodistinguishbetweenhumanfacial

expressionsbyshowingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson'sfaceorimagestotallydifferentfromtheonesusedin

training.（在训练阶段，每只狗只看到人脸的上半部分或下半部分。研究人员随后测试了狗辨别人类面部表

情的能力，向狗展示了人的另一半面部或与训练中使用的完全不同的图像）“可知，在训练和测试阶段，狗

看的照片是不一样的。故选C。

18.主旨大意题。根据最后一段的““Tous,themostlikelyexplanationappearstobethatthebasisliesintheir

livingwithhumans,whichgivesthemalotofexposuretohumanfacialexpressions,andthisexposurehas

providedthemwithmanychancestolearntodistinguishbetweenthem”Mullersaid.（Muller说：“对我们来说，

最可能的解释似乎是.基于他们与人类生活在一起,这让他们有很多机会接触人类的面部表情,而这种接

触为他们提供了很多机会，让他们学会区分他们。“户可知，最后一段主要讲述了狗能够辨别人类面部表情

的可能原因。故选

经典变式练（基础练、提升练、真题练）|

※基础练

口跄舟舟机geU

Dodogsunderstandus?

Becarefulwhatyousayaroundyourdog.Itmightunderstandmorethanyouthink.

AbordercollienamedRicorecognizesthenamesofabout200objects,sayresearchersinGermany.Thedog

alsoappearstobeabletolearnnewwordsaseasilyasa3ycaroldchild.Itswordlcamingskillsarcasgoodas

thoseofaparrotorchimpanzee.

Inoneexperiment,theresearcherslookall200itemsthatRicoissupposedtoknowanddividedtheminto20

groupsof10objects.Thentheownertoldthedogtogoandfetchoneoftheitemsandbringitback.Infourtests,

Ricogot37outof40mandsright.Asthedogcouldn,tseeanyonetogetclues,thescientistsbelieveRicomust

understandthemeaningsofcertainwords.

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Inanotherexperiment,thescientiststookonetoythatRicohadneverseenbeforeandputitinaroomwith

seventoyswhosenamesthedogalreadyknew.TheownerthentoldRicotofetchtheobject,usingawordthedog

hadneverheardbefore.

Thecorrectobjectwaschoseninsevenoutof10tests,suggestingthatthedoghadworkedouttheanswerby

processofelimination.Amonthlater,R.corememberedhalfofthenewnames,whichisevenmoreimpressive.

Ricoisthoughttobesmarterthandieaveragedog.Foronething,Ricoisabordercollie,abreedknownfcr

itsmentalabilities.Inaddition,the9yearoiddoghasbeentrainedtofetchtoysbytheirnamessincetheageof

ninemonths.

It'shardtoknowifalldogsunders:andatleastsomeofthewordswesay.Eveniftheydo,theycan'ttalk

back.Still,itwouldn'thurttosweettalkyourdogeverynowandthen.Youmightjustgetabig,wetkissinreturn!

1.Fromparagraph2weknowthat.

A.animalsareascleverashumanbeings

B.dogsaresmarterthanparrotsandchimpanzees

C.dagshavesimilarlearningabilitiesas^yearoldchildren

D.chimpanzeeshaveverygoodwordleamingskills

2.Bothexperimentsshowthat.

A.RicocanrecognizedifYerentthingsincludingtoys

B.Ricoissmartenoughtogetallmandsright

C.Ricohasdevelopedtheabilityofleaniingmathematics

D.Ricowon'tforgetthenamesofobjectsoncerecognizingthem

3.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

A.Ricohasabettermemorypartlybecauseofitsproperearlytraining.

B.Thepurposeoftheexperimentsistoshowthebordercollie'smentalabilities.

C.Thebordercollieisworldfamousfbrrecognizingobjects.

D.Ricoisbomtounderstanditsowner'smands.

4.Whatdoesthewriterwanttotellus?

A.Totrainyourdog.B.Totalktoyourdog.

C.Tobefriendlytoyourdog.D.Tobecarefulwithyourdog.

5.FromthepassageweknowthatRicois.

A.athreeyearoldbabyB.adogC.achimpanzeeD.aparrot

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GermanartistHASchultisanunusualartistwhousestrashtomakesculptures.4kWcarclivinginatimeof

garbage/'saysSchult."Icreatedathousandsculpturesofgarbage.Theyareamirrorofourselves."Here,Schull

wastalkingabouthis1,000trashsculpturesintheformofhumans.

“Theyarcsocialsculptures,Mheexplained."Theyarcnotonlysculpturesfbrtheeyes.Theyarcsculptureslo

spreadtheideathatweliveinatimeofgarbage."Sofar,Schult'ssocialsculptureshavebeenonshowinParis,in

Moscow'sRedSquare,ontheGreatWallofChina,andinthedesertnexttotheGreatPyramidofGizanearCairo.

HASchult'sworkisunforgettable.Althoughhisworkhashadabiginfluenceontheartworld,Schult

remainsmodestabouthiscreation,"Artistshavetolearneverytime.Wearenotimportant.Allthatcountsisthe

timeinwhichweareliving.M

Trasharthasbeenaroundfbryears.Butitseemsthatonlythepopularartistsareregardedastrueartistswhen

workingwithtrash.Whycan'tordinarypeoplebeconside