已安装系统的建模与仿真-发电量和组件温度分析-

ModellingandSimulation

of

Installed

BIPVSystems—Analysisof

ElectricityYieldandModuleTemperature2026PV

PSTask

15Enabling

Frameworkforthe

Developmentof

B

IPVReport

IEA-PVPS

T15-26:2026The

International

Energy

Agency(IEA),founded

in1974,is

an

autonomous

body

within

the

framework

of

the

OrganizationforEconomicCooperationand

Development(OECD).TheTechnologyCollaboration

Programme

(TCP)wascreatedwith

abeliefthatthefutureofenergysecurityandsustainabilitystartswithglobal

collaboration.

The

programme

is

made

up

of

6.000expertsacrossgovernment,academia,and

industrydedicatedto

advancing

common

research

and

the

application

ofspecificenergytechnologies.The

IEA

Photovoltaic

PowerSystems

Programme

(IEA

PVPS)

isoneoftheTCPs

within

the

IEA

and

was

established

in

1993.

The

mission

of

the

programme

is

to

“enhance

the

international

collaborative

efforts

which

facilitate

the

role

ofphotovoltaic

solar

energy

as

a

cornerstone

in

the

transition

to

sustainable

energy

systems.”To

achieve

this,theProgramme’s

participants

have

undertaken

a

variety

ofjoint

research

projects

in

PV

power

systems

applications.

The

overall

programme

is

headed

byan

Executive

Committee,comprisedofonedelegate

from

each

country

or

organisation

member,whichdesignatesdistinct‘Tasks,’that

mayberesearch

projects

or

activity

areas.TheIEAPVPSparticipatingcountries

areAustralia,Austria,

Belgium,

Canada,

China,

Denmark,

Finland,

France,

Germany,

India,

Israel,

Italy,

Japan,

Korea,

Lithuania,

Malaysia,

Morocco,

the

Netherlands,

Norway,

Portugal,

South

Africa,

Spain,

Sweden,

Switzerland,

Thailand,

Türkiye,

theUnitedKingdom

and

theUnitedStates

of

America.

The

EuropeanCommission,Solar

PowerEurope,and

the

Solar

Energy

Research

Institute

ofSingapore

are

also

members.Visitusat:

What

is

IEA

PVPS

Task15?

Editors:

ErinGaucher-Loksts,Véronique

Delisle,

Helen

RoseWilsonDISCLAIMERTheIEAPVPS

TCPisorganisedundertheauspicesof

theInternationalEnergy

Agency(IEA)butisfunctionallyandlegallyautonomous.Views,

findingsandpublicationsof

theIEAPVPSTCPdonotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsorpoliciesof

theIEASecretariatoritsindividualmember

countriesCOVER

PICTUREUpper

row

(from

leftto

right):Jinqing

Peng,

Hunan

University;

Maxim

Gagné,architect,

Labbé,

Laroche/Gagné,

LeclercetAssociés;SuneThorsteinsson,

DTU.

Lower

row

(from

leftto

right):

Helen

RoseWilson,

Fraunhofer

ISE;

Nuria

MartinChivelet,

CIEMAT;Jun-Tae

Kim,

Kongju

National

UniversitySUGGESTEDCITATIONGaucher-Loksts,

E.,

Delisle,V.,Wilson,

H.

R.,

Kim,J.-T.,

Kim,J.-H.,

Boafo,

F.

E.,Jazouli,

S.,

Kapsis,

C.,

Martin

Chivelet,

N.,

Polo,

J.,

Peng,

J.,

Babin,

M.,

Thorsteinsson,

S.

,

Boddaert,

S.

(2026)

Modelling

and

Simulation

ofInstalledBIPVSystems—Analysis

ofElectricity

Yield

and

Module

Temperature.

IEA

PVPSTask

15.

DOI:

10.69766/GWEF4173ISBN

978-1-923734-16-6Authors

MainContent:

ErinGaucher-Loksts,Véronique

Delisle

(Natural

ResourcesCanada);

Helen

RoseWilson(Fraunhofer

ISE);Jun-TaeKim,Jin-Hee

Kim(Kongju

National

University);

Fred

EdmondBoafo

(University

ofVictoria);SoukainaJazouli,CostaKapsis

(UniversityofWaterloo);

Nuria

MartinChivelet,Jesús

Polo(CIEMAT);Jinqing

Peng(Hunan

University);

Markus

Babin,SuneThorsteinsson(Technical

UniversityofDenmark);SimonBoddaert

(CSTB)The

objective

of

Task

15

of

the

IEA

Photovoltaic

Power

Systems

Programme

is

to

create

an

enabling

framework

to

acceleratethepenetrationofBIPVproductsintheglobalmarketofrenewables,resulting

inanequal

playingfieldfor

BIPV

products,

BAPV

products,

and

regular

building

envelope

components,

respecting

especially

economic,

technological,

legal,aesthetic,

reliabilityandnormative

issues.What

is

IEA

PVPSTCP?Task

15

BIPV–

ModellingandSimulationof

Installed

BIPVSystems–Analysis

of

ElectricityYield

and

Module

TemperatureINTERNATIONAL

ENERGYAGENCYPHOTOVOLTAIC

POWERSYSTEMS

PROGRAMMEModellingandSimulationof

Installed

BIPVSystems–AnalysisofElectricityYieldandModuleTemperatureIEA

PVPSTask

15Enabling

Frameworkforthe

DevelopmentofBIPVReport

IEA-PVPST15-26:2026September-2026ISBN:978-1-923734-16-6DOI:

10.69766/GWEF4173Task

15

BIPV-

ModellingandSimulationof

Installed

BIPVSystems-Analysisof

ElectricityYield

and

Module

TemperatureMainAuthorsErinGaucher-Loksts,

Natural

ResourcesCanada

Véronique

Delisle,

Natural

ResourcesCanadaHelen

RoseWilson,

Fraunhofer

ISE,GermanyJun-Tae

Kim,

Kongju

National

University,SouthKoreaJin-Hee

Kim,

Kongju

National

University,South

Korea

Fred

Edmond

Boafo,

UniversityofVictoria,CanadaSoukainaJazouli,

UniversityofWaterloo,CanadaCosta

Kapsis,

UniversityofWaterloo,CanadaNuria

MartinChivelet,

CIEMAT,SpainJesús

Polo,

DIEEI,

CIEMAT,SpainJinqing

Peng,

Hunan

University,ChinaMarkus

Babin,Technical

UniversityofDenmarkSuneThorsteinsson,

Technical

UniversityofDenmark

Simon

Boddaert,CSTB,

FranceEditorsErinGaucher-Loksts,

Natural

ResourcesCanadaVéronique

Delisle,

Natural

ResourcesCanadaHelen

RoseWilson,

Fraunhofer

ISE,GermanyTask

15

BIPV-

ModellingandSimulationof

Installed

BIPVSystems-Analysisof

ElectricityYield

and

Module

TemperatureAUTHORSAcknowledgements...........................................................................................................7List

of

abbreviations

and

symbols......................................................................................8List

of

tables

......................................................................................................................9List

of

figures.....................................................................................................................11Executive

summary

...........................................................................................................121INTRODUCTION

...................................................................................................142OVERVIEW

OF

INSTALLED

BIPV

MONITOREDCASES

.....................................162.1Varennes

Library

Canada

...........................................................................162.2DTU

BIPV

Curtainwall,

Denmark................................................................182.3Fraunhofer

ISE

Building,

Germany.............................................................192.4CIEMAT

Building,Spain.............................................................................202.5Asan

Youth

Library,South

Korea................................................................212.6BEST

Lab

BIPV

Window,

China.................................................................222.7Summary

of

system

parameters.................................................................232.8Data

Collection

and

Processing..................................................................262.8.1Meteorological

inputs......................................................................262.8.2System

outputs...............................................................................262.8.3Case-specific

data

processing.........................................................273METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................323.1Modelling

procedure...................................................................................323.2Electrical

modelling.....................................................................................333.2.1Simulation

tool

selection..................................................................333.2.2

Electrical

performance

model..........................................................333.2.3Thermal

model................................................................................343.2.4Model

parameter

summary..............................................................353.2.5

Evaluation

metrics

...........................................................................373.2.6Specific

investigationon

modelling

parameters

...............................383.3Thermal

behaviour

and

high-temperature

assessment...............................463.3.1Model

selection...............................................................................463.3.2Thermal

model

assessment

for

high

temperature............................484RESULTS

AND

ANALYSIS....................................................................................494.1Electricity

generation

comparison...............................................................49TABLEOF

CONTENTSTask

15

BIPV-

ModellingandSimulationof

Installed

BIPVSystems-Analysisof

ElectricityYield

and

Module

Temperature4.1.1Cell

temperature

comparison

..........................................................494.1.2

DC

and

AC

electricity

generation.....................................................504.2Thermal

behaviour

with

King’s

model.........................................................584.2.1Existing

coefficients.........................................................................584.2.2Custom-developed

coefficients........................................................594.3High-Temperature

Assessment..................................................................605CONCLUSION

AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

.........................................................625.1.1Comparisonofelectricity

generation

and

moduletemperature........625.1.2Thermal

behaviour

and

high-temperature

modelling........................636REFERENCES......................................................................................................65Appendix

A:

INVERTER

INPUTS

IN

SAM

.........................................................................67Appendix

B:ADDITIONAL

PLOTS....................................................................................73Case

study

comparisons

of

modelled

versus

measured

results

for

moduletemperature,

DC

and

AC

power

.............................................................................73Sunny

day

performance

.........................................................................................79Task

15

BIPV–

ModellingandSimulationof

Installed

BIPVSystems–Analysis

of

ElectricityYield

and

Module

TemperatureThework

presented

inthis

report

is

anoutputfrom

collaborations

in

the

International

EnergyAgency,

PhotovoltaicsPowerSystemsTechnologyCollaboration

Programme,Task

15onthe“EnablingFrameworkfor

theDevelopmentofBIPV”

.Thisreportreceivedvaluable

contributions

from

several

IEA-PVPS

Task15

members

and

other

international

experts

inadditiontothosealreadylistedasauthors.

Manythanks

go

to:-Benjamin

Roy,

Natural

ResourcesCanada-

Jacob

KrumThorning,Technical

UniversityofDenmark-Johannes

Eisenlohr,focusEnergie

(formerly

at

Fraunhofer

ISE)-MiguelAlonso-Abella,CIEMATSincere

thanks

are

extended

tothefollowing

sources

offundingfor

the

research

reported

in

the

report:-Natural

ResourcesCanada’s

ProgramforEnergyResearchand

Development.-the

Danish

EnergyAgency

EUDP

project:“

IEA

PVPStask15:

Enabling

Frameworkfor

theAccelerationofBIPV&

Fase2”

,

grant

no.

134-22006.-the

German

Federal

Ministryfor

EconomicAffairs

and

Climate

Action

(BMWK),

withintheStandard

BIPV-System

project,grantnumber03EE1061A.-theSpanishMinistryofScienceandInnovationandtheEuropeanRegionalDevelopmentFund,withintheRINGS-BIPV

project,

grant

number

PID2021-

124910OB-C31.-the

Korea

EnergyAgency'ssupportprogramfortheIEA

REWPactivities

relatedto

IEA

PVPSTask

15-The

National

Key

R&D

Program

ofChina

(Grant

No.

2022YFB4201003)-The

French

National

EnergyAgency–ADEME

(Grant

N°.2408D0012)ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSTask

15

BIPV–

ModellingandSimulationof

Installed

BIPVSystems–Analysis

of

ElectricityYield

and

Module

Temperature7IEAInternational

EnergyAgencyBIPVBuilding-Integrated

PhotovoltaicsSAMSystemAdvisorModelNRELNational

Renewable

Energy

LaboratoryIECInternational

ElectrotechnicalCommissionIscShortcircuit

currentCECCalifornia

EnergyCommissionRMSERoot

MeanSquare

ErrorMBEMean

Bias

ErrorMAEMeanAbsolute

ErrornMBENormalized

Mean

Bias

ErrornRMSENormalized

Root

MeanSquare

ErrorGPOAPlane-of-arrayirradianceNOCTNormalOperatingCellTemperatureVocOpencircuitvoltagePmpMaximum

powerpointLISTOFABBREVIATIONSANDSYMBOLSTask

15

BIPV-

ModellingandSimulationof

Installed

BIPVSystems-Analysisof

ElectricityYield

and

Module

Temperature8Table

1

Moduleand

installationcharacteristicsforthe

BIPVmonitoredcases.....................24Table2

ModuleelectricalparametersatSTCforthe

BIPV

monitored

cases.......................25Table3Case

study

data

processing

description..................................................................29Table4

Parameters

indicatingthepercentageofdatasetsunsuitableforanalysiswhen

G

POA>20W/m²....................................................................................................................30Table5Averagemeasured

moduletemperature,andtotalmeasured

DC

and

AC

energygeneration,withandwithoutfillinganygaps

inthedata,foreachofthe

six

case

studiesGPOA

>20W/m²............................................................................................................31Table6Summary

of

SAM

input

parameters

for

all

BIPV

case

studies.................................36Table7Statisticalcomparison

betweencelltemperaturesobtainedwith

the

NOCT

and

HTMmethodsand

irradiancedatafromthe

pyranometerfortheVarennes

Library,calculatedfrom

1yearofdataata5-minutetimestepwithoutanyfiltering....................................41Table8Annual

DCandAC

powerdifferencebetweendifferent

inputoptions

for

theVarennes

Library,completed

with

1-year

of

data

at

a5-minutetimestep......................42Table9Statisticalcomparison

betweencelltemperaturesobtained

at

1-min

and

5-mintimestepsfortheVarennes

Library,completedwithoneyearofdatawithoutfiltering..42Table

10

Different

NOCToptionresultsfortheVarennes

Librarywitha

1-mintimestep......43Table

11

Different

NOCToptionresultsfor

Fraunhofer

ISEwitha5-mintimestep...............44Table

12Temperaturemodellingannualerrorsfortransientthermalcorrection

for

DTU

casestudy(adapted

from[14]).............................................................................................45Table

13

King’s

modelcoefficientsfordifferent

PVconfigurations.......................................47Table

14Comparisonofmeasuredbackofmodule

and

simulated

cell

temperature

per

casestudy............................................................................................................................50Table

15Varennes

Library—comparisonofmeasuredandsimulatedinsolation

and

DC

andAC

energy

....................................................................................................................51Table

16Varennes

Library—comparisonofmeasuredandsimulatedirradiance,temperature,and

DC

and

AC

power.................................................................................................51Table

17

DTU—comparisonofmeasuredandsimulated

insolationand

DCandACenergy52Table

18

DTU—comparisonofmeasuredandsimulated

irradiance,temperature,and

DCand

AC

power..............................................................................................................52Table

19

Fraunhofer

ISE—comparisonofmeasuredandsimulatedinsolation

and

DC

andAC

energy

....................................................................................................................53Table20

Fraunhofer

ISE—comparisonofmeasuredandsimulated

irradiance,temperature,and

DC

and

AC

power.................................................................................................53Table21CIEMAT—comparisonofmeasuredandsimulated

insolation

and

DC

and

ACenergy..........................................................................................................................54Task

15

BIPV–

ModellingandSimulationof

Installed

BIPVSystems–Analysis

of

ElectricityYield

and

Module

TemperatureLISTOFTABLES9Table22CIEMAT—comparisonofmeasuredandsimulated

irradiance,temperature,

and

DCand

AC

power..............................................................................................................54Table23Asan

Library—comparisonofAC/DCenergymeasuredandsimulated................55Table24Asan

Library—comparisonofmeasuredandsimulated

irradiance,temperature,andDC

and

AC

power........................................................................................................55Table25

BEST

Lab.—comparisonofAC/DCenergy

measuredandsimulated...................56Table26

BEST

Lab.—comparisonofmeasuredandsimulatedirradiance,temperature,

andDC

and

AC

power........................................................................................................56Table27ComparisonofDCandAC

power

normalizederrors

per

case

study

....................57Table28ComparisonofDCandACtotal

normalized

annualenergy

generation.................57Table29Comparisonofthe

performanceofdifferentcoefficientsets

at

predictingTPV

.......59Table30

Metricsforbackofmoduletemperaturescalculated

using

system-specificcoefficients,comparedtoresultsforthebest-fittinggenericcoefficient

setsfrom

Table13.................................................................................................................................60Table31Averagemodule

back-surfacetemperatureduringthe

10minutes

of

highesttemperatures................................................................................................................60Table32Average98thpercentiletemperatureforentiremonitored

dataset,

includingnighttime......................................................................................................................61Task

15

BIPV-

ModellingandSimulationof

Installed

BIPVSystems-Analysisof

ElectricityYield

and

Module

Temperature10Figure

1Varennes

Library,Canada.Architect:

Labbé,

Laroche/Gagné,

LeclercetAssociés.Source:Maxime

Gagné,architect................................................................................16Figure2Varennes

Library

Rooftop

configurations...............................................................17Figure3Varennes

Library

rooftopsensorlocationonthe

naturallyventilatedsection.........17Figure4

DTUCurtainwall,

Denmark.Source:SuneThorsteinsson,

DTU...........................18Figure5

Fraunhofer

ISE

Building,

Germany.Source:

Helen

RoseWilson,

Fraunhofer

ISE

19Figure6CIEMAT

Building,Spain,Architect:JuanCarlos

Gutierrez,

Source:

N.

MartinChivelet,CIEMAT.........................................................................................................20Figure7AsanYouth

Library,

Korea.Source:Jun-Tae

Kim,

Kongju

National

University......22Figure8

BEST

LabBIPVWindow,China.Source:Jinqing

Peng,

Hunan

University............23Figure8

Left:

IR

imageoftheVarennes

Library

BIPV

roof.

Right:Schematicofradiationcontribution..................................................................................................................27Figure9Generalproceduretogeta

complete

dataset

from

the

BIPV

monitored

cases......28Figure

10Overview

of

the

modelling

procedures.................................................................32Figure

11Methodology

for

the

electrical

modelling..............................................................33Figure

13SAMmodellingoptionsasofversion2020.11.29

................................................39Figure

14Celltemperaturecomparisonbetweenmeasurements

and

calculations

applyingirradiancedatafromdifferentsensors(referencecelland

pyranometer)

and

different

celltemperaturemodels(NOCTand

HTM)forasunnyday

atVarennes

Library................40Figure

15AC

powercalculated

usingthedifferentcelltemperatureand

irradiancesensorsfrom

Figure

14for

a

sunny

day

at

Varennes

Library

.....................................................41Figure

16

Differentstandoffoptionsfor

NOCTmodellingofthe

PVcelltemperatureforasunny

day

for

the

Varennes

Library..............................................................................43Figure

16

Methodologyforthethermalbehaviourand

high-temperatureassessment.........46Figure

17

RangeofRMSEand

MBEforthemodule

back-surfacetemperaturefromtestingeach

set

of

coefficients

in

Table

11.

.............................................................................58Figure

18Screenshotfromthe

in-programdocumentation

inSAMwherea

notewas

addedto

clarify

the

NOCT

adjustments

for

BIPV.....................................................................63Task

15

BIPV-

ModellingandSimulationof

Installed

BIPVSystems-Analysisof

ElectricityYield

and

Module

TemperatureLISTOF

FIGURES11Building-Integrated

Photovoltaics

(BIPV)

represents

an

importantwayto

integrate

renewable

electricitygeneration

intothe

built

environment

bycombining

energyconversion

with

building

envelope

functions.

Within

the

framework

of

IEA-PVPS

Task

15,

which

aims

to

enable

the

developmentanddeploymentofBIPV,Subtask

E

in

Phase2

addressed

pre-normative

researchonBIPVcharacterisationmethods.Inthiscontext,oneactivityfocusedonthe

development

and

evaluation

of

standardised

procedures

to

quantify

the

electricity

yield

of

installed

BIPVsystems.Accurate

modelling

of

both

electrical

performance

and

thermal

behaviour

is

essential

for

thedesign,assessment,

and

operation

of

BIPV

systems.

While

a

range

of

modelling

approaches

for

conventionalPVinstallationshasbeenestablishedformanyyears,

their

appIicabiIity

to

BIPV

systems

一

which

are

characterised

by

diverse

mounting

configurations,

ventiIation

conditions,

and

architecturaI

integration

一

is

still

insufficiently

documented.

This

reportthereforeinvestigatesthesuitabilityofonecommonlyusedPVsimulationtoolandseveraltemperaturemodelsforBIPVapplications.The

study

is

based

on

the

analysis

of

six

monitored

BIPV

installations

located

in

different

climaticregions,includingfaçade,roof,andwindow-integratedsystems.Electrical

performance

simulationswere

conducted

usingthe

SystemAdvisor

Model

(SAM)

developed

by

NREL,

a

widely

used

open-source

PV

simulation

tool,

and

the

results

were

compared

to

measured

DC

and

AC

power

and

energy

data.In

parallel,

the

performance

of

commonly

appliedPV

temperaturemodels,includingaNOCT-basedapproachandKing’sempiricaI

temperature

model,

was

evaluated

using

measured

module

temperature

data.

The

analysis

alsoconsideredtheoccurrenceofhighoperatingtemperatureswithregard

totherequirements

ofIECTS

63126.The

comparison

between

simulated

and

measured

data

showed

that

SAM

provides

reasonably

accurate

estimatesofthe

annualelectricityyieldfor

BIPV

systems,

particularly

at

theAC

level.

However,

notable

discrepancieswere

observedforshort-term

power

prediction

and

module

temperature

estimation.

The

NOCT-based

temperature

model

exhibited

case-

dependentbiasesand,forsome

installations,

failed

to

capture

the

influence

of

limitedventilation,

façadeintegration,andnon-standardm