英语词汇学课件 chapter 3 growth of English Vocabulary

EnglishLexicologyChapter3TheGrowthoftheEnglishVocabulary–British&AmericanEnglishLexicologyPiontsforThinking1.HowdidEnglishspreadintheworld?2.HowdoyoucommentonthesimilaritiesanddisparitiesamongtheEnglishvarietiesintheworld?3.WhatlexicaldifferencesarefoundbetweenBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish?4.HowdoBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishaffecteachother?5.HowwilltheEnglishlanguagedevelopinthefuture?01WorldEnglishesEnglishLexicologyEnglishLexicologyTheGlocalizationofEnglishTheglocalizedEnglish–Englishtodayhasbeenengagedintwosimultaneousforcesofevolution:becomingmoreglobalandcommoninuseforinternationalcommunication,andabsorbinglocalcharacteristicsfromtheregionthatitcomesto.EnglishLexicology1.1TheSpreadofEnglishThe1ststage(late17thcenturytothe18thcentury):America,Canada,AustraliaandNewZealandwereestablishedasEnglishcolonies.The2ndstage(theIndustrialRevolution,18thand19thcenturies)AdvancesintechnologybroughtagreatamountofnewEnglishwordsintobeing.InexchangeswithBritain,othernationshadtolearnEnglishwellinordertograsptheadvancedtechnologyimportedfromEngland.EnglishLexicology1.1TheSpreadofEnglishThe3rdstage(late19thcenturytotheearly20thcentury)highlightedbythetwoWorldWars.ThemajorforceininternationalizingEnglishcamefromAmerica,whichleapedtoasuperpowerinbotheconomyandpolitics.Atpresent,theUSholds70％oftheEnglishnativespeakersintheworld.The4thstage(sincethelate20thcentury),Thedrivingforce:theAmericaninnovationofinformationtechnology(computer,Internet).EnglishLexicology1.1TheSpreadofEnglishTherearesome75territoriesinwhichEnglishisspokenasamothertongue(329million)oranimportantsecondlanguage(430million).750millionspeakEnglishasaforeignlanguage.Globally,75％ofthewritteninformationisconveyedinEnglish.80％ofthedatastoredincomputersisEnglish;and90％ofthewebpagesarewritteninEnglish.(DavidCrystal2003)EnglishLexicology1.1TheSpreadofEnglishKachru’sthreecirclesofEnglish(1988)theinnercircle:thetraditionalbasesofEnglish,EnglishastheprimarylanguageUSA,UK,Ireland,Canada,Australia,NewZealand;theoutercircle:thenon-Englishcountries,whereEnglishisusedasa“secondlanguage”forinstitutionalpracticesespeciallyineducation,governmentandcultureEnglishLexicology1.1TheSpreadofEnglishtheoutercircle:India,Nigeria,Pakistan,Singapore,SouthAfrica,Zambiaandotherterritoriestheexpandingcircle:Englishistaughtasaforeignlanguage.China,Japan,SouthKorea,Indonesia,Iran,Russia,Greece,PolandandasteadilyincreasingnumberofothernationsEnglishLexicology1.WhatarethepositiveandnegativeconsequencesofthespreadofEnglishtoanexpandingcirclecountrylikeChina?2.WhatisthelatesttrendofthespreadofEnglishinthe21stcentury?TASKEnglishLexicology1.2FeaturesofEnglishasagloballanguage——wordborrowingTheenormousvocabularyofEnglishcomingfromagoodvarietyofsources.SharingacommonancestorwithGerman,Danish,Dutch,SwedishandNorwegian,Englishkeepsmanycognateswiththem.Inaddition,OverhalfofthewordsintheEnglishvocabularyhavetheiroriginsinLatin.EnglishLexicology1.2FeaturesofEnglishasagloballanguage——wordborrowingchipmunk,hominy,moose,raccoon,skunkcomefromtheAmericanIndianlanguages;brandy,cruller,landscape,measles,uproar,wagonfromDutch;

alligator,cargo,contraband,cork,hammock,mosquito,sherry,stampede,tornado,vanillafromSpanish;acme,acrobat,anthology,barometer,catarrh,catastrophe,elastic,magic,tactics,tantalizefromGreek;steppe,vodka,ruble,troika,glasnost,perestroikafromRussian;andcaravan,dervish,divan,khaki,mogul,shawl,sherbet,jasmine,paradise,lemon,lilac,turbanfromPersian.EnglishLexicology1.2FeaturesofEnglishasagloballanguage——wordborrowingHowever,theoriginsoftheborrowingsinEnglishareusuallyignoredbymostofthelanguagelearnersandusers.Togetherwiththatnegligenceistheirlackofawarenessthattheborrowingsshouldhaveaconnectiontotheculturestheycomefrom—amanifestationoftheborderlessidentityoftheEnglishlanguage.EnglishLexicology1.2FeaturesofEnglishasagloballanguageStreetEnglish:

E.g.,airhead(stupidperson),ace(excellent),applesandpears(rhymingslangfor“stairs”),beans(money),biggie(somethingimportant),cakehole(mouth),cheesy(cheap),dickhead(anidiot),grass(marijuana),guts(courage),in(fashionable),ivories(teeth),knock(condemn),kook(peculiarperson),neat(cool,great),partyanimal(someonethatlovesparties),peanuts(verylittlemoney),screwup(tomakeamistake),Educatedspeakerorexaminations(IELTS,TOFEL,CambridgeCAEandCPE):E.g.,aberration(irregularity)，alacrity(smartness)，brusque(impolite)，callous(cruel)，cajole(coax)，deferential(respectful)，deride(mock)，eloquent(silver-tongued/fluent)，embezzle(misappropriate)，erudite(learned)，fractious(angry)，furtive(stealthy)，gratuitous(unnecessary)，haughty(arrogant)，impertinent(rude)，impeccable(perfect).EnglishLexicology1.3EnglishNativizationEnglishkeepsatwo-waycommunicationwiththem.Globally,Englishisformingauniversalstandard;locally,itinteractswithotherlanguagesandtransformsintoaregionaldialect.Englishexpansion=assimilationoftheworld?EnglishLexicology1.3EnglishNativizationForexample:ChinaEnglish,asaregionaldialectofEnglish,seemsfirmlyverifiedbyanincreasingnumberofChineseloanwordsandloantranslation.Earlyborrowedwords:chopstick,chowmein,coolie,dimsum,fengshui,ginkgo,ginseng,kanji,kowtow,longan,lychee,mahjong,sampan,silk,TaiChi,tea,tofu,typhoon,wushu,yinyangEnglishLexicology1.3EnglishNativizationRelativelyrecentones:lovingcareproject,comfortablehousingproject,eight-treasurericepudding,vegetablebasketprogram,issueIOU,returnstudents,kungfufilm,newyear'sfilm,GoldenRoosterAwards,ChinesePeasants’andWorkers’DemocraticParty,NationalPeople’sCongress(NPC),threerepresentstheory,ThreeGorgesProject,ShanghaiCooperationOrganization(SCO),tube-shapedapartment,WesternDevelopment,HopeProject,HongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion,crosstalk,littlesmart,SparkProgram,vanityproject,“Onecountry,twosystems”,OneBeltOneRoad,CommunityofSharedFutureforMankind,Chineseknot,ChinaCompulsoryCertificationEnglishLexicology1.3EnglishNativizationInthe1980sand1990s,aseriesofregionalEnglishdictionarieswerepublished.TheAustralianNationalDictionary(1988)ADictionaryofSouthAfricanEnglishonHistoricalPrinciples(1996)ADictionaryofCaribbeanUsage(1996)TheCanadianOxfordDictionary(2004)TheDictionaryofNewZealandEnglish(1997).EnglishLexicology1.3EnglishNativizationE.g.,IndianEnglishGrammar:76percentoftheIndianspeakers(ofvariousfirstlanguages)“usedindirectquestionsinvolvingpermission,ability,orwillingness,muchlikenativespeakerswoulduse...However,asmanyas20percentusedimperativesordesideratives,reflectingIndianlanguageconventions”(quotedinBurnsandCoffin,2001:19).Vocabulary-wordsfromIndiannativelanguages:jungle,bungalow,punch,shawl,veranda,

etc.EnglishLexicology1.3EnglishNativizationE.g.,IndianEnglishIndianEnglishwordsthatnon-IndianEnglishspeakersprobablyneverencounter:airdash,

whichisusedforsomeonewhoisinahurry;

andbadmash,

anotherwordforahooligan.newmeaningtoexistingwords:e.g.,ifapersonwearsahi-techoutfit,

itdoesnotmeanthattheyareequippedwiththelatestdigitalgadgets.Instead,

ahi-techoutfitstandsforbeingfashionableandmodern.02BritishEnglishEnglishLexicologyBritishEnglishBroadSense:ThelanguageoftheentiretyoftheUnitedKingdom,includingallthevarietiesofthelanguage.NarrowSenseStandardEnglish

usedinBritain,orthemediumoftheupperand(especiallytheprofessional)middleclass.ThisformofEnglishmainlyfollowstheaccentofReceivedPronunciation(RP),thoughanumberofotheraccentscanbeinvolvedaswell.IthasbeenassociatedwiththephrasesoftheQueen'sEnglish,theKing'sEnglish,OxfordEnglishorBBCEnglish.EnglishLexicology2.1DialectsandAccentsSoutherndialectsMidlandsdialectsNortherndialectsScottishEnglish,anddialectsofScotsandUlsterScotsEnglishLexicology2.1DialectsandAccents——ReceivedPronunciation(RP)RPItisnottiedtoanyspecificgeographiclocation.UntiltheWWII,

itwastheexclusivelanguageusedbytheBBC.Inrecentdecades,regionalaccentshaverivaledandwonaseatattheBBC.EstuaryEnglishCombinationofCockneyandRPincharacter.Socialmovement:anupwardoneofsomeCockneyspeakersandadownwardoneofsomemiddle-classspeakers.EnglishLexicology2.1DialectsandAccentsfreshdialectsandaccentsawaveofimmigrationtoBritain,particularlyfromCommonwealthcountriesE.g.,LondonJamaicanorBradfordAsianEnglish.SpeakersofAsianandCaribbeandescenthaveblendedtheirmothertonguespeechpatternswithexistinglocaldialectstoproducenewvarietiesofEnglishEnglishLexicology2.2TheChangingBritishEnglishVocabularyAnglo-SaxonElements–FormstheessentialcoreofeverydayEnglish,encompassingfundamentalwordsforfamily,nature,andbasicactions.Examples:father,mother,hand,heart,day,night,water,earth.FrenchInfluences(Post-1066NormanConquest)–Introducedsophisticatedtermsrelatedtoadministration,religion,military,fashion,art,andcuisine.Examples:government,religion,army,fashion,literature,royal,justice.LatinRoots(Scholarship&Science)–Primarilyenteredthrougheducation,law,medicine,andtheology;dominatesacademicandscientificfields.Examples:education,tuberculosis,civil,technology,crisis,legal,formula.EnglishLexicology2.2TheChangingBritishEnglishVocabularyColonialperiodE.g.,someIndianwordsenteredtheEnglishvocabulary:verandah,pukka,palanquinImmigrationAnotherreasonfortheborrowingofwordsfromnon-Englishlanguages.The20thcenturywitnessedawaveofimmigrantstoBritain,suchasIndians,Pakistanis,Cypriots,theCaribbeans,EastandWestAfricans.E.g.,dashikis,saris,tandoor,feta,pitaEnglishLexicology03AmericanEnglishEnglishLexicologyEnglishVarietiesWhatisAmericanEnglish?——AGlobalLinguaFrancaAmericanEnglish(AmE)orUSEnglishisthemostwidelyspokenvarietyoftheEnglishlanguageintheworld.AccordingtolinguistDavidCrystal(2003),around241millionpeopleintheUSspeakEnglish,comparedwith59millioninGreatBritain.

EnglishLexicology3.1History——TheColonialPeriod(1607-1790)PermanentSettlementsJamestown(1607):America’sfirstpermanentEnglishcolony,foundedbyadiversegroupofEuropeanimmigrantsinVirginia.Mayflower:itbroughttheEnglishPuritanstoMassachusetts.TheyestablishedthesecondpermanentEnglishsettlementPlymouth.03.TheElizabethanEnglishFoundationColonistsspoketheElizabethanEnglish,similartowhatwereadinShakespeare'sworks,aformofEarlyModernEnglish.EnglishLexicology3.1History——TheColonialPeriod(1607-1790)TheAmericanDialectIn1756,theterm“Americandialect”wascoinedbySamuelJohnsonin1756,authoroftheDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage,intendedonlyasaninsult.TheofficialproclamationofthelinguisticindependencewasmadeinTheAmericanSpellingBook

byNoahWebsterin1783.“Asanindependentnation,ourhonorrequiresustohaveasystemofourown,inlanguageaswellasgovernment.”(DissertationsontheEnglishLanguage,1789)EnglishLexicology3.1History——TheNationalExpansionPeriod(1790-1865)WestwardExpansion:ThenewnationpusheditsfrontierstothePacificOcean(LouisianaPurchase,1803;theWarof1812)ImmigrationWaves:SurgesofIrish,German,andItalianimmigrantsbroughtnewvocabulary,phoneticnuances,andculturalidiomsAnAmericanDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguageByNoahWebster,in1828.HestandardizedspellingformswithAmericancharacteristics.E.g.,honor–honour,favor–favour,center–centre.EnglishLexicology3.1History——Post-CivilWarPeriod(1865–Present)AmericanEnglishascendtoglobaldominance.growthofthepopulation→massiveincreaseofmother-tongueuseofEnglishThetwoWorldWarsweakenedBritain’sglobalstature;

the

United

States

rose

to

the

leading

powerintheWest.Itsfastdevelopmentsineconomy,politics,cultureandmoderncommunicationsthrustthecountrytothefrontoftheworldstage.EnglishLexicology3.1History——Post-CivilWarPeriod(1865–Present)AnincreasingnumberofAmericanwordshavebeenacceptedbytheBritish:teenager,commuter,babysitter,striptease,braindrain,brainwash,streamline,miniskirt,hovercraft,campus,kickback,theEstablishment,egghead,stagflation,bluff,blizzard,grapevine,Yuppie.VocabularyVariation3.2DifferencesbetweenAmericanEnglishandBritishEnglishThemostobviousdifferencesbetweenthemareperhapsfoundinvocabulary.Reasons:ThenecessitytonamethethingsorexperiencesthatwereunknowntotheEnglishsettlerswhentheyfirstencounteredtheminAmerica.AdaptingexistingwordsorcreatingnewwordsE.g.,

“corn”,denotesthemostcommongraincropwheatinEnglandbutmaizeinAmerica.VocabularyVariation3.2DifferencesbetweenAmericanEnglishandBritishEnglishthetechnologicalandculturaldevelopments.Trunk(AmE),boot(BrE)Americanprivateschool,theBritishpublicschoolTheinfluencesofotherlanguages:ManylanguageshavecontributedwordstoAmericanEnglish,butnotnecessarilytoBritishEnglish.hickory,hooch,muskiefromAmericanIndians;mesa,tornado,tortillafromSpanish;schmaltz,schlep,schlockfromYiddish.LinguisticchangeswithinoneorbothofthemE.g.,thepastparticipleofget:gotteninAmEvs.gotinmodernBritishEnglish.EnglishLexicology3.2.1DifferencesinWordChoice——DifferentWords,SameMeaningapartmenthomebuyingzeroinstallmentmonkeywrenchtruckmolassesflatresidencepurchasenoughthirespannerlorrytreacleAmEEmceefaucetmufflerrookiesophomorewashclothgeneratorlineBrEcomperetapsilencerfirstyearmembersecondyearstudentface-flannelDynamoqueueEnglishLexicology3.2.1DifferencesinWordChoice——DifferentWords,SameMeaningAmEcallcouchgamegasBrEring/phonesofamatchpetrolSomesynonymouswordsoriginallybelongingtoonevarietyhavealreadyearnedmuchreputationintheother.TransatlanticVocabulary3.2.1DifferencesinWordChoice——SameWord,DifferentMeaningsExamples:Vest:AmE=Asleevelesswaistcoatwornoverashirt;BrE=undershirt.Creek:AmE=Asmall

stream;BrE=AshorelinePressman:AmE=Amanwhooperatesaprintingpress;BrE=newspaperreporter.Subway:AmE=Undergroundurbanrailroad;BrE=Undergroundpedestrialtunnel.Billion:AmE=Athousandmillion;BrE=AmillionmillionEnglishLexicology3.2.1DifferencesinWordChoice——WordsCross-matchinginMeaningThesamewordcanmeandifferentthingsinthevarietiesbutineachvarietyitsmeaningisechoedbyanotherwordintheothervariety.ClassicExample:TheBritish"biscuit"correspondstotheAmerican"cookie", whiletheAmerican"biscuit"issimilartotheBritish"scone“.BrE“pudding”–AmEdessert;AmE“pudding”–BrEcustardBrE“suspender”–AmEgarter;AmE“suspender”–BrEbracesBrE“knickers”–AmEwomen’sunderpants;AmE“knicker”–BrEknickerbockersEnglishLexicology3.2.1DifferencesinWordChoice——SameWord,AdditionalMeaningManyEnglishwordsshareafundamentalmeaningbutdevelopunique,culture-specificconnotationsinAmerican(AmE)andBritish(BrE)contexts.Tube:ahollowcylinderAmE:"television"BrE:"underground"leaderBrE:editorialTomindBrE:tolookaftersleeperAmE:asleepingcar;onethatachievesunexpectedsuccessBrE:asmallearringusedtokeeptheholeinapiercedcaropenEnglishLexicology3.2.1DifferencesinWordChoice——WordsUniquetoOneVarietyWordsrefertosomethingonlyknowninoneoftheEnglishes.E.g.,uniqueenvironmentinAmerica"Prairie,canyon,Everglades,caribou,bayou,sagebrushE.g.,socialandpoliticalinstitutions

AmE:succotash,favoritesonBrE:Yorkshirepudding,backbenchOthers:AmE:bankroll,interstateBrE:wicket,bowler,prince,duke,marquis,count,viscount,baron,knightEnglishLexicology3.2.2DifferencesinSpellingFormsCorePrinciples&Examples:Simplification:ComparativelymorereputedinAmericanEnglish.anesthetic(AmE)–anaesthetic(BrE);ameba–amoeba;fetus–foetus;fagot–faggot;wagon--waggonRegularization:Standardizingsuffixes.color–colour;favor–favour;honor–honour;Center–centre;fiber–fibre;meter–metre.DerivationalUniformity:AligningwithrootwordsAmEdefenselicenseoffensepretensedeflectionInflectionBrEdefencelicenceoffencepretencedeflexioninflexionEnglishLexicology3.2.2DifferencesinSpellingFormsCorePrinciples&Examples:PhoneticReflection:AmEspellingusuallyconformtothepronunciation.Analize(AmE)–analyze(BrE),paralize–paralyze(inAmE)-l

attheendofmulti-syllabicwordisdoubledif:followedbyanendingbeginningwithavowelthefinalsyllableoftherootisstressedandisspelledwithasingle-lettervowelE.g.,rebel/rebelling,compel/compelling,patrol/patroller.Toindicateendstress:fulfill,distill-l

isnotdoubledifthefinalsyllableisnotstressedE.g.,traveled,quarreling,counselorEnglishLexicology3.2.2DifferencesinSpellingFormsOtherExamples:AmericanspellingBritishspellinggrayGreyProgramprogrammetiretyrecafecafébookkeeperbook-keeperashtrayash-tray……04TheFutureofEnglishEnglishLexicologyEnglishLexicologyTheFutureofEnglishNew“Englishes”CanadianEnglishAustralianEnglishNewZealandEnglishIndianEnglish(+Hindu)SouthAfricanEnglishSingaporeEnglish(+Chine