北京市朝阳区某中学2024-2025学年高一下学期期中考试英语试题（解析版）

高级中学名校试卷PAGEPAGE1北京市朝阳区某中学2024-2025学年高一下学期期中英语试题笔试共三部分（100分）第一部分知识运用（共两节，30分）第一节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。TherewasatimewhenIwascertainIcouldneverdeeplyloveananimal.Iknowthisis____1____toadmit.InBritain,anindifference(冷漠)topetsisconsideredafaultonone'scharacter.Mywifewasalso____2____surethatshecouldneverdeeplylovemeifIcouldnotloveanimals.Andatthebeginningofthisyear,theriskincreased.Wewereto____3____acatfromafriendwhohadfallenforawomanwhoisallergic(过敏的)tothem.I____4____—butcoldlyenough,Ifelt,tomakeclearthatIwouldnotberesponsibleforthecreature'supkeep.Iwould____5____thecostofcatfood,ofcourse,butlikeastrictVictorianfatherIwouldavoid____6____entanglement(瓜葛)．However,Hopper-well,IhardlyneedtellyouthatHopperdiffersfromothercats.Eightyearsoldbutslimasakitten.Green-eyedandwhite-socked.Entirelyindependentbutinneedofhuman____7____,too,whenthemoodtakesher.LikeIsaid—unique.Theselastfourmonthshave____8____metospendanunexpectedamountoftimewithHopper.Inmymakeshiftoffice,shesleepsbesideme,meowsatmyfeet,orleapsontomyback.Throughthewindow,IwatchHopperstalk(踱方步)throughthelonggrass,____9____meofawilderworldoutside.Everymorningfeedher;everyeveningweplaywithafeatherstucktoastick.Itisour____10____-theonlypartofmytimetablethathasnotbeenspoiledbythecoronavirus(冠状病毒).Withoutthelockdown,wouldIhaverealizedtheeverydayhappinessacatcanbring?1.A.worthwhile B.shameful C.considerate D.practical2.A.fairly B.rarely C.luckily D.normally3.A.lookinto B.searchfor C.complainof D.takeon4.A.agreed B.denied C.explained D.hesitated5.A.share B.save C.reduce D.divide6.A.spiritual B.emotional C.mental D.physical7.A.company B.nature C.power D.trust8.A.promised B.forbidden C.prepared D.allowed9.A.reminding B.warning C.breaking D.informing10.A.burden B.routine C.mistake D.fortune【答案】1.B2.A3.D4.A5.A6.B7.A8.D9.A10.B【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲的是作者本来很不喜欢小动物，但疫情期间和宠物共度了很久，反而觉得很幸福的故事。【1题详析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我知道承认这一点很丢脸。在英国，对宠物漠不关心被认为是一个人性格上的缺点。A.worthwhile值得的；B.shameful可耻的，不体面的；C.considerate体贴的；D.practical实际的。根据第一段第三句“InBritain,anindifferencetopetsisconsideredafaultonone'scharacter.”（在英国，对宠物漠不关心被认为是一个人性格上的缺点。）可知，对宠物冷漠被认为是性格缺陷，因此此处指“很难以启齿、羞愧”，故选B。【2题详析】考查副词词义辨析。句意：我妻子也很确定，如果我不能爱动物，她永远也不会深深地爱我。A.fairly相当、很；B.rarely很少；C.luckily幸运地；D.normally正常地。空前一句说在英国，对宠物漠不关心被认为是一个人性格上的缺点，此处是进一步说明这个缺点的严重性，妻子也非常确定如果我不能接受宠物，她也不会深爱我。故选A。【3题详析】考查动词短语辨析。句意：我们要收养一只朋友养的猫，她爱上了一个对猫过敏的女人。A.lookinto调查；B.searchfor寻找；C.complainof抱怨；D.takeon呈现，承担，接纳。根据本句“Wewereto

acatfromafriendwhohadfallenforawomanwhoisallergictothem.”可知，这里说是朋友的猫，朋友喜欢的女人对猫过敏可知，应该是他们要接纳一只猫。故选D。【4题详析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：我同意了——但我觉得我的冷淡充分表明，我不负责养这个动物。A.agreed同意；B.denied拒绝；C.explained解释；D.hesitated犹豫。根据空后面的“butcoldlyenough”转折可知，应该是我同意了，但是态度很冷淡。故选A。【5题详析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：当然，我会分担猫粮的费用，但就像一个严格的维多利亚时代的父亲。A.share分享、分担；B.save挽救；C.reduce减少；D.divide分开。根据空后面“butlikeastrictVictorianfatherIwouldavoid

entanglement(瓜葛)．”可知，虽然不喜欢宠物，但考虑到和妻子的关系，为避免不必要的纠葛，我也会一起承担猫粮的费用，故选A。【6题详析】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：我会避免感情纠葛。A.spiritual心灵的；B.emotional情绪的；C.mental精神的；D.physical身体的。根据前面我对收养这只猫的冷漠态度可知，此处应是我不想和猫咪有情感纠葛。故选B。【7题详析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：她完全独立，但心情不好时也需要人陪伴。A.company陪伴，公司；B.nature自然；C.power力量，能力；D.trust信任。根据空前“Entirelyindependentbutinneedofhuman

,too”可知，前面说虽然很独立，此处是说但是在有情绪时也需要人的陪伴。故选A。【8题详析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：过去的四个月里，我和霍普相处的时间出乎意料。A.promised许诺；B.forbidden禁止；C.prepared准备；D.allowed允许。根据第五段第二句“Inmymakeshiftoffice,shesleepsbesideme,meowsatmyfeet,orleapsontomyback.”以及后文的新冠病毒可知，因为疫情所以在家办公，过去四个月让我和它度过了大量的时间。故选D。【9题详析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：透过窗户，我看到霍普在草丛中踱来踱去，让我想起了外面一个更狂野的世界。A.reminding提醒；B.warning警告；C.breaking破坏；D.informing通知。固定搭配remindsb.ofsth.表示“使某人想起”，根据本句“Throughthewindow,IwatchHopperstalk(踱方步)throughthelonggrass,

meofawilderworldoutside.”可知，此处是猫咪在长长的草中踱步，此处应该是使我想到了野外世界。故选A。【10题详析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：这是我们的例行公事，是我的时间表中唯一没有被冠状病毒破坏的部分。A.burden负担；B.routine常规；C.mistake错误；D.fortune运气。根据空前一句“Everymorningfeedher;everyeveningweplaywithafeatherstucktoastick.”（每天早上喂她，每天晚上我们都玩一根插在棍子上的羽毛。）可知，这是我们的日常。故选B。第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。A阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Asyoucansee,thereasonwhyI’mheretotellthestoryis___11___Imadetherightdecision.SometimeafterIlefttheboat,withmybrotherinit,it___12___(put)intothebottomofthewhirlpool.Soonafterthat,thewhirlpoolbecamelesswild.Thentheskywasclear,thewindcalmer,andthemoonwasshining.Iwasstilltiedtothebarrel,andthewavessooncarriedmetoanarea___13___theotherfishermenwere.Intheend,aboatpickedmeup.Iwasverytired.【答案】11.that12.wasput13.where【语篇解读】这是一篇记叙文。讲述了作者因决策正确，在船只沉没后藏身木桶，从漩涡中幸存。风浪平息后，他被海浪推至渔民处，最终获救。【11题详析】考查表语从句。句意：如您所见，我来这里讲述这个故事的原因在于，我做出了正确的决定。空处引导表语从句，从句不缺少成分和句意，故用that引导。故填that。【12题详析】考查时态语态。句意：我离开船一段时间后，我哥哥在船上，船只掉进了漩涡的底部。主语it与谓语构成被动关系，结合上文SometimeafterIlefttheboat可知，应使用一般过去时的被动语态，主语是it，be动词使用was。故填wasput。【13题详析】考查定语从句。句意：我仍然被绑在桶上，随后的海浪很快把我带到了其他渔民所在的区域。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词area，关系词在从句作地点状语，应使用关系副词where引导从句。故填where。B阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。EventhoughTuYouyouisnotinterestedinfame,shehasbecomeascientist___14___workisinternationallyrenowned.In2019,shewasselectedbytheBBCasoneofthemost___15___(influence)figuresofscienceinthe20thcenturyalongwithAlbertEinsteinandAlanMathisonTuring.TuYouyouwasnotedforherbraveryinbeingascientistduringadifficulttimeforscienceinChina,herability___16___(use)oldwisdomandnewmethodstoachievehergoalsandthefactthatherworkbridgedtheEasternandWesternworlds,___17___(save)millionsoflives.【答案】14.whose15.influential16.touse17.saving【语篇解读】这是一篇记叙文。文章介绍了屠呦呦虽淡泊名利但享誉国际，入选英国广播公司20世纪最具影响力科学家。她凭借科研勇气、创新能力及东西方融合的成果拯救了无数生命。【14题详析】考查定语从句。句意：尽管屠呦呦并不追求名利，但她却成为了一位在国际上享有盛誉的科学家。空处引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词scientist，关系词在从句作定语，修饰work，故用whose引导。故填whose。【15题详析】考查形容词。句意：2019年，她被英国广播公司选为20世纪最具影响力的科学人物之一，与阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦和艾伦·麦席森·图灵一同入选。空处修饰名词figures，用形容词influential，作定语。故填influential。【16题详析】考查非谓语动词。句意：屠呦呦因其在中国科学艰难时期坚持科研的勇气、运用古老智慧与新方法实现目标的能力，以及其成果连接东西方并拯救数百万生命的事实而闻名。名词ability后跟动词不定式形式touse，作后置定语。故填touse。【17题详析】考查非谓语动词。句意：屠呦呦因其在中国科学艰难时期坚持科研的勇气、运用古老智慧与新方法实现目标的能力，以及其成果连接东西方并拯救数百万生命的事实而闻名。空处作非谓语动词，此处save与上文句子构成主动关系，故用现在分词作状语。故填saving。C阅读下面短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。TheScreamwaspaintedbyEdvardMunchin1893.___18___makesitstrikingisthatitshowsathinfigurewithanexpressionoffear-thefigure’smouthiswideopenandlettingoutapowerfulscream.Thefigurecovershisorherearsand___19___(look)directlyattheviewer.Thisfigureissetonabridgeaboveadark,stormysea,andagainstaburningorange-redsky.Inhisdiary,Munchtalkedaboutwhatinspiredhim.“I___20___(walk)downtheroadwithtwofriendswhenthesunset;suddenlytheskyturnedasredasblood...Istoodthereshaking.ThenIheardthescreamofnature.”【答案】18.What19.looks20.waswalking【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了蒙克1893年的画作《呐喊》，描述了画中人物惊恐尖叫的形象及背景，并引用画家日记说明创作灵感源于日落时血红天空引发的自然呐喊。【18题详析】考查主语从句。句意：其令人瞩目的之处在于，画面中呈现的是一副瘦弱的身躯，脸上带着恐惧的表情——那人的嘴巴大张着，正发出一声震天的尖叫。空处引导主语从句，从句缺少主语，指物，故用what，句首单词首字母大写。故填What。【19题详析】考查时态。句意：这个形象会捂住自己的耳朵，并直接看向观看者。根据上文Thefigurecovershisorherearsand可知，句子使用一般现在时，主语是thefigure，谓语用第三人称单数形式。故填looks。【20题详析】考查时态。句意：当时我和两个朋友正沿着小路走着，这时太阳落山了；突然天空变得像鲜血一样鲜红……我站在那里瑟瑟发抖。句型was/weredoing...when...意为“正在做……突然……”。根据上下文语境（太阳落山、天空变红），这里描述的是过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。主语是I，be动词使用was。故填waswalking。第二部分阅读理解（共两节，38分）第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AFREEFAMILYDAYPASSNationalTrustLookingfortheperfectdayoutthisMarch?Whetheryoulovepeacefulwoodlandwalks,birdwatching,ordiscoveringnewplacessurroundedbynature,theNationalTrusthassomethingforeveryone.Thankstothisincredibleoffer,youcanenjoyaFREEvisittoaNationalTrustpropertyofyourchoice.Itwillgiveyoutheperfectexcusetogatheryourlovedonesandexplorethegreatoutdoors.Startyouryearbyreconnectingwithnatureandmakingunforgettablememorieswithfamilyandfriends.Don’tmissoutonthiswonderfulopportunitytoexperiencethebeautyofNationalTrustsites—completelyfree!HOWTOCLAIMCutoutthevoucher(代金券)belowandpresentatyourchosenNationalTrustlocation.SomeNationalTrustpropertiesrequireadvancebooking,pleasecheckthepropertywebsiteforfulldetails.Certainplacesareexcluded(排除在外)fromthispromotion,detailscanbefoundatreachforms.co.uk/nationaltrustpass.FREENationalTrustFAMILYPASS1.Thispassissingleuseandiseffectiveoncefromthedateofissuethroughto31December,2025inclusive.2.ThispassallowsfreeadmissionatparticipatingNationalTrustplacesfor2adultsandupto3children,or1adultandupto4children.Adultsareaged18orover;childrenareagedunder17inclusive.3.Thispassisforstandardadmissiononlyandexcludesparking,groupentity,paidtransport,andanypaidevents.4.ThispassiseffectiveatparticipatingNationalTrustplaceswithinadvertisedopeninghours.Openinghoursmaybesubjecttochangeatanytimeandshouldbecheckedat.uk.5.Presentthispasstoreceivefreeadmissionatparticipatingplaces.Passholderswhocannotpresentthepass,orvisitanexcludedplace,willbechargedthefulladmissionprice.6.Onlyonepassperhouseholdwillbepermitted.21.WhatcanpeopleenjoywiththeNationalTrust’soffer?A.Anoutdooractivityclosetonature.B.Abirdwatchingphotographycourse.C.Anexplorationtonationalmuseums.D.Avisittoatreasure-themedexhibition.22.Onecangetfreeadmissionby________.A.purchasingadigitalpassonawebsiteB.showingthevoucherattheselectedsiteC.submittinganapplicationonthewebsiteD.joiningasamemberoftheNationalTrust23.Accordingtothepassage,thepass________.A.allowsfreeentryforasix-personfamilyB.includesfreetransportandparkingC.islimitedtooneperhouseholdD.canbeusedmorethanonce【答案】21.A22.B23.C【语篇解读】这是一篇应用文。主要介绍了英国国民托管组织（NationalTrust）推出的免费家庭日通行证活动。【21题详析】细节理解题。根据第一段中“Whetheryoulovepeacefulwoodlandwalks,birdwatching,ordiscoveringnewplacessurroundedbynature,theNationalTrusthassomethingforeveryone.(无论你是喜欢宁静的林地漫步，观鸟，还是发现被大自然包围的新地方，国民信托都有适合每个人的东西。)”以及第二段中“Itwillgiveyoutheperfectexcusetogatheryourlovedonesandexplorethegreatoutdoors.(它会给你一个完美的借口和你爱的人在一起，去探索伟大的户外。)”可知，人们可以利用国民托管组织（NationalTrust）的这项优惠进行接近自然的户外活动。故选A项。【22题详析】细节理解题。根据HOWTOCLAIM中“Cutoutthevoucher(代金券)belowandpresentatyourchosenNationalTrustlocation.(剪下下面的代金券，并在您选择的国家信托地点出示。)”可知，人们可以通过在选定的国民托管组织的场所出示代金券来获得免费入场资格。故选B项。【23题详析】细节理解题。根据FREENationalTrustFAMILYPASS中“Onlyonepassperhouseholdwillbepermitted.(每户只允许使用一张通行证。)”可知，每户家庭仅允许使用一张通行证，ABD选项均与原文实意不符。故选C项。BForyears,RobynElman,anatureadvocate,hasbeenpassionatelyraisingtheendangeredmonarchbutterfliesinthecozycornerofherbackyard.Shecollectsthebutterflyeggsfromthemilkweedplants—theonlyfoodforthesedelicatecreatures—alongsidethehighways.Eachtimeshegoesonherjourneytothehighways,shehopestheselittleeggs,whichareaspreciousashiddentreasures,willhatch(孵化)intomanybeautifulcreatures.Theywillslowlymakethegroupwhichisgettingsmallergraduallybreathenewlife.Butrealitydestroyedherhopeslastyear.Insteadofbeinggreetedbythegreenmilkweedplants,shewasmetwiththedesolatesightofmowedstubs(修剪过的草茬)anddestroyedeggs.Themilkweedplantshadbeencutdown,andallleftwereshortstubs.Shefeltadeepsenseofloss.“Istherereallynohopeforthesedelicate,flyingcreatures?”shewhisperedtoherself,herheartasheavyasabigpieceoflead.Evenaspainconsumedher,Robynremaineddetermined.Sheteamedupwithothernaturelovers.TheyreachedouttoFrankConiglio,thecity’sdirectorofhighwaymaintenance,urginghimtocutthebutterfliesabreak.Atfirst,Frankwasdoubtful.Hethought,“Howimportantcanthisbe?Whatdifferencewillitmake?It’sjustsomebutterfliesandplants.”ButasRobynandherfriendspouredouttheirworries,andkeptexplainingtheimportanceoftheissue,Frankbegantounderstand.Hefinallyrealised,“Whathappenstothebutterfliesisgoingtohappentous,isn’tit?”,asifalightbulbhadsuddenlyswitchedoninhismind.Frankwenttoworkonstudyingmoreaboutmonarchbutterflies,andfinallyhesupportedtheircause,andtookdecisiveaction.Hestoppedmowingincertainareas,drawinganinvisiblelineofprotection.Sofar,around20patchesofmilkweedplants,likeoasesintheurbandesert,havebeenprotectedacrossthecity.“We’remakingarealdifference,”Franksaidproudly.Thankstotheircombinedefforts,themonarchbutterfliesnowhaveabrighterfuture,andthecity’secosystemisonthepathtopositivetransformation24.Asanatureadvocate,RobynElman________.A.growssomemilkweedinherbackyard B.raisesbutterfliesalongsidethehighwayC.studiesmilkweedandprovesthemvaluable D.collectsbutterflyeggsandhatchesthem25.HowdidRobynfeeluponseeingthemowedstubs?A.Upsetanddisappointed. B.Angryandannoyed.C.Embarrassedandashamed. D.Terrifiedandconfused.26.WhatdidFrankdotohelpprotectthemonarchbutterflies?A.Heraisedtheawarenessofthepublic. B.Heprotectedmilkweedincertainareas.C.Hestudiedthelocalnaturalecosystem. D.Hemovedthebutterfliestoasafeplace.27.Whatcanweconcludefromthispassage?A.Wildlifeconservationtakesabackseattourbandevelopment.B.Governmentpoliciesplayamainroleinwildlifeconservation.C.Commitmentandcooperationcausepositiveecologicaloutcomes.D.Thedamageofhabitatshaslong-termimpactontheecosystem.【答案】24.D25.A26.B27.C【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了自然倡导者RobynElman和其他自然爱好者共同努力保护帝王蝶的故事。【24题详析】细节理解题。根据第一段的“Shecollectsthebutterflyeggsfromthemilkweedplants—theonlyfoodforthesedelicatecreatures—alongsidethehighways.Eachtimeshegoesonherjourneytothehighways,shehopestheselittleeggs,whichareaspreciousashiddentreasures,willhatch(孵化)intomanybeautifulcreatures.(她在高速公路旁的马利筋植物上收集蝴蝶卵——这是这些娇弱生灵唯一的食物。每次踏上前往高速公路的旅程，她都希望这些珍贵如宝藏的小卵能孵化出许多美丽的蝴蝶)”可知，RobynElman作为自然倡导者，会收集帝王蝶的卵并孵化它们。故选D。【25题详析】推理判断题。根据第二段“Butrealitydestroyedherhopeslastyear.Insteadofbeinggreetedbythegreenmilkweedplants,shewasmetwiththedesolatesightofmowedstubs(修剪过的草茬)anddestroyedeggs.Themilkweedplantshadbeencutdown,andallleftwereshortstubs.Shefeltadeepsenseofloss.“Istherereallynohopeforthesedelicate,flyingcreatures?”shewhisperedtoherself,herheartasheavyasabigpieceoflead.(但去年的现实却粉碎了她的希望。迎接她的不再是绿油油的马利筋植物，而是满眼的枯草茬和被毁坏的卵。马利筋植物已被割除，只剩下短短的草茬。她感到深深的失落。“这些娇弱的飞虫真的没有希望了吗？”她喃喃自语，心如铅坠般沉重)”可知，现实摧毁了她的希望，看到被修剪过的草茬和被毁坏的卵，她有一种深深的失落感，心里像铅块一样沉重，由此可推断她感到沮丧和失望。故选A。【26题详析】细节理解题。根据第四段“Frankwenttoworkonstudyingmoreaboutmonarchbutterflies,andfinallyhesupportedtheircause,andtookdecisiveaction.Hestoppedmowingincertainareas,drawinganinvisiblelineofprotection.Sofar,around20patchesofmilkweedplants,likeoasesintheurbandesert,havebeenprotectedacrossthecity.(弗兰克开始着手深入研究帝王蝶，最终他支持了保护帝王蝶的事业，并采取了果断行动。他停止了在某些区域的修剪工作，划出了一条无形的保护线。到目前为止，全市已有大约20块马利筋植物区域得到了保护，宛如城市沙漠中的绿洲)”可知，Frank通过在某些地区停止修剪，保护了马利筋植物，以此来帮助保护帝王蝶。故选B。【27题详析】推理判断题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段“Thankstotheircombinedefforts,themonarchbutterfliesnowhaveabrighterfuture,andthecity’secosystemisonthepathtopositivetransformation.(由于他们的共同努力，帝王蝶现在有了更光明的未来，而城市的生态系统也正朝着积极转变的方向迈进)”可知，Robyn和其他自然爱好者通过努力和合作，成功保护了帝王蝶的栖息地，使帝王蝶有了更光明的未来。由此可知，从文中我们可以总结到“投入和合作能带来积极的生态成果”。故选C。CWhenpeopleviewphotographsoffrighteningspiders,scientistsusuallyobserveincreasedelectricalactivitydeepintheirbrain,inaregioncalledtheperiaqueductalgray(PAG).TheobviousconclusionisthatthePAGcontrolsfight-or-flightresponsesinthreateningsituations.Butwhatifbrainsdon’thavededicatedcircuitsforfightingandflighting?Isthreatdetectionreallyaprimarymodeofthebrainwithitsownneuralcircuitry(神经回路)?Thisideaoffight-or-flightcircuitsoriginatesfromthe“triunebrain”modeldividingbrainsintotheso-calledlizardbrain,includingthePAG,forsurvivalfunctions,the“limbicsystem”foremotions,andthe“neocortex”forhigher-orderreasoning.Ifyouknowanythingaboutevolution,youmightknowthatsomethingisspurious.Theonlyanimalonthisplanetwithalizardbrainisalizard.Also,there’snounifiedlimbic“system”orthe“neocortex”foremotionsorrationality(理性)respectively.Sowheredoesthisleavethefight-or-flightstory?Recently,changesinPAGactivityhavebeenobservedinnonthreateningtasks,suchasreadingafascinatingarticleaboutthebrain.ThePAGhasalsobeenprovedtoregulatebodilysystemscontinuously.Incidentally,thisexplainswhyantianxietymedicationsmanageanxietydisorderswithouthealingthem.Theytargetbraincircuitsthataren’tdedicatedtoanxietyorfight-or-flightbutthatsimplyregulatethebody.Researchesonthebrain’spowersalsocastnewlightonourunderstandings.Indailylife,individualsmightfeelliketheyperceiveandreacttovariousstimuliaseitherthreateningorsafe.Actually,thebrain,usingpastexperiences,skillfullypredictsandformulatesactionplansinanticipationofeventsbeforestimulioccur.Thebrain’spreparatorymechanism,metabolically(新陈代谢地)expensive,involvescomplicatedneuronalactivitiesforsustainingmultiplepredictionsandcorrespondingactionplansoverextendedperiods.Buttheexperiencesinfight-or-flightresponsescraftedbyyourbraindon’trevealhowitworks.Moreover,yourbrain,whichdoesmuchmorethanavoidthreats,handlesacomplexsocialworldfullofuncertainty.That’sarecipeforstress.Andwhatisstress?Itreflectsenergypreparationforanticipatedchallenges.Yourbrainoftenmakessenseofmetaboliccostofuncertainty,ifitdragsonforlongenough,asanxiety,butthat’snotamust.Peopleseekuncertaintyout—anditspositivecousin,novelty—whentheytrynewfoodsorlearnnewskills.Uncertaintyiscommon,butthesedays,withsocialmediaandround-the-clocknewscoverage,itsometimesbombardsusandleavesusanxiousandexhausted.Butthesefeelingsdon’temergefromfight-or-flightcircuits.Theymayjustmean,inaneverchangingandonlypartlypredictableworld,thatyou’redoingsomethinghard.28.TheauthorasksthequestionsinParagraph1to________.A.evaluateastatement B.justifyanassumptionC.challengeanargument D.introduceanewconcept29.Whichdoestheunderlinedword“spurious”inParagraph2probablymean?A.Rare. B.Wrong. C.Limited. D.Unexpected.30.Whatcanweinferfromthispassage?A.Huntingfornoveltyreducesstressandanxiety.B.MedicinetargetingPAGcuresanxietydisorders.C.Uncertaintyisaproductofmodernmediaandnewscycles.D.The“FightorFlight”ideaoverlooksthebrain’spredictivepower.【答案】28.C29.B30.D【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了对“战斗或逃跑”这一大脑反应模式的质疑与新的理解。【28题详析】推理判断题。根据第一段“TheobviousconclusionisthatthePAGcontrolsfight-or-flightresponsesinthreateningsituations.Butwhatifbrainsdon’thavededicatedcircuitsforfightingandflighting?Isthreatdetectionreallyaprimarymodeofthebrainwithitsownneuralcircuitry(神经回路)?(显而易见的结论是，中脑导水管周围灰质（PAG）在威胁情况下控制着战斗或逃跑反应。但是，如果大脑并没有专门用于战斗或逃跑的回路呢？威胁探测真的只是大脑自身神经回路的一种主要模式吗？)”可知，作者在第一段提出问题是为了挑战一个论点，即“战斗或逃跑”反应是否由大脑中的特定回路控制。故选C。【29题详析】词句猜测题。根据第二段“Theonlyanimalonthisplanetwithalizardbrainisalizard.Also,there’snounifiedlimbic‘system’orthe‘neocortex’foremotionsorrationality(理性)respectively.(这个星球上唯一拥有“蜥蜴脑”的动物就是蜥蜴。此外，也不存在分别负责情感或理性的统一“边缘系统”或“新皮层”)”可知，地球上只有蜥蜴有蜥蜴脑，也没有分别用于情感或理性的统一的边缘“系统”或“新皮质”。说明前面提到的“三位一体脑”模型是错误的，所以“spurious”意思是“错误的”。故选B。【30题详析】推理判断题。根据第四段“Indailylife,individualsmightfeelliketheyperceiveandreacttovariousstimuliaseitherthreateningorsafe.Actually,thebrain,usingpastexperiences,skillfullypredictsandformulatesactionplansinanticipationofeventsbeforestimulioccur.(在日常生活中，人们可能会觉得他们对各种刺激的认知和反应，要么是将其视为威胁，要么是视为安全。实际上，大脑会利用过往的经验，在刺激发生之前，巧妙地预测并制定行动计划，以应对即将发生的事件)”可知，“战斗或逃跑”这一观念忽视了大脑的预测能力。大脑利用过去的经验，在刺激发生之前就能熟练地预测并制定行动计划。故选D。DInthefieldwherephilosophyandneuroscienceoverlap,fewquestionshavefascinatedandconfusedhumanityasdeeplyastheconceptoffreewill.Atfirstglance,theideathatwehavethepowertomakechoicesthatarenotpredeterminedseemsintuitive(直觉的).However,acloserexaminationrevealsacomplexwebofphilosophicalargumentsandscientificfindingsthatchallengethisseeminglystraightforwardconcept.Fromaphilosophicalstandpoint,thedebatearoundfreewillhascontinuedintenselyforcenturies.Compatibilistsarguefreewillcancoexistwithdeterminism,aslongasouractionsarearesultofourowndesiresandmotivations.Forexample,choosingamusiccareeroutofpassionisconsideredasafreechoicewithinthisframework.Incontrast,incompatibilistsmaintainfreewillanddeterminismaremutuallyexclusive.Harddeterministsviewtheuniverseasaclosedsystemgovernedbystrictlawsofnature,whereeveryevent,includinghumanactions,ispredetermined.Inthisview,theideaoffreewillisanillusion(幻觉).Neurosciencehasadvancedmarkedlyindecodingthebrain,revealingthatmanyactionsarepreceded(先于)byneuralactivity.Studiesonthebrain’srewardsystemandneurotransmitters,particularlydopamine(多巴胺),furtherchallengethenatureoffreewill.Addictivebehaviors,forinstance,canbestronglyinfluencedbythebrain’sresponsetodopamine.Apersonstrugglingwithaddictionmayfeeltheylackthefreewilltoresistit.Astheirbrainchemistryhasbeenalteredinawaythatforcesthemintoacting.Thescientificevidenceisnotconclusive,though.Somearguethattheneuralactivityobservedbeforeconsciousdecisionsmaynotbethecauseoftheactionbutratherpartofthepreparatoryprocessforadecisionthatisstillfreelymade.Additionally,thecomplexityofthehumanbrainandthefactthatmuchofitsfunctioningisstillnotfullyunderstoodleaveroomforthepossibilityoffreewill.Iffreewillisanillusion,itchallengesourfundamentalnotionsofmoralresponsibility.Wepraiseandblamepeoplefortheiractionsbecausewebelievetheycouldhaveacteddifferently.Howcanweholdindividualsaccountablefortheiractionsiftheywerenevertrulyfreetochooseotherwise?Withoutfreewill,theessentialmoralframeworkofoursocietieswouldcollapseintochaoticindifference.Freewillisonlyanillusionifyouare,too.31.Whichofthefollowingsituationsreflectsthecompatibilists’view?A.Drivenbydopamine,Ikeepcheckinghissocialmedia.B.Lucyspeaksfirstafterbeingrandomlyselectedbysoftware.C.Jerryshiftsbetweencompaniesofsharedbikesbasedondiscounts.D.Exposedtoasuddenblindinglight,Lilyquicklyshutshereyes.32.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?A.Thealteredbrainchemistryenhancesfreewill.B.Consciousdecisionsareindependentofneuralactivities.C.Harddeterministsseefreewillvitaltomoralaccountability.D.Neuroscientists’viewsonthecausesofhumanactionsdiffer.33.Asfortheexistenceoffreewill,theauthoris________.A.positive B.disapproving C.neutral D.doubtful34.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?A.DoesNeuroscienceThreatenFreeWill? B.ExplorationintotheComplexityofFreeWillC.WhytheargumentsAgainstFreeWillFail D.FreeWill:BridgingNeuroscienceandPhilosophy【答案】31.C32.D33.A34.B【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要探讨了自由意志在哲学与神经科学领域的复杂性与争议。【31题详析】推理判断题。根据第二段“Compatibilistsarguefreewillcancoexistwithdeterminism,aslongasouractionsarearesultofourowndesiresandmotivations.Forexample,choosingamusiccareeroutofpassionisconsideredasafreechoicewithinthisframework.(相容论者认为，自由意志可以与决定论共存，只要我们的行为是出于我们自己的欲望和动机。例如，出于热情而选择音乐事业，在这个框架下就被视为一种自由的选择)”可知，兼容论者认为只要我们的行为是自身欲望和动机的结果，自由意志就可以与决定论共存。C选项“Jerry根据折扣在共享单车公司之间转换”符合相容论者的观点，即行为是基于个人欲望和动机的自由选择。故选C。【32题详析】推理判断题。根据第三段“Neurosciencehasadvancedmarkedlyindecodingthebrain,revealingthatmanyactionsarepreceded(先于)byneuralactivity.(神经科学在解码大脑方面取得了显著进展，揭示出许多行为在发生之前都会有神经活动)”和第四段的“Somearguethattheneuralactivityobservedbeforeconsciousdecisionsmaynotbethecauseoftheactionbutratherpartofthepreparatoryprocessforadecisionthatisstillfreelymade.(有些人认为，在做出有意识的决定之前观察到的神经活动可能并非该行为的原因，而是仍为自由做出的决定所做的准备过程的一部分)”可知，神经科学表明很多行为先有神经活动，但有些人认为有意识的决定之前观察到的神经活动可能不是行为的原因，而是自由做出决定的准备过程的一部分。这说明神经科学家对于人类行为的原因存在不同的观点。故选D。【33题详析】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Iffreewillisanillusion,itchallengesourfundamentalnotionsofmoralresponsibility.Wepraiseandblamepeoplefortheiractionsbecausewebelievetheycouldhaveacteddifferently.Howcanweholdindividualsaccountablefortheiractionsiftheywerenevertrulyfreetochooseotherwise?Withoutfreewill,theessentialmoralframeworkofoursocietieswouldcollapseintochaoticindifference.Freewillisonlyanillusionifyouare,too.(如果自由意志是一种幻觉，那么它就会挑战我们关于道德责任的基本观念。我们赞扬或责备他人的行为，是因为我们相信他们本可以做出不同的选择。如果他们从未真正拥有自由选择其他行为的能力，我们又如何能让个人对自己的行为负责呢？没有自由意志，我们社会的基本道德框架将会崩塌，陷入混乱与冷漠。只有当你也认为自由意志是幻觉时，它才真正是幻觉)”可知，作者认为如果自由意志是幻觉，会挑战我们的道德责任观念，没有自由意志社会的道德框架会崩溃，最后说“自由意志只有在你也是幻觉时才是幻觉”，暗示作者认为自由意志是存在的，态度是积极的。故选A。【34题详析】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第一段的“Inthefieldwherephilosophyandneuroscienceoverlap,fewquestionshavefascinatedandconfusedhumanityasdeeplyastheconceptoffreewill.Atfirstglance,theideathatwehavethepowertomakechoicesthatarenotpredeterminedseemsintuitive(直觉的).However,acloserexaminationrevealsacomplexwebofphilosophicalargumentsandscientificfindingsthatchallengethisseeminglystraightforwardconcept.(在哲学与神经科学相交汇的领域，几乎没有哪个问题能像自由意志这一概念那样，既深深吸引着人类，又让人类感到困惑。乍一看，我们拥有做出非预定选择的能力这一想法似乎是直觉上的。然而，更深入的探究揭示了一个由哲学论点和科学发现交织而成的复杂网络，这些论点和发现挑战了这一看似简单的概念)”可知，文章主要探讨了自由意志在哲学与神经科学领域的复杂性与争议，包括相容论者与不相容论者的观点、神经科学对自由意志的挑战以及科学证据的不确定性等。B选项“对自由意志复杂性的探索”最能概括文章的主旨大意。故选B。第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。Expertshavewarnedthatanobsession(痴迷)withheal