TOEFL iBT 全真模拟试题（完整版）

TOEFLiBT全真模拟试题（完整版）考试说明1.本套试题完全贴合新版TOEFLiBT考试题型、时长、难度标准，无改编模板化内容，适配正式考试答题节奏。2.考试总分120分，四大板块分值各30分，整体答题时长约3小时（含短暂休息时间）。3.答题规范：阅读、写作书面作答，听力、口语按照正式考试录音要求作答，口语需保证录音清晰、逻辑连贯。4.本试题为全真模拟专用，题型、选材对标官方真题，适配备考自测、模考训练。Section1:Reading(30minutes,20questions)Directions:TheReadingsectionmeasuresyourabilitytounderstandacademicpassageswritteninEnglish.Youwillreadonepassageandanswerquestionsaboutit.Mostquestionsareworth1point.Thelastquestionofthepassageisworth2points.Passage:TheOriginsofUrbanAgricultureFormostofhumanhistory,foodproductionhasbeencenteredinruralareas,wherelargetractsoffertilelandandaccesstofreshwatermadecropcultivationandlivestockrearingfeasible.Cities,bycontrast,werelongviewedascentersoftrade,governance,andcraftsmanship,entirelydependentonruralfoodsupplies.Inthepasttwocenturies,however,rapidurbanization,populationgrowth,andshiftingenvironmentalconcernshavespurredtherevivalofurbanagriculture—thepracticeofgrowingfoodwithincityboundaries.Urbanfarmingisnotamoderninvention.Archaeologicalevidenceconfirmsthatancientcivilizations,includingtheRomanEmpireandancientChinesecity-states,maintainedsmall-scaleurbangardens.InmedievalEuropeantowns,residentsgrewvegetablesandherbsinbackyardplotstosupplementmarketpurchases.Theseearlyurbanagriculturalpracticesweredrivenprimarilybynecessity:foodtransportationwasslowandunreliable,andcitymarketsoftenlackedfreshproduce,especiallyduringharshseasons.ThedeclineoftraditionalurbanagriculturebeganwiththeIndustrialRevolution.Newtransportationsystems,includingrailroadsandsteam-poweredshipping,allowedruralfarmerstodelivermassivequantitiesoffoodtourbancentersatlowcost.Citiesexpandedrapidly,andopenlandwasconvertedintofactories,residentialbuildings,andpublicinfrastructure.Urbanresidentsgraduallyabandonedhomegardening,relyingentirelyoncommercialfoodsupplychains.Foroveracentury,urbanfoodproductionwaswidelyregardedasinefficientandunnecessary.Arenewedinterestinurbanagricultureemergedinthelate20thcentury,fueledbyaseriesofsocialandenvironmentalcrises.First,growingpublicawarenessofenvironmentaldegradationhighlightedtheecologicalcostsoflong-distancefoodtransportation,commonlyreferredtoas“foodmiles.”Long-haulshippingandtruckinggeneratelargeamountsofcarbonemissions,contributingtoglobalwarmingandairpollution.Localurbanfarmingdrasticallyreducestheseemissionswhileminimizingfoodwastefromlong-termstorageandtransit.Second,urbanagricultureaddressescriticalsocialissuesinmoderncities.Manydenselypopulatedurbanneighborhoodssufferfrom“fooddeserts”—areaswithoutaccesstoaffordable,fresh,nutritiousfood.Supermarketssellingfreshfruitsandvegetablesarescarceintheseregions,leavingresidentsdependentonconveniencestoresthatstockmostlyprocessedfoods.Communitygardensandurbanfarmsprovidelocalresidentswithfreeorlow-costfreshproduce,improvingpublichealthandreducingratesofdiet-relatedillnesses.Third,urbangreenspacescreatedbyagriculturalprojectsimproveurbanlivingenvironments.Concrete-dominatedcitylandscapesoftensufferfromtheurbanheatislandeffect,wherebuiltsurfacesabsorbandretainheat,raisingcitytemperaturessignificantlyhigherthansurroundingruralareas.Vegetationfromurbanfarmscoolstheair,absorbsdustandpollutants,andsupportssmallurbanwildlife,enhancingurbanbiodiversity.Despiteitsnumerousbenefits,modernurbanagriculturefacessignificantlimitations.Mosturbanlandisprivatelyownedordesignatedforcommercialandresidentialuse,leavinglimitedspaceforlarge-scalefarming.Soilqualityincitiesisoftenpoor,contaminatedbyindustrialwaste,heavymetals,andconstructiondebris,requiringcostlytreatmentbeforecultivation.Inaddition,inconsistentmunicipalpoliciescreatebarriersforurbanfarmers;somecitiesrestricturbangardeningonpublicland,whileotherslackformalregulationstosupportcommunityfarmprojects.Evenwiththesechallenges,urbanagriculturecontinuestoexpandglobally.Innovativetechniquessuchasverticalfarming,rooftopgardening,andcontainerfarminghavesolvedmanyspaceconstraints,allowingfoodproductioninhigh-riseurbanareas.Ascitiesprioritizesustainabledevelopmentandpublicwell-being,urbanagriculturehasevolvedfromasupplementaryfoodsourceintoakeycomponentofmoderneco-friendlyurbanplanning.ReadingQuestions1.Accordingtoparagraph1,whatcausedtherebirthofurbanagricultureinmoderntimes?A.ThedeclineofruralagriculturalproductivityB.Urbanization,populationgrowthandenvironmentalawarenessC.ThefailureofglobalfoodtradesystemsD.Governmentmandatesforsustainablecitydevelopment2.Theword“spurred”inparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto:A.preventedB.inspiredC.replacedD.explained3.Whydidancientandmedievalcitiespracticeurbanagriculture?A.TodevelopcommercialfoodtradeB.DuetounreliablefoodtransportationandlimitedfreshmarketproduceC.ToimproveurbanecologicalenvironmentsD.Becauseruralfarmlandwasinsufficient4.Accordingtoparagraph3,theIndustrialRevolutionledtowhichofthefollowingchanges?A.UrbanlandwaspreservedforagriculturaluseB.Long-distancefooddeliverybecamecheapandefficientC.UrbanresidentsbegantovaluehomegardeningD.Foodsupplychainsbecamelessstable5.Thephrase“foodmiles”inparagraph4refersto:A.ThedistancefoodtravelsfromproducerstoconsumersB.ThecarbonfootprintoffoodproductionC.ThestoragetimeofcommercialfoodD.Thecostofurbanfoodsales6.Accordingtoparagraph5,“fooddeserts”areurbanareaswhere:A.NaturalvegetationcannotgrowduetopollutionB.Fresh,affordablenutritiousfoodishardtoaccessC.ConveniencestoresarecompletelyabsentD.Diet-relateddiseasesareextremelyrare7.Whatisoneenvironmentalbenefitofurbanagriculturementionedinparagraph6?A.IteliminatesindustrialpollutionincitiesB.ItreducestheurbanheatislandeffectC.ItincreasesruralfarmlandefficiencyD.Itrestoresendangeredwildlifespecies8.Accordingtoparagraph7,whichofthefollowingisamajorproblemformodernurbanagriculture?A.ExcessivegovernmentfinancialsupportB.High-qualityurbansoilthatovergrowscropsC.LimitedavailablelandandpoorsoilqualityD.Lackofmodernfarmingtechniques9.Theword“constraints”inparagraph8isclosestinmeaningto:A.advantagesB.restrictionsC.methodsD.goals10.Whichofthefollowingistrueofmodernurbanagricultureaccordingtothelastparagraph?A.IthasbecomeanimportantpartofsustainableurbanplanningB.IthascompletelyreplacedruralfoodsupplyC.ItisonlypopularindevelopedcountriesD.ItnolongerfacesanypracticalchallengesParagraphSummaryQuestion(2points)Anintroductorysentenceforasummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasofthepassage.Urbanagriculture,apracticewithancientroots,hasbeenrevivedinmoderncitiesduetomultiplesocialandenvironmentalfactors,despiteexistingchallenges.AnswerChoices:A.Ancientandmedievalcitiesreliedonsmall-scaleurbangardeningtomakeupforinsufficientcommercialfoodsupplies.B.TheIndustrialRevolutioncausedurbanagriculturetodeclineaslong-distancefoodtransportationbecameconvenientandcheap.C.Modernurbanagricultureoffersenvironmental,socialandpublichealthbenefitsforcitydwellers.D.Modernurbanfarmingislimitedbylandshortages,poorsoilqualityandimperfectpolicies,butnewtechniquespromoteitsdevelopment.E.Urbanagriculturecancompletelysolvetheproblemofurbanfooddesertsandenvironmentalpollution.F.Ruralagricultureisnolongeressentialformodernurbanfoodsupplysystems.Section2:Listening(模拟考试形式：音频题型+书面题干，附答题要求)Directions:TheListeningsectionmeasuresyourabilitytounderstandconversationsandlecturesinEnglish.Intheofficialtest,youwilllistentoaudiorecordingsandanswerquestions.Belowisthe完整书面模拟题库（适配无音频自测，题干、选项、题型完全对标真题），包含1CampusConversation+2AcademicLectures，共17题。Conversation:CampusFacilityReservationScenario:Astudenttalkstoauniversityfacilityadministratoraboutreservingacampusgardenspaceforastudentfarmingclub.ConversationScript（可直接用于听力自测）Student:Excuseme,I’mfromthecampussustainablefarmingclub.I’mheretoaskaboutreservingthesmallcommunitygardenplotbehindthestudentcenterforthissemester.Administrator:Sure.First,doyouhaveyourclub’sofficialregistrationcertificate?Allstudentorganizationsneedtoprovidevalidregistrationdocumentstoapplyforcampuspublicspace.Student:Yes,Ibroughtaprintedcopy.Weregisteredatthebeginningofthesemester.Administrator:Great.Thegardenplotisopenforstudentclubuse,butthereareafewrules.First,youcanonlyusethespacefrom7a.m.to8p.m.everyday,noovernightactivities.Second,yourclubmusttakefullresponsibilityforcleaningandmaintenance.Youneedtoremoveweeds,waterplantsregularly,andkeeptheareatidy.Student:Noproblem.We’vemadeaweeklydutyscheduleforclubmembers.Wealsoplantogrowseasonalvegetablesanddonatepartoftheharvesttothecampusfoodbankforstudentsinneed.Administrator:That’sawonderfulplan.Onemorething:lastyear,someclubsleftabandonedplantpotsandtoolsinthegarden,whichcausedsafetyhazards.Sothissemester,allclubsmuststoretoolsinthedesignatedstoragecabinetandclearallwastebeforetheendofeachmonth.Student:Wetotallyunderstand.We’vepreparedstorageboxesandcleaningsuppliesalready.Bytheway,canwesetupasmallwoodenshelftoplaceplantseedsandgardeningtools?Administrator:Smallmovableshelvesareallowed,butfixedinstallationslikenailsorbracketsonthegroundorwallsareprohibited.Youalsoneedtosubmitasimpleactivityplanwithinthreeworkingdays,includingyourplantingscheduleandmemberdutyarrangement.Student:Okay,I’llfinishandsubmititassoonaspossible.Howlongisthereservationvalidfor?Administrator:Thereservationlastsforonesemester.Ifyouwanttorenewitnextsemester,youneedtosubmitanewapplicationtwoweeksbeforethesemesterends.Student:Thankyousomuchforyourhelp!ConversationQuestions(5questions)1.Whatisthestudent’smainpurposeofvisitingtheadministrator?A.ToapplyforjoiningthecampussustainablefarmingclubB.ToreserveacampusgardenspaceforclubactivitiesC.ToaskfordonationchannelsforvegetablesD.Toreportsafetyhazardsinthecampusgarden2.Whatdocumentdoesthestudentneedtoprovide?A.PersonalstudentIDcardB.ClubregistrationcertificateC.SemesteractivitytranscriptD.Maintenancecommitmentform3.Whatproblemhappenedinthecampusgardenlastyear?A.NostudentclubsusedthegardenspaceB.AbandonedtoolsandpotscausedsafetyrisksC.PlantsfailedtogrowduetopoorsoilqualityD.Theopeningtimeofthegardenwastoolimited4.Whatisforbiddeninthegardenarea?A.UsingmovablestorageshelvesB.InstallingfixedwallorgroundfacilitiesC.DonatingharvestedvegetablesD.Carryingoutdaytimeplantingactivities5.Howlongisthereservationvalid?A.OnemonthB.OnesemesterC.OneacademicyearD.TwoweeksLecture1:EnvironmentalScience(6questions)LectureTheme:TheEcologicalFunctionsofUrbanGreenInfrastructureKeyLecturePointsUrbangreeninfrastructureincludesparks,communitygardens,roadsidevegetationandrooftopgreeningsystems.Unliketraditionalartificialinfrastructuresuchasroadsandbuildings,greeninfrastructureprovidesmultipleecologicalandsocialbenefitsforcities.Thefirstcorefunctionisclimateregulation.Urbanvegetationabsorbssolarradiation,reducessurfacetemperature,andalleviatestheurbanheatislandeffect.Studiesshowthatgreen-coveredurbanareashaveanaveragetemperature2-3degreesCelsiuslowerthanfullybuilt-upareas.Second,greeninfrastructureimprovesurbanairquality.Plantleavesabsorbcarbondioxide,dustandharmfulairborneparticles,andreleaseoxygenthroughphotosynthesis.Somespecificplantscanevenabsorbtoxicgasesgeneratedbyurbantrafficandindustrialactivities.Third,itoptimizesurbanwatercirculation.Greensoilandvegetationcanretainrainwater,reduceurbansurfacerunoff,andrelievethepressureofurbandrainagesystems,effectivelypreventingurbanwaterlogginginrainyseasons.Inadditiontoecologicalbenefits,greeninfrastructurealsoimprovesresidents’mentalhealthandqualityoflife.Psychologicalresearchindicatesthatregularcontactwithnaturalgreenenvironmentsreducesstress,anxietyandfatigue,andimprovesworkandstudyefficiency.However,urbangreeninfrastructureconstructionfaceschallenges.Limitedurbanlandleadstohighconstructioncosts,andunreasonableplantselectionmaycauseecologicalproblems,suchasinvasiveplantspeciesthatoccupylocalbiologicalresources.Lecture1Questions1.Whatisthemaintopicofthelecture?A.HowtoreduceurbanconstructioncostsB.FunctionsandchallengesofurbangreeninfrastructureC.ThedifferencesbetweenurbanandruralvegetationD.Thecausesofurbanwaterlogging2.Whattemperaturedifferencecanurbangreenareascreatecomparedwithbuilt-upareas?A.1-2degreesCelsiusB.2-3degreesCelsiusC.3-4degreesCelsiusD.4-5degreesCelsius3.WhichofthefollowingisNOTanecologicalbenefitofgreeninfrastructure?A.RegulatingurbanclimateB.ImprovingairqualityC.IncreasingurbantrafficefficiencyD.Optimizingrainwatercirculation4.Howdoesgreeninfrastructurebenefitpeople’smentalhealth?A.ItprovidesspacesforcommercialactivitiesB.ItreducesstressandimprovesmentalstateC.IthelpspeopleexerciseprofessionallyD.Iteliminatesurbannoisecompletely5.Whatchallengedoesurbangreeninfrastructureface?A.ExcessiveurbanlandforgreeningB.LowpublicacceptanceC.HighconstructioncostandimproperplantselectionD.Toomanyinvasivelocalplantspecies6.Whatcanbeinferredabouttraditionalurbaninfrastructure?A.IthasnoecologicalregulatoryfunctionsB.ItismoreexpensivethangreeninfrastructureC.ItcanreplacegreeninfrastructuregraduallyD.ItisfavoredbyenvironmentalscientistsLecture2:Sociology(6questions)LectureTheme:CommunityParticipationinUrbanPublicProjectsKeyLecturePointsUrbanpublicconstructionprojects,suchascommunitygardens,urbanparksandpublicfitnessfacilities,aredesignedtoservelocalresidents.Inthepast,urbanplanningwasdominatedentirelybygovernmentprofessionalteams,withlittlepublicparticipation.Inrecentdecades,sociologistshaveemphasizedtheimportanceofcommunityparticipationinurbanpublicprojects.First,publicparticipationmakesurbanprojectsmorepractical.Localresidentsarethedirectusersofpublicfacilities,andtheyknowtheactualneedsofthecommunitybetterthanprofessionalplanners.Forexample,incommunitygardenconstruction,residentscanputforwardtargetedsuggestionsonplantingspacedivisionandfacilitylayout,avoidingimpracticalprofessionaldesignschemes.Second,communityparticipationenhancesresidents’senseofbelongingandresponsibility.Whenresidentstakepartinthedesign,constructionandmaintenanceofpublicprojects,theyaremorewillingtoprotectpublicfacilitiesandactivelyparticipateincommunityenvironmentalmanagement,reducingpublicresourcedamageandwaste.However,communityparticipationalsohaslimitations.Ordinaryresidentslackprofessionalurbanplanningknowledge,andexcessivepublicparticipationmayleadtoinconsistentopinions,prolongprojectprogressandincreaseconstructiondifficulty.Inaddition,someresidentsonlyfocusonpersonalinterests,ignoringtheoveralldevelopmentofthecommunity,whichmaycauseconflictsinpublicprojectconstruction.Therefore,theoptimalmodelisthecombinationofprofessionalplanningandpublicparticipation.Professionalteamsprovidetechnicalsupportandoverallplanning,whileresidentsofferpracticaldemandfeedback,ensuringthaturbanpublicprojectsarebothscientificandpeople-oriented.Lecture2Questions1.Whatisthelecturemainlyabout?A.ThehistoryofurbanpublicfacilityconstructionB.BenefitsandlimitationsofcommunityparticipationinurbanprojectsC.HowresidentspursuepersonalinterestsincommunityconstructionD.Thedisadvantagesofprofessionalurbanplanning2.Whatwasthefeatureofpasturbanplanning?A.FullyledbylocalresidentsB.DominatedbygovernmentprofessionalteamsC.CombiningpublicopinionsandprofessionaltechnologyD.Focusingonlong-termcommunitydevelopment3.Whydoespublicparticipationmakeprojectsmorepractical?A.ResidentshavemoreprofessionalplanningknowledgeB.ResidentsunderstandlocalactualneedsbetterC.PublicparticipationcanreduceconstructioncostD.Publicopinionsarealwaysmorescientific4.Whatpositiveeffectdoescommunityparticipationbringtoresidents?A.HighersenseofcommunitybelongingB.MorepersonalpublicresourcesC.ProfessionalurbanplanningskillsD.Absolutecontrolovercommunityprojects5.Whichofthefollowingisadisadvantageofexcessivepublicparticipation?A.ProjectsmayprogressslowlyduetoinconsistentopinionsB.ProfessionalteamswilllosetheirjobsC.PublicfacilitieswillbecomeuselessD.Communityresidentswilllosepersonalinterests6.Whatisthespeaker’sattitudetowardsthebesturbanplanningmodel?A.FullyrelyonprofessionalplannersB.CompletelyopentopublicparticipationC.CombineprofessionaltechnologyandpublicparticipationD.SuspendpublicparticipationtoensureefficiencySection3:Speaking(4tasks,17minutestotal)Directions:TheSpeakingsectionmeasuresyourabilitytospeakclearlyandcoherentlyonavarietyoftopics,includingfamiliarpersonaltopicsandacademiccampustopics.Followtheofficialtimerulesforeachtaskpreparationandresponse.Task1:IndependentSpeaking(PersonalPreference)Question:Somepeopleprefertogrowplantsanddogardeningintheirfreetime,whileothersprefertodoindoorsedentaryactivitieslikereadingandwatchingmovies.Whichdoyouprefer,andwhy?Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.TimeRule:Preparation:15seconds|Response:45secondsTask2:IndependentSpeaking(Campus&SocialIssue)Question:Someuniversitiesplantoreduceclassroomlecturetimeandincreasestudents’independentstudytime.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththisplan?Explainyouropinionwithspecificdetails.TimeRule:Preparation:15seconds|Response:45secondsTask3:IntegratedSpeaking(CampusAnnouncement+Conversation)CampusAnnouncementTheuniversityplanstolaunchaCampusUrbanFarmingProgramnextsemester.Theschoolwilltransformtheidleopenspacenearthedormitoryareaintostudentcommunitygardens.Allregisteredstudentclubsandindividualstudentscanapplyforfreeplantingplots.Theschoolwillprovidefreegardeningtoolsandplantseeds,andorganizeregularagriculturalknowledgelectures.Theuniversitybelievesthisprogramcanenrichstudents’after-schoollifeandimprovethecampusecologicalenvironment.StudentConversationAttitude:Thefemalestudentstronglysupportstheplan.Reasons1.Thedormitoryarealacksgreenspaces,andtheidleopenspaceiscurrentlymessyandunused.Thefarmingprogramcanbeautifythecampusandmakethelivingenvironmentmorecomfortable.2.Studentshavefewdiverseafter-schoolactivities.Theprogramprovidesapracticaloutdooractivityoption,allowingstudentstorelaxfromheavyacademicpressureandlearnpracticalgardeningskills.Question:Thewomanexpressesheropinionabouttheuniversity’snewprogram.Stateheropinionandexplainthereasonsshegivesforholdingthatopinion.TimeRule:Preparation:30seconds|Response:60secondsTask4:IntegratedSpeaking(AcademicConcept+Lecture)AcademicTerm:LocalizedEnvironmentalAdaptationDefinition:Localizedenvironmentaladaptationreferstothephenomenonthatorganismsgraduallyadjusttheirgrowthhabitsandphysiologicalcharacteristicstoadapttothelocallivingenvironmentafterlong-termsurvivalinaspecificregion,soastoimprovetheirsurvivalandreproductionrate.LectureExampleTheprofessorusesurbanplantsasanexample.Thesamekindofwildgrassgrowsdifferentlyinruralandurbanareas.Ruralwildgrassesgrowtallanddensetocompeteforsunlightinopenfields.Incontrast,urbanwildgrassesgrowshorterandhavemoredispersedleaves.Urbanspacesarecrowdedwithbuildingsandpedestrians,andtallgrassesareeasytobetrampledorremovedbypeople.Afterlong-termadaptation,urbanwildgrassesgrowshorter,whichhelpsthemavoidartificialdamageandsurvivebetterinurbanenvironments.Question:Explaintheconceptoflocalizedenvironmentaladaptationusingtheexamplegivenbytheprofessor.TimeRule:Preparation:30seconds|Response:60secondsSection4:Writing(2tasks,50minutestotal)Directions:TheWritingsectionmeasuresyourabilitytowriteacademicEnglishessays.Youwillcompleteoneintegratedwritingtaskandoneindependentwritingtask.Task1:IntegratedWriting(20minutes)ReadingPassage(3paragraphs)Manypeoplearguethaturbanagricultureshouldnotbewidelypromotedinmoderncities,forthreemainreasons.First,urbanfarminghasextremelylowproductionefficiency.Urbanplantingspaceisscatteredandlimited,andurbansoilandwaterconditionsarefarworsethanruralfarmland.Urbanfarmscanonlyproduceasmallamountoffood,whichcannoteffectivelysupplementtheurbanfoodsupply,makingitmeaninglessforlarge-scalepromotion.Second,urbanagriculturemaycausepotentialurbanen