口蹄疫防控战略 近东区域路线图（2026–2030 年）

FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations

Foot-and-mouthdisease

preventionandcontrolstrategy

MiddleEastregionalroadmap

2026-2030

FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations

Foot-and-mouthdisease

preventionandcontrolstrategy

MiddleEastregionalroadmap

2026-2030

Foot-and-mouthdisease

preventionandcontrolstrategy

MiddleEastregionalroadmap

2026–2030

FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsRome,2026

Requiredcitation:

FAO.2026.Foot-and-mouthdiseasepreventionandcontrolstrategy–MiddleEastregionalroadmap2026–2030.Rome.

/10.4060/ce1664en

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iii

Contents

Acknowledgements iv

Abbreviations v

Introduction 1

SocialandeconomicimpactofFMDintheregion 2

FactorsintheregionthatfavorthecontrolofFMD 2

BenefitsofimprovedFMDcontrol 3

ChallengesinFMDcontrolintheMiddleEast 3

WhyanFMDregionalstrategyfortheMiddleEast? 4

RoleoftheregionalstrategyforFMDcontrol 4

TheRegionalFMDStrategyfortheMiddleEast 5

Vision,Goal,ObjectivesandOutcomes 6

Vision 6

Goal 6

Objectives 6

Expectedoutcomes 6

Strategicframework: 6

Outcome1:Strengthenedregionalcoordinationandcollaboration 8

Outcome2:GreatercapacityforFMDpreventionandcontrol 10

Outcome3:ImprovedunderstandingofFMDanditscontrol 12

Governancestructure 14

StrategyLogicandMonitoringandEvaluation 15

CostingofFMDRegionalStrategyfortheMiddleEast(5-YearPeriod) 16

References 17

Annex-I:StrategicFrameworkTable 18

Annex-II:LogicalFrameworkandIndicators 21

iv

Acknowledgements

Thedevelopmentofthefoot-and-mouthdisease(FMD)preventionandcontrolfortheMiddleEastregionalroadmapistheresultofthevaluablecontributionsandcollectiveexpertiseofmanyregionalandinternationalorganizationsandmembercountries.ThestrategybenefitedsubstantiallyfromdeliberationsheldduringtheMiddleEastregionalroadmapMeeting(April2025)convenedundertheauspicesoftheGlobalFrameworkfortheProgressiveControlofTransboundaryAnimalDiseases(GF-TADs),aswellasfromconsultationswithcountriesintheregionfacilitatedbytheFAORegionalOfficefortheNearEastandNorthAfrica.

Adedicatedtaskforce,comprisingrepresentativesoftheFAORegionalOfficeforNearEastandNorthAfrica(RNE),theArabOrganizationforAgriculturalDevelopment(AOAD),theChairoftheMiddleEastRegionalAdvisoryGroup(RAG)forFMD,andtheEuropeanCommissionfortheControlofFoot-and-MouthDisease(EuFMD),providedstrategicleadershipinguidingthedevelopingandvalidationofthestrategy.Consultationswereconductedattheinitial,intermediate,andfinalstagesoftheprocessandengagedabroadrangeofstakeholders,includingChiefVeterinaryOfficers/WOAHdelegatesrepresentingnationalveterinaryservices,nationalFMDfocalpoints,representativesofregionaleconomiccommunities,theprivatesector,internationalreferencelaboratories,andtechnicalexpertsfromFAOandWOAH.Theirconstructiveinputsandsustainedengagementwereinstrumentalinshapingarobustandregionallyownedstrategy.

v

Abbreviations

AAHN

ArabAnimalHealthNetwork

AOAD

ArabOrganizationforAgriculturalDevelopment

CVO

ChiefVeterinaryOfficer

FAO

FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations

FMD

foot-and-mouthdisease

FMDV

foot-and-mouthdiseasevirus

GCC

GulfCooperationCouncil

GF-TADs

GlobalFrameworkforTransboundaryAnimalDiseases

IEC

Information,educationandcommunication

LMT

FAO’sLaboratoryMappingTool

MandE

monitoringandevaluation

NGOs

non-governmentalorganizations

PCP-FMD

progressivecontrolpathwayforfoot-and-mouthdisease

PMP-TAB

progressivemanagementpathwayforterrestrialanimalbiosecurity

POC

Pointofcontact

PPP

public-privatepartnership

PPR

pestedespetitsruminants

PVS

WOAH’sPerformanceofVeterinaryServicestool

SET

FAO’sSurveillanceEvaluationTool

TADs

TransboundaryAnimalDiseases

VS

VeterinaryService

WOAH

WorldOrganisationforAnimalHealth

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Introduction

LivestockplaysacrucialroleintheeconomiesandculturesoftheMiddleEast,contributingsignificantlytofoodsecurity,trade,andtraditionalpractices.Economically,livestocksuchassheep,goats,camels,andcattlesupportrurallivelihoodsbyprovidingmeat,milk,wool,andhides,whichareessentialforbothlocalconsumptionandexport.Manycountriesrelyonlivestockproductionforincomegeneration,whilethegrowingdemandformeatanddairyproductshasledtoinvestmentsinmodernfarmingtechniques.Additionally,livestockcontributestotheregion’seconomythroughtrade,particularlyintheexportofliveanimalsandprocessedgoodstoneighbouringmarkets(FAO,2021).

LivestockiscentraltoreligiousandsocialtraditionsintheMiddleEast,suchastheannualEidal-Adhafestival,wheremillionsofanimalsaresacrificedinaccordancewithIslamiccustoms.Furthermore,thepracticeofpastoralismandthebreedingofspecificlivestockbreedshasbeenpasseddownthroughgenerations,preservingtheregion’sheritageandreinforcingcommunitybonds(Al-DahashandAl-Juboori,2020).

Transboundaryanimaldiseases(TADs)aremajorthreatstoeconomies,disruptingtrade,livelihoods,andfoodsecurity,particularlyinregionsliketheMiddleEast,wherelivestockplaysacrucialrole.Thesehighlycontagiousdiseases,suchasfoot-and-mouthdisease(FMD),pestedespetitsruminants(PPR),andriftvalleyfever,canspreadrapidlyacrossborders,leadingtosevereeconomiclossesasaresultofdecreasedlivestockproductivity,increasedmortalityrates,andrestrictionsonthemovementofanimalsandanimalproducts.Countriesheavilyreliantonlivestockexportsfacesignificantfinancialsetbackswhenoutbreaksoccur,asinternationaltradebansandimportrestrictionsareimposedtopreventfurtherspread.Pastoralistandruralcommunities,whoselivelihoodsdependonlivestock,areparticularlyaffected,facingdevastatingincomelosses,foodshortages,andincreasedvulnerabilitytopovertyintheeventofthespreadofsuchdiseases.Effectivediseasesurveillance,vaccinationprograms,andregionalcooperationareessentialtomitigatingtheimpactofTADsandensuringthestabilityofthelivestocksectorintheMiddleEast.

TheMiddleEastFMDroadmapregion1belongstotheFMDvirus(FMDV)pools3and4.FMDisendemicinallcontinentalcountriesoftheMiddleEastwithfourdifferentFMDVserotypescirculatingintheregion(O,A,Asia1,SAT2).Allcountriesintheregionareengaged,atvariouslevels,intheimplementationoftheProgressiveControlPathwayforFMD(PCP-FMD),aninitiativeoftheGlobalFMDControlStrategy,toreduceoreliminateFMDVcirculation.

AsofJune2025,twocountries(QatarandKuwait)intheregionareatprovisionalPCP-FMDStage3,sixcountries(Bahrain,Iraq,Lebanon,Oman,theSyrianArabRepublicandtheUnitedArabEmirates)areatprovisionalPCP-FMDStage2,fourcountries(Egypt,Jordan,Palestine,andSaudiArabia)areatStage2,onecountry(Libya)isatprovisionalstage1,andthePCP-FMDstatusofonecountry(Yemen)hasnotyetbeenassessed.Eachcountry’sPCP-FMDstagereflectsnationalunderstandingoftheepidemiologyofFMDandthestatusofactivemonitoringfortransmissionpathways,inadditiontothestatusandeffectivenessofthecontrolprogram,andthelevelofimplementationofactivitiesconductedtomitigatethediseaseriskandreducevirustransmissioninthesusceptibledomesticanimalpopulation.

TheepidemiologyofFMDisverydynamicwithseverallineagesthreateningtheregion.Thedistributionoflineagesisevolvingwithnewpatternsandantigenicvariants,whichimpactstheselectionofvaccinestrains.StrainswithintheO/ME-SA/PanAsia-2andA/ASIA/Iran-05lineagescontinuetobeathreat.ThemostrecentemerginglineagesintheregionincludeA/ASIA/G-VIIandO/ME-SA/Ind2001

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withmultipleescapesseenfromtheIndiansubcontinentwithlongdistancetrans-poolmovementsobserved.O/MESA/SA-2018recentlybeendetectedinIran,TürkiyeandPalestine.Alsothreateningtheregionarevirusesfromsub-SaharanAfrica(EastandCentralAfrica),illustratedbytherecentincursionsofserotypeSAT2,O/EA-3,A/AFRICA/G-IVandSAT1.

SocialandeconomicimpactofFMDintheregion

Theimpactoffootandmouthdiseasehastwomajorcomponents:directlossesduetoareductioninproductionandchangesinherdstructure;andindirectlossesthatrelatetothesignificantcostsofFMDcontrolandmanagement,andtherestrictionofaccesstomarketsandlimiteduseofimprovedproductiontechnologies.

StudiesandreportsthatestimatethesocialandeconomicimpactofFMDintheMiddleEastregionarelacking.However,theannualfinancialimpactofFMDwasestimatedgloballyin2012aspartoftheGlobalFMDControlStrategy,andthereportedimpactonMiddleEastwasUSD87157897,takingintoconsiderationonlydirectimpactsplusthecostofvaccines,andthereforeconstitutingonlyafractionofthetrueannualimpact.

TheimpactoftheincursionoftheexoticserotypeFMDSAT2intheNearEastandwestEurasiawasreviewedrecently.ThemedianpotentialcostforthefivescenariosrangedfromUSD3.6billiontoUSD6.5billion(FAO,2023).TheproductionlossesintherecentSAT2outbreakinJordanwereestimatedtobeUSD49.3million,resultingfroma30percentreductioninmilkproduction(ProMED,2023).

FactorsintheregionthatfavourthecontrolofFMD

SeveralfactorsintheMiddleEastregionfavourthecontrolofFMD.Firstly,therehasbeennotableprogressinsomecountriesalongthePCP-FMD,indicatingagrowingcapacitytomanageandmitigatethedisease.Asaresult,themainanimalmobilityroutesandtheprimaryrisksofFMDintroductionarewell-known,allowingfortargetedinterventionsandpreventivemeasures.Theavailabilityofregionalvaccinemanufacturersfurthersupportsthiseffort,ensuringthateffectivevaccinesareaccessibletocountrieswithintheregion.

Nationalandregionalsanitarymeasuresarealreadyaddressingcross-borderissues,andexistingarrangementsforcross-bordercoordinationfacilitatecooperationamongneighboringcountries.Bilateralprotocolsandpriorapprovalandexportcertificationmeasuresareinplace,alongwithplannedactionstoaddressillegalimportations.Theseprotocolshelpmaintaincontroloverthemovementofanimalsandanimalproducts,reducingtheriskofFMDspread.

Theexistingtradeandtransportinfrastructure,includingregulatedtraderoutesandportsintheUnitedArabEmiratesandSaudiArabia,enforcesanitarymeasuresthatmitigatetherisksassociatedwithinformaltrade.Additionally,certainareas,suchasthosewithintheGulfCooperationCouncil(GCC),haveestablishedanimalquarantinemanuals,providingclearguidelinesformanaginganimalhealthandpreventingdiseasetransmissionaswellasaGCCguidanceplansforanimaldiseasecontrolbasedoninternationalrecommendationsandguidelines.

Climateandenvironmentalfactorsalsoplayarole;thearidclimatesinpartsoftheregion,suchastheGulfstates,limitthesurvivalofFMDintheenvironment,therebyreducingtransmissionrates.Regionaleconomicpowerandrobustfundingmechanisms,particularlyinGCCnationslikeSaudiArabiaandtheUnitedArabofEmirates,providefinancingforcross-borderinitiativesandcancontributetoenhancingcontrolinneighboringcountriesandreducingrisksintheregion.

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BenefitsofimprovedFMDcontrol

ImprovedcontrolofFMDintheMiddleEastoffersnumerousbenefitsthatextendacrossvarioussectors.Firstly,reducingdiseaseoutbreaksleadstoimprovedlivestockproductivity,strengtheningrurallivelihoods.Bypreventinglivestocklossesandstabilizingincomeforfarmers,improvedFMDcontrolhelpssecuretheeconomicwell-beingofruralcommunities.Protectingthedairyandmeatproductionsectorsensuresstablefoodsupplies,whichisessentialforfoodsecurityintheregion.

Enhancedmarketaccessisanothersignificantbenefit,asreducingtraderestrictionsandimprovingcompliancewithinternationalstandardsopensnewopportunitiesforregionalstakeholders.Additionally,advancementsinFMDcontrolcanattractforeigninvestmentfrominternationalorganizations,supportingbroaderagriculturaldevelopmenteffortsandfosteringeconomicgrowth.

Supportingclimatetargetsisalsoakeyadvantage,aspromotingsustainablelivestockproductionhelpsmitigatetheenvironmentalimpactofagriculture.Minimizingrelianceonantimicrobialuse(AMU)isanotherimportantbenefit,asithelpscombatantimicrobialresistance,agrowingglobalhealthconcern.

Throughstrengthenedregionalbiosecurityandinfrastructure,emergencypreparednessandresponsetoothertransboundarydiseases,suchasPPR,sheeppox,andgoatpox,willalsobeenhanced.Thisreduceseconomicandhealthdisruptions,ensuringgreaterstability.Further,strengthenedveterinaryservices,capableofcontrollingFMDaswellasotherlivestockdiseasesoftradeandzoonoticimportance,contributetothe‘OneHealth’approach,whichrecognizestheinterconnectednessofhuman,animal,andenvironmentalhealth.

ChallengesinFMDcontrolintheMiddleEast

AttemptingtocontrolFMDintheMiddleEastpresentsseveralsignificantchallenges.Firstly,thelackofresourcesinsomecountrieshamperstheirabilitytoeffectivelymanageandcontrolthedisease.Thereisapressingneedtostrengthensurveillanceandinformationsharing,biosecuritymeasures,andlaboratorycapacitytoensuretimelydetectionandresponsetoFMDoutbreaks.

Theavailabilityandaccessibilityofhigh-qualityandeffectivevaccinesisinadequate,leadingtolimitedvaccinationcoverageacrosstheregion.Thisgapinvaccinationeffortsmakesitdifficulttoachievewidespreadimmunityamonglivestockpopulations.

Unregulatedbordersandinformaltradeposeanotherchallenge,astheyfacilitatetheuncontrolledmovementofanimalsandanimalproducts,increasingtheriskofFMDtransmission.Socio-economicfactorsdriveinformaltrade,makingitdifficulttoenforceregulationsandmaintainbiosecuritystandards.Theabsenceofacommonregionalstrategyresultsinfragmentedapproachestodiseasecontrol.HarmonizedprotocolsforsafeanimalmovementsandtradeareessentialinpreventingthespreadofFMD,butthesearecurrentlylacking.

InsufficientpoliticalcommitmentfurthercomplicatesFMDcontrolefforts.Withoutstrongpoliticalsupport,itischallengingtoprioritizeandallocateresourcesfordiseasemanagement.Lackofcommunityengagementalsohindersprogress,aslocalpopulationsmaynotbefullyawareoftheimportanceofFMDcontrolmeasuresormayresisttheirimplementation.

PoliticalinstabilityandconflictinpartsoftheregiondisrupteffortstocontrolFMD,makingitdifficulttoestablishandmaintaineffectivediseasemanagementsystemsandmayaffectthesafetyofthelivestockvaluechain,aswellasinternationaltrade,asmostMEcountriesareimporters.Additionally,theimpactsofclimatechange,suchasextremeweathereventsandchangingenvironmentalconditions,canexacerbatethespreadofFMDandcomplicatecontrolmeasures.

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WhyanFMDregionalstrategyfortheMiddleEast?

AregionalstrategyforFMDintheMiddleEastprovidesaframeworkforcountriestoworktogethertoachievelong-termFMDcontrol.FMDhasbeenidentifiedasaprioritydiseaseintheregion,yetprogressincontrollingithasbeenslow.ThetransboundarynatureofFMDnecessitatesacoordinatedapproachthattranscendsnationalborders.SuccessfulcontrolofFMDinotherregions,suchasinEuropeandSouthAmerica,hasdemonstratedtheeffectivenessofregionalstrategies.

SeveralactivitiesaimedatimprovingFMDcontrolareparticularlywell-suitedforregionalaction.Theseincludeinformationsharing,whichallowscountriestolearnfromeachother’sexperiencesandbestpractices.Aregionalapproachisnecessarytoleveragethebenefitsofcoordinatedregionalaction.Thisisrelevantineffortstoimprovetheavailabilityofeffectivevaccines,asvaccinesmustbetailoredtoregionalviralthreats.Buildingcapacityintheregionisalsovital,asitstrengthensoverallabilitytomanageandcontrolthedisease.

AdvocacyandresourcemobilizationarecrucialtosecurethenecessaryinvestmenttoprogresswithFMDcontrol.Thisshouldbeprioritizedinregionalforums,ensuringthatthediseasereceivestheattentionandfundingitrequiresforcontrol.Harmonizedmeasurestailoredtotheregion,suchasmovementcontrolsandbiosecurityprotocols,canhelppreventthespreadofFMDacrossborders.Finally,researchtofillkeyregionalknowledgegapsisessentialfordevelopingnewstrategiesandtechnologiestocombatFMDeffectivelyintheMiddleEast.

RoleoftheregionalstrategyforFMDcontrol

TheregionalstrategyfortheMiddleEastroadmapprovidesabridgebetweentheglobalFMDstrategyandthenationalFMDcontrolplans,andalignswithotherregional/sub-regionalinitiativesforthepreventionandcontrolofTADs.TheregionalFMDcontrolstrategyensurescoordinatedandeffectivediseasemanagementacrossmultiplecountries.Itsprimaryroleistosupportnationalstrategiesbyprovidingguidance,technicalexpertise,andresourcestohelpcountriesimplementtheirownFMDcontrolplans.Byfosteringcollaborationamongneighbouringnations,theregionalstrategyfacilitatescross-bordercoordination,addressingchallengessuchasdiseasespread,livestockmovement,andtradebarriersthroughimprovedinformationsharingandjointinitiatives.

Additionally,theregionalstrategyworkstodevelopstandardizedpoliciesandprotocols,ensuringconsistencyinvaccinationprograms,surveillancesystems,andoutbreakresponses.Establishingregionalstandardsenhancesdiseasecontrolefforts,strengthenstradeopportunities,andalignsnationalactionswithglobalobjectives.Furthermore,thestrategypromotescapacitybuildingandresourcemobilization,encouraginginvestmentinveterinaryservices,diagnosticlaboratories,andbiosecuritymeasures.Byintegratingtheseelements,awell-structuredregionalstrategystrengthensFMDcontrolefforts,reducesthediseaseburden,andcontributestothelong-termsustainabilityofthelivestocksectorintheMiddleEast.

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TheRegionalFMDstrategyfortheMiddleEast

ThereiscurrentlynoregionalFMDstrategyintheMiddleEast.FMDishighlycontagiousandcanspreadlongdistancesthroughthemovementofanimalsandtheirproducts.ThecontrolofFMDrequiresaregionallycoordinatedapproachgivenitstransboundarynature.ItisnotablethatareaswhereFMDcontrolhasbeensuccessful,suchasEuropeandSouthAmerica,haveemployedaregionalapproach.AcoordinatedapproachallowsforthelimitedresourcesavailableforFMDcontroltobeusedsynergisticallytoensuremaximumimpactincontrollingthedisease.

TheregionalstrategyprovidesaframeworktoguideactionsandactivitiestooptimizesupporttocountriestoimplementtheirnationalFMDstrategies.WhilemostmeasurestopreventandcontrolFMDwillbeundertakenbyindividualcountries,regional-levelactorshaveanimportantparttoplayinbuildingandsharingtheinformationandknowledgeneededtocontrolFMD,enhancingregionalcapacitiesandcapabilities,andfacilitatingcoordinationandpartnerships(Figure1).

Furthermore,itshouldbenotedthattheregionalstrategyandactivitieswithinwillnotonlyimprovecontrolandreducetheimpactofFMDbutisalsoexpectedtostimulateprogressinstrengtheninglivestocksystemsfortheoverallcontrolofothermajorTADs.

ThisdocumentoutlinestheFMDcontrolstrategyfortheMiddleEastwhichisdesignedtoguideregionaleffortsincontrollingthediseaseeffectively.

Figure1:Interrelationshipbetweenglobal,regionalandnationalFMDstrategies

Regionalstrategy

»Supportcountriesinimplementingtheirnationalstrategies

»Facilitatecross-borderissues

»Develop/harmonizestandardsand

procedures

implementation

measurestoreduceFMDrisk

(PCP-FMD,PVS)

»Toolsandguidelines

»Countrystrategy

(RAP,RBSP,OCP)

Nationalstrategy

Globalstrategy

»Developand

»Frameworks

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Vision,goal,objectivesandoutcomes

Vision

CirculationofFMDisreducedandnewincursionsofFMDVarequicklycontrolledandcontrolplansfortheeradicationofthediseaseareendorsed.Theregiondisplaysstrengtheneddiseasecontrolsystemsandregionalcooperation,andsustainablepracticessupportaresilientlivestocksector,improvemarketaccess,andprotectlivelihoodswhilealigningwithglobalanimalhealthandtradestandards.

Goal

»ReducetheriskandimpactofFMDintheMiddleEastwhileensuringthesafetradeoflivestockandlivestockproductsoverthenextfiveyears(2026–2030)

»VeterinaryservicesintheMiddleEastFMDroadmapcountriesarebetterpreparedtocontrolFMDandrespondtotheintroductionofexoticFMDVstrainsthroughawareness,continuousriskassessment,riskmitigationmeasures,contingencyplanningandsimulationexercises

Objectives

1.Establisharegionalcoordinationandcollaborationframeworktoenablerisk-based,efficient,andeffectiveFMDpreventionandcontrol.

2.ImprovethecapacityofcountriestopreventandcontrolFMD.

3.EnhancestakeholderknowledgeaboutFMDtransmission,risks,preventionandcontroltoinformevidence-basedpoliciesandadaptiveFMDcontrolstrategies.

Expectedoutcomes

Aneffectiveimplementationofthestrategywillresultin:

1.strengthenedregionalcoordinationandcollaboration;

2.greatercapacityforFMDpreventionandcontrol;and

3.improvedunderstandingofFMDanditscontrol.

Strategicframework

Theexpectedoutcomeswillbeachievedviathreestrands