P32026德国充电成功率CSR报告用户视角关键指标

P3

CHARGINGSUCCESSRATE

CHARGINGSUCCESSRATE(CSR)

Keymetricmeasuringthesuccessrateofchargingsessionsfromtheuserperspective

Authors(P3):LukasSchriewer,RafaelDulinski

Co-authors(NationalCentreforChargingInfrastructure):RonHemmerling,MaikSchumacherP3incooperationwiththeNationalCentreforChargingInfrastructure

Osnabrück/Berlin,24March2026

二LEITSTELLE

NationalCentre

forChargingInfrastructure

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CHARGINGSUCCESSRATE

TableofContents

1.StatusQuo2

1.1.PubliccharginginGermany:Transitionfromtheearlyadopter

markettotheearlymassmarket2

1.2.Morethanjustuptime:Whyuserexperiencerequiresnew

metrics3

1.3.Technicalavailabilityvs.actualchargingsuccess:Insightsfrom

practicalexperience(P3fieldtests)4

2.ChargingSuccessRate(CSR)–Concept6

3.ChargingSuccessRate(CSR)–KPIDefinition8

3.1.ChargingSuccessRate(CSR)8

3.2.AuthenticationSuccessRate(ASR)11

3.3.TransactionSuccessRate(TSR)12

4.SummaryandOutlook14

ListofAbbreviations16

AuthorsofthisPaper17

Contact18

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1.StatusQuo

1.1.PubliccharginginGermany:Transitionfromtheearlyadopter

markettotheearlymassmarket

Iftheramp-upofelectricmobilityand,withit,anationwidetransitiontoclimate-neutralmobilityaretosucceed,auser-friendlyandfullyfunctioningcharginginfrastructureecosystemisimportant.ElectricmobilityhasreachedasignificantscaleinGermany:

around2millionbatteryelectricvehiclesarenowonGermanroads(asof01/2026;source:KBA).Thisprogressnotonlymarksthesuccessoftechnologicalinnovationsandpoliticalsupportmeasuresbutalsorepresentsasignificantmilestoneinthetransformationofthemobilitysector.

Alongsidetheincreaseinelectricvehicles,theavailabilityofcharginginfrastructureisalsodevelopingdynamically.Alonghighways,mainroads,andinurbanareasattheroadside,thenumberofpubliclyaccessiblechargingpointshasrisentoaround187,000inGermany(asof12January2026;source:Bundesnetzagentur.de).Publiclyaccessiblecharginginfrastructureiscomplementedbyprivateandsemi‑private(non‑publiclyaccessible)charginginfrastructureatretailsites,parkingfacilities,workplacesandresidentiallocations.Thisdiversityofcharginginfrastructureisessentialtoaddressdifferentchargingneedsandtoensurecomprehensivecoverage.

TheGermanelectricmobilitymarketisenteringadecisivephaseforthesuccessfultransitionfromearlyadoptertoearlymassmarket.Theinternallycommissionedproject“ChargingInfrastructureintheMassMarket”oftheNationalCentreforChargingInfrastructure,carriedoutbyUSCALEonthebasisofthe“PublicChargingStudy”of2024,hasonceagainclearlyshownthatchargingproblemsarenotuncommon.Problemsinclude,amongotherthings,difficultiesinstartingthechargingtransactionaswellasinterruptionsduringthechargingtransaction.Aselectricmobilitytransitionsintothemassmarket,requirementsforuser-friendlinessand,inparticular,forthereliabilityofthecharginginfrastructureareincreasing.Tobuildtrustamongnewusergroupsandincreaseacceptance,charginginfrastructureinGermanymustnotonlybewidelyavailable,butalsotechnicallyreliable,intuitivetouse,andtransparentlyaccessible.

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1.2.Morethanjustuptime:Whyuserexperiencerequiresnew

metrics

Technicalavailability(oftenreferredtoas“uptime”)hasbecomeanestablishedindicatorforassessingreliabilityinthecharginginfrastructureindustry.InEuropeanfundingprogrammesaswellasinnationalregulations,targetvaluesof97%to99%uptime(source:ChargeUpEurope–Understanding“Uptime”intheEVChargingIndustry:TowardsaCommonMethodology,09/2024)areincreasinglybecomingstandard.

Despitethewidespreaduseof“uptime”,thereisstillnouniform,cross‑countrydefinitionorcalculationlogicfortheuptimeKPI.Themethodsusedcanvarydependingontheproviderandsystem,makingcomparisonsdifficultandlimitingitsinformativevalue.

Moreover,uptimefocusesexclusivelyonthetechnicaloperationalreadinessofthecharginginfrastructure.Itdoesnottakeintoaccountwhetherachargingattemptcanactuallybecarriedoutsuccessfullyfromtheuser’sperspective.Incertaincases,achargingstationisclassifiedasfullyavailableeventhoughthechargingtransactioncannotbestarted,forexampleduetointeroperabilityissuesbetweentheelectricvehicle,thechargingstation,ortheChargePointOperator(CPO)backendsystem.

Thisdiscrepancybetweentechnicalavailabilityandactualusabilityisnotcapturedbytheuptimemetric.Ananalysisofmorethan20,000in‑fieldchargingtestsinEuropeshowsthatthesuccessrateofchargingsessionsfromauserperspectiveoverthepast24monthswasonlybetween80%and86%–significantlybelowtheidealisedvalueof99%(source:Power2DriveEuropeConference2024,P3,ImportanceofInteroperabilityforReliabilityofPublicHigh-PowerCharging).

Tocomprehensivelyassesstheactualuser-friendlinessandreliabilityofcharginginfrastructure,awiderperspectiveisrequired.Beyondtechnicalavailability,theevaluationmustconsidertheentireuserinteractionatthechargingstation–fromthesuccessfulstarttothesuccessfulcompletionofachargingsession.

P3

1.3.Technicalavailabilityvs.actualchargingsuccess:Insightsfrom

CHARGINOSUCCESSRATE

practicalexperience(P3fieldtests)

Ananalysisofchargingnetworkdata(source:CHARGINGRADAR)showsthatin2025theaveragetechnicalavailability(uptime)ofpublicDCchargingpointsinGermanywas96.2%.Whilethisvalueisacceptable,itneverthelessindicatesconsiderablepotentialforoptimisation.Inthenextstep,basedonthechargingnetworkdata,aninitialapproximationofchargingsuccessalreadyrevealsacleardifference.The“shareofregularsessions”measuredhereassesseschargingsuccessas"conspicuouslyshortchargingduration"andarrivesatanaverageresultof93.7%.Thismeansthataround6.3%ofchargingsessionsendnoticeablyearly(<4minutes),indicatingalikelyerror(source:P3).

WhilesomeCPOsstruggletoachieve“uptime”valuesabove98%,theshareofsuccessfullycompletedchargingsessions(measuredbychargingduration:"shareofregularsessions")isgenerallyevenlower.

Uptime[%]

Shareofregularsessions[%]

98.298.098.398.6982

96.997.0

94.7

93.7

Market

Figurel:Average"uptime"andshareofregularsessions”ofselectedCPOsintheGermanmarketin20251%](source:P3,ownillustration)

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Inadditiontotheanalysisofchargingnetworkdata,extensivedataonthesuccessrateofchargingsessionsfromtheuserperspectivewascollectedthroughfieldtestsoveraperiodoffiveyears(source:P3).Basedonmorethan20,000CCS2chargingattemptsinEurope(>80differentEVmodels,>100CCS2chargingstationmodels,>80CPOs),thefollowingbecomesevident:

■Thesuccessrateofchargingsessionsfromtheuserperspectiveissignificantlybelowtheuptimelevel.

■In2025,oneinsevenchargingattemptsfailedfromtheusersperspective.

Althoughthisratehasimprovedsignificantlysince2021(from49%to86%in2025),mostfailedattemptsstilloccurbeforetheactualstartofthechargingtransaction.

Failedchargingattempt

Successfulchargingattempt

Whilesuchinsightshavesofarprimarilybeengainedthroughcomplexfieldtests,theycaninfuturealsobederivedfromOpenChargePointProtocol(OCPP)datausingtheChargingSuccessRate(CSR).TheaimisforCPOstoadoptthisstandardiseddefinitioninordertocreateanindustry-wide,user-orientedbenchmark.Byapplyingacommonmethodology,servicequalitycanbeassessedobjectively,benchmarkscanbeestablished,andimprovementmeasurescanbederivedinatargetedmanner.

14%

20%

28%

37%

51%

80%

72%

63%

49%

86%

20212022202320242025

Figure2:Fieldtestresultsofpublicchargingattemptsfromtheuserperspective,CCS2inEurope(source:P3,ownillustration)

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2.ChargingSuccessRate(CSR)–Concept

Theuserjourneyinpublicchargingbeginswiththesearchforandselectionofasuitablechargingpoint.Userscanchoosebetweendifferentlocations,poweroutputlevels(NCP:Normalchargingpoint;FCP:Fastchargingpoint;HPC:High‑powerchargingpoint),CPOs,andpricingmodels.Selectionisusuallymadeviamobileapps,navigationsystems,oronlineplatforms.Afterarrivingatthechargingstation,thechargingsessionisstartedthroughauthentication–suchasviamobileapp,chargingRFIDcard,debit/creditcard,orautomaticallyviaPlug&Charge.Theelectricvehicleisthenconnected,andthechargingtransactionbegins.Duringthechargingtransaction,usersreceiveinformationonprogressandchargingpoweroutput.Oncethechargingtransactioniscomplete,theprocessisterminated,thechargingconnectorisunlockedandremoved.Billingishandleddigitally,forexampleviamobileapporemail,andincludesanoverviewofconsumptionandcosts.

BEFOREARRIVAL

Choosingalocation&gettingthere

SearchParking

CHARGINGATTEMPT

Authentication,EV-EVSEhandshake,authorisation

Start:Pluginthecableandauthenticate

AFTERUSE

Billing

CHARGINGTRANSACTION

ElectricitysupplyuptotargetSoC

MonitorEnd/unplugReceiveinvoice

EVSEUSER

EVSEAuthoriseHandshakeChargingtransactionChargingtransaction

statusEV&EVSEstartsends

Figure3:“Userjourney”inpubliccharging(source:P3,ownillustration)

TheKPI“uptime”focusesonthetechnicalavailabilityofthecharginginfrastructureandthusprimarilyreflectstheprerequisitesforitsuse.Itisanecessaryconditionforachargingsession(combinationofachargingattemptandthecorrespondingchargingtransaction),butitisnotsufficienttoassessactualchargingsuccessfromtheuser’sperspective.

InadditiontotheKPI“uptime,”themetric“ShareofRegularSessions”isalsofrequentlyusedinthecharginginfrastructureindustrytoassessthequalityofchargingsessions.However,thismetricevaluateschargingqualitysolelyonthebasisofchargingduration:veryshortsessions(<4minutes)indicateerrors.Themetricreflectsusagepatterns,butonitsownhaslimitedexplanatorypower.

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Foramorecomprehensiveandpreciseassessment,acomplementaryuser-centricKPIisrequired:the“ChargingSuccessRate”(CSR).Itcapturesthecompleteprocessofusingachargingstation–fromauthenticationandcommunicationsetupbetweenthevehicleandthechargingstation,throughanuninterruptedchargingtransaction,toreachingthedesiredchargingstate(stateofcharge,chargingduration,andchargingpoweroutput).Onlybycombiningtechnicalanduser-relatedmetricscantheactualqualityandreliabilityofcharginginfrastructureberealisticallyassessed.

BEFOREARRIVAL

Choosingalocation&gettingthere

CHARGINGTRANSACTION

ElectricitysupplyuptotargetSoC

AFTERUSE

Billing

MonitorEnd/unplugReceiveinvoice

EVSEAuthoriseHandshakeChargingtransactionChargingtransaction

statusEV&EVSEstartsends

Shareofregularsessions

Uptime

CHARGINGATTEMPT

Authentication,EV-EVSEhandshake,authorisation

Start:Pluginthecableandauthenticate

Search

Parking

KPIEVSEUSER

NEWINDUSTRY

KPISET

ChargingSuccessRate(CSR)

Figure4:KPI“ChargingSuccessRate”formeasuringthesuccessrateofchargingsessionsfromtheuser’sperspective(source:P3,ownillustration)

TomeasuretheChargingSuccessRate(CSR),thecommunicationprotocolOCPP(version1.6orhigher)isused,whichisregardedasthedefactostandardforcommunicationbetweenthechargingstation(EVSE)andtheCPO’sbackendsystem.OCPPtransmitsalloperatingstatesofthechargingpointsaswellasthechargingstationasawholeinrealtime,thusenablingaprecisederivationoftechnicalandoperationalbehaviourthroughoutthechargingsession.WiththerecognitionofOCPP2.0.1asanofficialIECstandard(IEC63584)inOctober2024,theprotocolwasfurtherformalisedandinternationallystandardised,confirmingtheroleofOCPPastheglobalcommunicationstandardforcharginginfrastructure.

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3.ChargingSuccessRate(CSR)

–KPIDefinition

CHARGINGSUCCESSRATE

BEFOREARRIVAL

Choosingalocation&gettingthere

CHARGINGTRANSACTION

ElectricitysupplyuptotargetSoC

AFTERUSE

Billing

CHARGINGATTEMPT

Authentication,EV-EVSEhandshake,authorisation

EVSEAuthoriseHandshakeChargingtransactionChargingtransaction

statusEV&EVSEstartsends

TransactionSuccessRate

(TSR)

EVSEUSER

KPICSR

AuthenticationSuccessRate

(ASR)

NEW

ChargingSuccessRate(CSR)

End/unplugReceiveinvoice

Monitor

SearchParking

Start:Pluginthecableandauthenticate

Figure5:BreakdownofCSRintothesub-KPIs“AuthenticationSuccessRate”and“TransactionSuccessRate”(source:P3,ownillustration)

TodeterminetheChargingSuccessRate(3.1),twoadditionalkeyfigures(sub‑KPIs)relevanttoasuccessfulchargingsessionarerequired:

■“AuthenticationSuccessRate(ASR)”(3.2)

■“TransactionSuccessRate(TSR)”(3.3)

3.1.ChargingSuccessRate(CSR)

Chargingsuccessisdefinedasthepercentageofchargingattemptsthatsuccessfullystartachargingtransaction(i.e.,thechargingstationbeginsdeliveringelectricitytotheelectricvehicle)andsubsequentlycompletethatchargingtransactionsuccessfully.

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Thismetricmeasurestheshareofallchargingattemptscarriedoutbyallusersoveradefinedperiodoftimethatmeetthefollowingcriteria:

1.Successfulstart–Thechargingattemptwasauthorisedandthechargingtransactionwassuccessfullystarted.

2.Error-freecompletion–Thechargingtransactionwascompletedwithouterrorsthatwouldhaveunexpectedlyinterruptedorterminatedthechargingtransaction.

3.Smoothunplugging–Theuserwasabletounplugtheelectricvehiclewithoutrequiringmanualinterventiontounlocktheconnectorfromtheelectricvehicle.

TheKPI“ChargingSuccessRate”(CSR),expressedasapercentage,referstoanindividualchargingpointatachargingstation,andcanbemeasuredbyaggregatingindividualchargingpointsatstationandsitelevelaswellasacrosstheentirechargingnetwork.

FormulaforcalculatingtheChargingSuccessRate:

Note:Onlychargingattemptsthatwereactuallystartedcanbesuccessfullycompleted.ToassesstheCSR,theOCPPstatusofthechargingpointisanalysed.Forachargingsessiontobeconsideredsuccessful,thechargingpointmustpassthroughallOCPPstatusmessages(OCPPStatusNotifications)requiredforthispurpose.OCPPStatusNotificationsreflectthecurrentoperatingstateofachargingpoint.TheyaresentbythechargingstationtotheCPObackendsystemwheneverthestatuschanges.

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Basedonthechronologicalsequenceofthesestatusmessages,itispossibletodeterminewhetherachargingtransactionwas:

■Successfullystarted,

■Endedregularly,or

■Terminatedduetoanerrororinterruption.

AregularsequenceofstatustransitionsforachargingsessionaccordingtoOCPP1.6isasfollows:

■Available→Preparing→Charging→Finishing→Available

Accordingly,thissequenceisconsidered“successful”fortheCSR:

■Available:Chargingpointwaitingforuserinteraction(electricvehicleconnection,authentication)

■Preparing:Vehicleconnectedtothechargingstationandauthenticationisin

progress

■Charging:Energyflowstarts→successfulstartofachargingtransaction

■Finishing:Energyflowstopped,electricvehicleisstillconnected

■Available:Cableremoved→successfulendofachargingtransaction

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3.2.AuthenticationSuccessRate(ASR)

“AuthenticationSuccess”referstothepercentageofchargingattemptsthatresultinachargingstation(EVSE)successfullystartingtodeliverelectricitytoanelectricvehicle(EV).

Thismetricmeasurestheshareofallchargingattemptscarriedoutbyalluserswithinadefinedperiodthatweresuccessful–meaningthatallrequiredstepstoinitiatepowerdeliverytothevehiclewerecompletedwithoutretriesormanualinterventionbytheuser.Thisincludes,amongotherthings:

■Authenticationoftheelectricvehicleordriver

■Paymentauthorisationand

■Successfulestablishmentofcommunicationbetweentheelectricvehicleandthechargingstation.

Themetric“AuthenticationSuccessRate(ASR)”isexpressedasapercentageandmayrefertooneormorechargingpointsatoneormorechargingstations.

FormulaforcalculatingtheAuthenticationSuccessRate(ASR):

ToassesstheASR,theOCPPstatusofthechargingpointisanalysed.Forachargingtransactiontobeconsideredsuccessfullystarted,thechargingpointmustpassthroughallOCPPstatusmessages(OCPPStatusNotifications)requiredforthispurpose.Basedonthechronologicalsequenceofthesestatusmessages,itcanbedeterminedwhetherachargingtransaction:

■Wassuccessfullystarted

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AccordingtoOCPP1.6,aregularsequenceofstatustransitionsforasuccessfullystartedchargingtransactionisasfollows:

■Available→Preparing→Charging

Accordingly,thissequenceisconsidered“successful”fortheASR:

■Available:Chargingpointwaitingforuserinteraction(vehicleconnection,authentication)

■Preparing:Electricvehicleconnectedtothechargingstation,authenticationandauthorisationareinprogress

■Charging:Energyflowstarts→Successfulstartofachargingtransaction

3.3.TransactionSuccessRate(TSR)

“TransactionSuccess”measurestheshareofsuccessfulchargingtransactionscarriedoutbyalluserswithinadefinedperiodthatmeetthefollowingcriteria:

1.Error-freecompletionofthechargingtransaction–Wascompletedwithouttechnicalerrorsthatwouldhaveunexpectedlyinterruptedorabortedthechargingtransaction.

2.Smoothunplugging–Theuserwasabletounplugtheelectricvehiclewithoutrequiringmanualinterventiontounlocktheconnectorfromtheelectricvehicle.

Themetric“TransactionSuccessRate(TSR)”isexpressedasapercentageandmayrefertooneormorechargingpointsatoneormorechargingstations.

13FormulaforcalculatingtheTransactionSuccessRate(TSR):

CHARGINGSUCCESSRATE

ToassesstheTSR,theOCPPstatusofthechargingpointisanalysed.Forachargingtransactiontobeconsideredsuccessfullycompleted,thechargingpointmustpassthroughallOCPPstatusmessages(OCPPStatusNotifications)requiredforthispurpose.

Basedonthechronologicalsequenceofthesestatusmessages,itcanbedeterminedwhetherachargingtransaction:

■Wasendedregularly.

AccordingtoOCPP1.6,aregularsequenceofstatustransitionsforaregularlycompletedchargingtransactionisasfollows:

■Charging→Finishing→Available

Accordingly,thissequenceisconsidered“successful”fortheTSR:

■Charging:Energyflowstarts→Successfulstartofachargingtransaction

■Finishing:Energyflowstopped,electricvehicleisstillconnected

■Available:Cableremoved→Successfulendofachargingtransaction

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4.SummaryandOutlook

TheChargingSuccessRate(CSR)representsaninnovativemetricforevaluatingsuccessfulchargingsessionsatpublicchargingpoints.Incontrasttoestablishedmetricssuchasuptime,whichprimarilyreflectthetechnicaloperatingstatusofachargingpoint,theCSRfocusesontheactualuserexperience–particularlyonthesuccessfulstartofachargingtransaction,whichinpracticeoftenrepresentsthegreatesthurdle.

TheCSRischaracterisedbyahigherlevelofgranularity,asittakesintoaccounttheentireuserinteractionatthechargingstationfromtheselectionofthechargingpoint,throughauthenticationandcableplug-in,tothestartandcompletionofthechargingtransaction.Thesequenceofthesestepsmayvarydependingonthechargingstationmodelandoperator.Thisdetailedperspectivenotonlyenablesamorerealisticassessmentofchargingqualityfromtheuser’spointofviewbutalsoallowsforthetargetedidentificationoferrorsourceswithinthecharginguserjourney.Performanceindicatorssuchasuptimecaptureonlythetechnicalavailabilityofthecharginginfrastructure;however,theyexcludecriticalusage-relatedissues.Forexample,achargingstationmaybeconsidered“available”ifitisoperationalandonlineyetrepeatedlyfailstoallowsuccessfulauthenticationandthuspreventanyenergyflow.Onlybycombiningtechnicalanduser‑centricKPIscansuchfunctionallimitationsbesystematicallyidentifiedandaddressed.

AnotheradvantageoftheCSRliesinitspotentialforstandardisation.Throughuniformdefinitionandcalculationmethodology,itcanserveasabenchmarkinginstrumentacrossdifferentCPOsandtherebycontributetoimprovingservi