中国文化概况 （第二版）Chapter 7 Folk Customs

AI生成中国文化概况（第二版）FolkCustoms3PARTCharacterisedbydiversestyles,richculturalmeanings,andalonghistory,traditionalChinesefestivalsconstituteanimportantandvibrantpartofChineseculture.Chinesecuisineis,inessence,anexpressionofbothfestiveanddailylife.Itrepresentsaharmoniousintegrationofcolour,aroma,taste,andform.AChinesebanquettypifiesthecultureandculinaryartsperfectedovercenturies.Chinesepeoplefromeverydynastyandethnicgrouphavedisplayedtheirowndistinctivesenseofstyleinclothingdesign.Today,moreandmorepeopleinChinaarewearingclotheswithChinesecharacteristicstoexpresstheirindividualitywhilekeepingupwithglobalfashiontrends.AncientstructuresliketheGreatWall,theForbiddenCity,andstone-archedbridgescanbefoundacrossthecountry.Variedstylesoftraditionalresidentialarchitecturereflectanumberofcherishedmoralvalues,suchasharmony,amongothers.3PARTClothing&AdornmentCHAPTER7TraditionalFestivalsCHAPTER8CulinaryCultureCHAPTER9CHAPTER10FolkCustomsArchitectureChapter7TraditionalFestivalsMajorTraditionalFestivals

TraditionalChinese

festivalsconstitutesanimportantandvibrantpartofChineseculture.Lead-inQuestionsDiscussionEthnicMinorityFestivalsCanyounamesometraditionalChinesefestivals?1WhichfourtraditionalChinesefestivalshavebeendesignatedasnationalpublicholidays?2HowdoesyourfamilycelebratetheSpringFestival?3Canyoudescribeanycustomsassociatedwithcelebratingatraditionalfestivalinyourhometown?4ThinkBeforeWeBegin

Lead-inQuestionsMajorTraditionalFestivalsSevenmajortraditionalfestivalsSpringFestival春节ChineseNewYear1LanternFestival元宵节15thday,1stlunarmonth2QingmingFestival清明节Tomb-sweepingDay3DragonBoatFestival端午节5thday,5thlunarmonth4DoubleSeventhFestival七夕节ChineseValentine’sDay5Mid-AutumnFestival中秋节15thday,8thlunarmonth6DoubleNinthFestival重阳节9thday,9thlunarmonth7MajorTraditionalFestivalsSpringFestivalChina’smostimportanttraditionalfestivalFamilyreunion·Redenvelopes·Firecrackers·NewYeargreetingsSpringFestivalMajorTraditionalFestivalsSpringFestivalAlsocalledtheChineseNewYear(农历新年).Fallsonthe1stdayofthe1stlunarmontheachyear.Atimeforfamilyreunion—returninghomefromacrossthecountrytocelebratetogether.Celebrationsspanfromearly12thlunarmonthtomid-1stlunarmonthofthenextyear.A4-dayofficialpublicholiday(NewYear’sEve+thefollowing3days).

KeyfactsGuoNian(过年,passingtheNewYear):Biddingfarewelltotheoldandwelcomingthenew.MajorTraditionalFestivalsSpringFestivalAccordingtolegend,aferociousmonsternamed“Nian”liveddeepatthebottomoftheseaallyearround.ItcameashoreonlyonNewYear’sEvetodevourlivestockandpeople,forcingthevillagerstofleetoremotemountainsforsafety.

TheoriginofChineseNewYearTheSpringFestivalLegend

Legendofnian(PartI)MajorTraditionalFestivalsSpringFestivalBeggar’sarrival:AnoldbeggararrivedonNewYear’sEve,promisingtodriveNianaway.Grandmother’skindness:Akindgrandmotherfedhimandurgedhimtoescape,buthestayed.Nianapproaches:Atmidnight,Nianattacked,findingherhousebrightlylitwithredpaper.Firecrackersringout:Explosivefirecrackersandredlightsterrifiedthemonster.Niandefeated:Scaredoff,Nianfled.Redcouplets,firecrackers,andstayinguplatebecameNewYeartraditions.

Legendofnian(PartII)TheSpringFestivalLegend

MajorTraditionalFestivalsSpringFestivalCustomsfromthelegendPastingSpringCouplets(春联):

Pasteredpapercoupletsondoorstowardoffevil.SettingOffFirecrackers:Setofffirecrackerstoscareawaythemonster“Nian”.KeepingLightsOn:Keepthehousebrightlylitthroughoutthenight.StayingUpLate(守岁):Stayuplatewithfamilytokeep“Nian”away.VisitingRelatives&Friends:Visitlovedonesearlynextmorningtosendregardsandbestwishes.FourkeytraditionsTheSpringFestivalLegend

MajorTraditionalFestivalsSpringFestivalLabaFestivalandXiaonian,thecountdowntotheNewYearbeforetheNewYear:Thoroughlycleanhomes,clothes,beddingandutensils—sweepingawaytheoldandwelcomingthenew.ActivitiesoftheSpringFestivalPreparationsbeginDate:The8thdayofthe12thlunarmonth.Significance:GenerallyregardedasthestartoftheChineseNewYearcelebrations.Nameorigin:

La(腊)referstothe12thlunarmonth;ba(八)means“eight”.Custom:Eatinglabaporridgetogivethanksforagoodharvestandtowishforgoodluckandhealthinthecomingyear.LabaFestival(腊八节)Timing:NorthChina—the23rddayofthe12thlunarmonth;SouthChina—the24th.Significance:MarksthestartofpreparationsfortheSpringFestival.Custom:FamiliesmakesweetofferingstotheKitchenGod.XiaonianFestival(小年)MajorTraditionalFestivalsSpringFestivalPapercuts,couplets,andthesumptuousfamilyfeastActivitiesoftheSpringFestivalDecorations&EvedinnerMajorTraditionalFestivalsSpringFestivalActivitiesoftheSpringFestivalWindowdecorations:Redpapercuttingsfeaturingbirds,flowers,fishandscenery.Springcouplets(春联):

Calligraphiccoupletsonfrontdoors,symbolisingrenewalandthereturnofspring.Characters:春(spring),财(wealth)and福(blessing)hungondoorsorwalls.DecorationsHomophones:Chicken(吉jí)=auspicious;fish(余yú)=abundance;tofu(福fú)=blessing.South:Niangao—“higherandhigher,yearafteryear”.North:Jiaozi—farewelltotheold,welcomethenew(echoes更岁交子);itsingotshapewisheswealth.NewYear’sEveDinnerMajorTraditionalFestivalsSpringFestivalActivitiesoftheSpringFestivalRedenvelopes&GalaTraditionally,eldersgive“luckymoney”totheyoung,asredstandsforvitality,joyandgoodfortuneandbringsblessingsofhealthandgrowth.Today,digitalredenvelopesarepopularonline,butthethemestaysthesame:familyreunionandhappiness.Redenvelopes(红包)AfterNewYear’sEvedinner,thewholefamilygatherstochatandwatchTV.Since1983,watchingtheSpringFestivalGalahasbecomeanintegralNewYeartradition.ItisenjoyedbyChinesepeopleathomeandabroad.SpringFestivalGala

Digitalortraditionalredenvelopes—whichbetterconveysfamilyaffection?MajorTraditionalFestivalsSpringFestivalActivitiesoftheSpringFestivalCelebrations&conclusionFestiveatmospherefillsstreetsandhomes.LionDancePerformedfordaysinstreetsandlanesDragonDanceColourfuldragonsweavethroughcrowdsTempleFairsTraditionalmarketsandperformancesElectronicFireworksAneco-friendlyalternativetorealfirecrackersSpringFestivalconcludeswiththeLanternFestival.MajorTraditionalFestivalsLanternFestivalThe15thdayofthefirstlunarmonthMarkingtheendofNewYearcelebrationsLanterndisplayThegranddisplayofbeautifullanternsisthehighlightofthefestival.Lanternsofvariousshapesandsizeshangalongthestreets.IcelanternsareespeciallypopularinnortheastChina.LanternriddlesASongDynastytradition.Riddlespastedonlanterns.Guesstowinprizes.Abelovedculturalpastime.MajorTraditionalFestivalsLanternFestivalYuanxiao&tangyuanSymbolism&traditionsCalledyuanxiaointhenorthandtangyuaninthesouth.Theirroundshapestandsforreunionandtogetherness.Symbolisesfamilyreunion,harmonyandhappinessfortheyearahead.Typicalfillings:sesame,beanpaste,datepaste,walnutsanddriedfruitCanbeboiled,friedorsteamed.SmalldumplingballsofglutinousriceflourMajorTraditionalFestivalsQingmingFestivalTomb-SweepingDay,adayformourning(哀悼)thedeadandhonouringancestors.DateThe4thto6thAprilSolarTermPureBrightness(清明)SignificanceThestartofspringploughing(春耕)andsowing

Isflowerofferingsreplacingtraditionalsacrificesasignofprogressoremotionaldetachment?MajorTraditionalFestivalsQingmingFestivalHanshiFestivalandQingmingFestivalHanshiFestival,alsocalledColdFoodDay(寒食节)LoyalOfficial—ServedPrinceChong’eroftheSpringandAutumnPeriod.SupremeSacrifice—Cutfleshfromhisownlegtofeedhisexiledlord.LordBecameDuke—TriedtoburnthemountaintoforceJie’sreturn.TragicEnd—Jiestayedwithhismotheranddiedintheflames.HanshiDecreed—Thedukeforbadefiresonthisday,whichbecameColdFoodDay.Timing—ObservedoneortwodaysbeforetheQingmingFestival.ThelegendofJieZituiOnthisday,firesarenotlit,andonlycoldfoodiseaten.MajorTraditionalFestivalsQingmingFestivalActivitiesoftheQingmingFestivalAfestivalofremembrance,renewal,andthearrivalofspringTombsweepingCleaninggravestohonourthedead.Burningincenseandjosspaperintraditionalpractice.Offeringfood,wineandotheritems.Eco-friendlyalternatives:Layingflowersandonlinetomb-sweepingSpringoutingAstheweatherwarmsup,naturecomestolife.Outdoorgamesareparticularlypopularamongchildren.Kiteflyingisafavouriteactivity.Willow&treesWillowbranchesareplacedatgates.Theyarebelievedtowardoffevilspirits.Theysymbolisevitalityandnewlife.Treesarealsoplantedtomarktheseason.SeasonalfoodsSouth:Qingtuan(青团),mugwortriceballs.MadewithglutinousriceflourandChinesemugwort.North:Coldporridgeandcoldpancakes.TheHanshicold-foodtraditioncontinues.MajorTraditionalFestivalsDragonBoatFestivalDragonBoatFestivalAlsoknownasDuanwuFestival,fallsonth5thdayofthe5thlunarmonth.LegendQuYuanFoodZongzi(粽子)SportDragonBoatRacingMajorTraditionalFestivalsDragonBoatFestivalQuYuanandtheDragonBoatFestivalPatrioticPoet—China’sfirstgreatpatrioticpoet.Reformer—Soughttoenrichthecountryandstrengthenitsmilitary;opposedbyaristocrats.Exile—DeposedbyKingHuai;exiledbyKingQingxiang.FallofChu—Qintroopstookthecapital.Sacrifice—JumpedintotheMiluoRiver,5thday,5thmonth.Tribute—Searchedtheriver;threwinzongziandeggs.RealgarWine—Adoctorpoureditintointoxicatethecreatures.China’sfirstgreatpatrioticThelegendMajorTraditionalFestivalsDragonBoatFestivalQuYuanandtheDragonBoatFestivalCustoms&traditionsFoods,plants,andsachets—customstowardoffevilandprotectagainstdisease.ZongziRicedumplingswrappedinbambooleaves.ThrownintotherivertodivertfishfromQuYuan’sbody.Eatentodayaspartofthefestivaltradition.RealgarwinePouredintotherivertointoxicatetheaquaticcreatures.Drunktodayaspartofthefestivaltradition.Believedtowardoffevil.Mugwort&calamusHungondoorsorwindowsUsedtorepelinsectssuch.asflies,fleas,andmoths.Believedtohavemedicinalpropertiesandprotectagainstdisease.ScentedsachetsWornbychildrenonfive-colouredsilkstrings.Filledwithcinnabar,realgar,andaromaticherbs.Believedtowardoffevilspirits.MajorTraditionalFestivalsDragonBoatFestivalQuYuanandtheDragonBoatFestivalDragonboatracingAnindispensablepartofthefestival—fromlocaltraditiontointernationalsportDragonboatracing—whereChinesetraditionmeetsmodernsportsmanshipLocaltraditionFishermensailedboatstosearchforQuYuan’sbodyintheMiluoRiver.Sport&cultureAnInternationaleventDragonboatracinghasgrownfromalocalactivityintoagrandsportseventandhasevenbecomeaninternationalone.Teamsindragon-shapedboatsrowtothebeatofdrums,embodyingbothChinesetraditionandmodernsportsmanship.MajorTraditionalFestivalsDoubleSeventhFestivalDoubleSeventhFestivalChineseValentine’sDay,fallsontheseventhdayoftheseventhlunarmonth.StarsVega&AltairLegendCowhand&WeaverMaidMajorTraditionalFestivalsDoubleSeventhFestivalThelegendCowhandandWeaverMaidTheCowhand,anhonest,kind-heartedmanwithonlyanoldox,marriedtheWeaverMaid,afairywhosecretlycamedownfromheaven;hefarmed,shewove,andtheyraisedaboyandagirl.TheQueenMotheroftheWestdiscoveredtheirunionandhadcelestialtroopsbringtheWeaverMaidbacktoheaven;theCowhandflewupwithhisoxandtwochildreninpursuit.AlinedrawnbytheQueenMother’shairpinbecameacelestialriver,separatingthemforever.AlovestorywritteninthestarsMajorTraditionalFestivalsDoubleSeventhFestivalMagpiebridge&reunion

Tears&sorrowTheywereseparatedbytheMilkyWayforever.Theycouldonlyshedtearsacrosstheriver.Theirloveendureddespitethedistance.

MagpiebridgeMagpiesflewtogether,formedabridgeacrossthecelestialriver,andenabledtheloverstomeetagain.AnnualReunionMovedbytheirlove,theQueenMotherallowedthemtoreuniteonceayear,onthe7thdayofthe7thlunarmonth—qixi(七夕).MajorTraditionalFestivalsDoubleSeventhFestivalChineseValentine’sDayFromancientlegendtomodernromance—chooseyourownloveandremainfaithfulChineseValentine’sDay—Adayofloveandromance.Datesandgifts—Couplesgoondatesandexchangegifts.Marriageregistration—Couplesrushtoregisteronthisauspiciousday.Symbolicmessage—Chooseyourownloveandremainfaithful.Culturalheritage—Ancientlegendinspiringmoderndevotion.MajorTraditionalFestivalsMid-AutumnFestival

Mid-AutumnFestivalThe15thdayofthe8thlunarmonth—atimeforreunionandmoonappreciationLegendChang’e(嫦娥)FoodMooncakes(月饼)TraditionMoonappreciationMajorTraditionalFestivalsMid-AutumnFestival

Legendof

YiInthedistantpast,tensunsscorchedtheearth,burningthecropsanddryingupthelakes.Theirheatputpeopleatdeath’sdoor.AheronamedYi(羿)wasdeeplytroubledbytheirsuffering.HeclimbedMountKunlun,drewhisextraordinarybow,andshotdownninesuns,leavingonlyonetobenefitthepeople.Fromthenon,hewasrespectedandlovedbyall.Torewardhisdeeds,theQueenMotheroftheWestgrantedhimanelixirofimmortality.TheherowhoshotdownninesunstosavethepeopleMajorTraditionalFestivalsMid-AutumnFestival

Chang’e’sflightTouchedbyYi’sdevotion,peoplelaidofferingsbeneaththemoon,givingbirthtoafolktradition.WhileYiwasawayhunting,hisdisciplePangMengtriedtostealtheelixir.Indesperation,Chang’eswalloweditherselfandfloatedupwardatonce,ascendingtothemoon,whereshehaslivedaloneinthecoldMoonPalaceeversince.Grieving,Yicalledhernameandsawhershadowuponthebrightmoon.Movedbyhisdevotion,peopleplacedofferingsbeneaththemoon—andsoafolktradition,theMid-AutumnFestival,wasborn.HowdoesnamingitslunarmissionsafterChang’eallowancientmythtoenrichmodernscientificnarratives?MajorTraditionalFestivalsDoubleNinthFestival

ChongyangFestivalThe9thdayofthe9thlunarmonthDatesbacktotheWarringStatesPeriod.ThenumberninerepresentsyanginTheBookofChanges.Doublenine→“Chongyang”(重阳)Chongmeans“double”inChinese.Ancestorssawitashighlyauspicious.Origin&meaning

Goingonoutingsandclimbingmountains.Admiringchrysanthemums(菊花).Wearingdogwoodsprigs(茱萸).EatingChongyangcake.Drinkingchrysanthemumwine.Festivalactivities

MajorTraditionalFestivalsDoubleNinthFestival

Seniors’DayNationalrecognitionoffilialpietyandrespectforelders2013—Seniors’Dayestablishedonthe9thdayofthe9thlunarmonth(老年节)Nationalstatus—OfficiallyrecognizedatthenationallevelAutumntrips—GovernmentsandcommunitiesorganizeoutingsforseniorsFamilyoutings—YoungergenerationsaccompanytheireldersGifts—YoungpeoplegivegiftsastokensofrespectFilialpiety—Upheldasatraditionalvirtue

HastheabsenceofanationalpublicholidayforDoubleNinthaffecteditsculturaltransmissionandinfluence?EthnicMinorityFestivalsEthnicminorityfestivalsChinaisaunifiedmulti-ethniccountry,anditsfestivalsvaryfromoneethnicgrouptoanother,whichreflectsthediversityofChina'sculturalheritage.Water-SplashingFestival泼水节DaiNadamFair那达慕MongolianTorchFestival火把节YiDanuFestival达努节YaoThirdMonthFair三月街节BaiGexuSingingFestival歌圩节ZhuangTibetanNewYear藏历新年TibetanFlower-JumpingFestival跳花节MiaoEthnicMinorityFestivalsWater-SplashingFestivalWater-SplashingFestival泼水节Daipeople—YunnanProvince—NewYearcelebrationThemostimportanttraditionalfestivalfortheDaipeople.AcelebrationmarkingtheDaiNewYear.Acarnivalofentertainmentandculture.Afestivallastingaboutthreedays.Watersplashingasthecentralactivity.FestivaloverviewWaterasablessingofgoodluck,prosperity,andgoodhealthEthnicMinorityFestivalsWater-SplashingFestivalAthree-dayNewYear,fromrocketstoblessingsDay1TheEveDay2EmptyDay(空日)Day3NewYear’sDayRocketlaunching—bambootubesfilledwithgunpowder,firedskywardandleavingtrailsofsmokeDragonboatracingBelongstoneithertheoldyearnorthenewyear.Servesasadayoftransitionandrest.Preparesforthenewyearahead.Wearone’sbestclothesandvisittemples.BatheBuddhastatueswithcleanwater.ListentoBuddhistscripturesBeginwater-splashing,inwhichdrenchingoneanotherconveysblessings

EthnicMinorityFestivalsNadamFair

NadamFair那达慕Mongolianpeople—July&August—harvestcelebrationFestivaloverviewAtraditionalfestivaloftheMongolianpeopleHeldinJulyandAugust,whenpasturesarerichinwaterandthegrassislush,herdsthriveandtheweatherisfine.AlargegatheringforentertainmentAcelebrationoftheyear’sharvestAncient,sacred,grand,andjoyful

Amoderneventwithceremonies,sports,entertainment,andtradeEthnicMinorityFestivalsNadamFair

Events&modernNadamFromancienttraditionstograndmoderngatheringsHorseRacingSkilledriderscompeteontheopengrasslandsWrestlingTraditionalMongolianwrestlingcontestsArcheryExpertmarksmendisplaytheirprecisionTheatricalShowsPerformancesofmusic,dance,anddramaTradeFair:Agriculturalproducts,animalproducts,handicrafts,andlocalspecialitiesexchangedfromdifferentregions,EthnicMinorityFestivalsTorchFestival

TorchFestival火把节Yi,Naxi,Lahu(拉祜族)festivalonthe24thofthesixthlunarmonthFestivalactivitiesTraditionalfestivalofYi,Naxi,Lahu,andothergroupsAroundthe24thofthesixthlunarmonthPagoda-shapedtorchesofpinewood,dryfirewood,pinebranchesBigvillagetorchlitatnightfallEachhouseholdlightssmallertorchesVillagerscirclehousesandfieldswithtorchesBonfiresinginganddancingPrayforgoodharvest,strengthensocialbondsEthnicMinorityFestivalsDanuFestival

DanuFestival达努节Yaopeople—“Neverforget”—the29thofthe5thlunarmonthMeaning&origin“Danu,”meaning“neverforget”intheYaolanguageAcommemorationoftheYaoancestorTheYaopeople’sNewYearcelebrationAfestivalofremembranceandrenewalEthnicMinorityFestivalsDanuFestival

DanuFestival达努节Celebration&activitiesMeaning(含义):

“Danu”means“neverforget”intheYaolanguage.Purpose(意义):ItcommemoratestheYaoancestorandmarkstheYaoNewYear.Date(时间):Itbeginsonthe29thofthefifthlunarmonth.Customs(习俗):Peopledresssmartlyandenjoychicken,muttonandricewine.Entertainment(娱乐):

Itfeaturesthebronzedrumdanceandantiphonalsinging.EthnicMinorityFestivalsThirdMonthFair

ThirdMonthFair三月街节Baipeople—the15thtothe21stofthethirdlunarmonthWho(民族)

:ItisafestivalcelebratedbytheBaipeople.Activities(活动):

Itincludeshorseracing,archery,singing,dancingandacommodityfair.Features(特色):Thefairhasadistinctiveethnicflavour.Romance(婚恋):Youngmenandwomenmeetandgettoknoweachotherthroughsinging.EthnicMinorityFestivalsGexuSingingFestival

GexuSingingFestival歌圩节Zhuangpeople—the3rddayof3rdlunarmonthThesingingtraditionWho(民族):ItisatraditionalfestivaloftheZhuangpeop