专业英语八级模拟试卷164

专业英语八级模拟试卷164

一、听力复合式听写(本题共70题，每题7.0分，共

1。分。)

AgeStructuresinMexicoandSwedenAgestructurereferstothepercentageofthe

populationindifferentage[1]Mexico'sagestructureisquitedifferentfrom

Sweden'sin[I]thattheformerislikea[2]withawiderbase.In

Sweden,theage[2]structureisshapedlikearectangle,whichresultsfrom

a(n)[3][3]birthrateandlowdeathrateinearlyandmiddleage.In

Mexico,thepopulationisexpandingrapidly.InSweden,thepopulationisstableinsize

witha(n)[4]distribution.[4]TheEffectsofDifferentAge

Structures:-Agestructuresaffectspopulationgrowth:a)Acountrywithalarger

percentageofpeopleatthebottomofthepyramidwillhavea[5]population

growthrate.15]b)alargerproportionofwomenof[6]ageresultsin

afaster[6]populationgrowth.—Agestructureaffects[7]:[7]

1)alargerpercentageofpeopleof[8]agemeansmorewealth[8]

andhigherstandardofliving.2)alargerproportionofchildrenisresponsiblefor

moreexpenditureon[9]toachievethesamestandards.[9]3)the

[10]rateislikelytobehigherforjobswillhavetobe[10]foundfor

alargernumberofgraduates.

1、[1]

标准答案：groups

知识点解析：暂无解析

2、[2]

标准答案：pyramid

知识点解析：暂无解析

3、[3]

标准答案：constant

知识点解析：暂无解析

4、[4]

标准答案：even

知识点解析：暂无解析

5、[5]

标准答案：higher

知识点解析：暂无解析

6、[6]

标准答案：child-bearino

知识点解析：暂无解析

7、[7]

标准答案：economy

知识点解析：暂无解析

8、[8]

标准答案：working

知识点解析：暂无解析

9、[9]

标准答案：education

知识点解析：暂无解析

10、[10]

标准答案：unemployment

知识点解析：暂无解析

二、听力对话组题（本题共5题，每题7.0分，共5

分。）

11、AccordingtoBob,SriLankaiswell-knownforthefollowingEXCEPT

beach

B、highmountains

C、jungles

D^waterfalls

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

12、WhatisthepurposeofBob'striptoSriLanka?

A、Tospendhisholidays.

B、Toparticipateinabusinessnegotiation.

C>TomeethisAustralianfriendthere.

D、ToattractSriLankanstudentstoundertakedegreestudiesinAustralia.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：暂无解析

13^WhatarethestudentsfromSriLankamostinterestedinaccordingtoBob?

A、Accountancyandcomputing.

B、Businessandfinance.

C、Lawandbusiness.

D、Architectureandengineering:

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

14、WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUEofthecurrentsituationinSriLanka?

A、Studentshavedifficultyinfindingjobs.

B>1hereexistsaninternalstrife.

C、Theeconomyisinarecession.

D、Theeconomyisdevelopingrapidly.

标准答案：D^

知识点解析：暂无解析

15、WhataretheparentsinSriLankamostconcernedaboutiftheysendtheirchildren

toAustralia?

A、Expenditure.

R、Safety.

C^Culturaldifference.

D、Accommodation

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

三、听力新闻（本题共5题，每题1.0分，共5分。）

16、TheBushandKerrycampaignsexchangedattacksregarding.

A、inflation

B、budgetdeficit

C^nationalsecurity

D、unemploymentrate

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

17、participatedinthedebatebetweentheBushandKerrycampaigns.

A、CheneyandKerry

B、BushandKerry

C、CheneyandtheheadofDemocraticParty

D^TheheadsofDemocraticandRepublicparties

标准答案：C

知识点解析：暂无解析

18、AccordingtoCheney,Kerryisinfavorof.

A^cuttingdownonexpenditureondefenseandintelligence

B、increasingexpenditureonnationaldefense

C、allocatingmorefundonenvironmentalpollution

D、levyingmoretaxonlargebusinesses

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

19、TheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationpredictsthatwhichofthefollowingislikely

todecrease?

A、Worldgrainsupplies.

B、Worldgrainproduction.

C^Worldgrainconsumption.

D、Worldgraintrade.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：暂无解析

20Wheatsupplieshavedecreasedinrecentyearsbecause.

Axwheatpricesareverylewintheworld

B、thedemandforwheatisdecreasing

C、manyregionsareaffectedbydrought

D、thewheatconsumptionisbecomingless

标准答案：D-

知识点解析：暂无解析

四、常规阅读理解（本题共20题，每题7.0分，共20

分。）

Accordingtolegend,Aesculapiusboretwodaughters,PanaceaandHyegeia,whogave

risetodynastiesofhealersandhygienists.Theschism［分离）remainstoday,inclinical

trainingandinpractice;and,becauseoftheimperativenatureofmedicalcareandthe

subtletyofhealthcare,theformer,hastendedtodominate.Preventivemedicinehasasits

primaryobjectivethemaintenanceandpromotionofhealth.Itaccomplishesthisby

controllingormanipulatingenvironmentalfactorsthataffecthealthanddisease.For

example,inCaliforniapresentlythereisserioussufferingandsubstantialeconomicloss

becauseofthefailuretointroducecontrolledfluoridation（力H氟作用）ofpublicwater

supplies.Additionally,preventivemedicineappliesprophylactic（预防性的）measures

againstdiseasebysuchactionsasimmunizationandspecificnutritionalmeasures.Third,

itattemptstomotivatepeopletoadopthealthfullifestylesthrougheducation.Forthe

mostpart,curativemedicinehasasitsprimaryobjectivetheremovalofdiseasefromthe

patient.Itprovidesdiagnostictechniquestoidentifythepresenceandnatureofthe

diseaseprocess.Whilethesemaybeappliedonamassbasisinanattemptto''screen"out

personswithpreclinicaldisease,theyareusuallyappliedafterthepatientappearswitha

complaint.Second,itappliestreatmenttothesickpatient.Ineveryease,thisis,orshould

be,individualizedaccordingtotheparticularneedofeachpatient.Third,itutilizes

rehabilitationmethodologiestoreturnthetreatedpatienttothebestpossiblelevelof

functioning.Whileitistruethatbothpreventivemedicineandcurativemedicinerequire

cadresofsimilarlytrainedpersonnelsuchasplanners,administrators,andeducators,the

underlyingdeliverysystemsdependonquitedistinctiveprofessionalpersonnel.The

requirementsforcurativemedicinecallforclinicallytrainedindividualswhodealwith

patientsonaone-to-onebasisandwhosetrainingisbasedprimarilyonanunderstanding

ofthebiological,pathological,andpsychologicalprocessesthatdetermineanindividual's

healthanddiseasestatus.Thelocus（地点）forthistrainingisthelaboratoryandclinic.

Preventivemedicine,ontheotherhand,callsforaverybroadspectrumofprofessional

personnel,fewofwhomrequireclinicalexpertise.Sincetheiractionsapplyeitherto

environmentalsituationsortopopulationgroups,theirtrainingtakesplaceinadifferent

typeoflaboratoryorinacommunitynotnecessarilyassociatedwiththeclinicallocus.

Theeconomicdifferencesbetweenpreventivemedicineandcurativemedicinehavebeen

extensivelydiscussed,perhapsmostconvincinglybyWinslowinthemonographThe

CostofSicknessandthePriceofHearth.Sicknessisalmostalwaysanegative,

nonproductiveandharmfulstate.Allresourcesexpendedtodealwithsicknessare

thereforefundamentallyeconomicallyunproductive.Health,ontheotherhand,hasavery

highvalueinourculture.Totheextent（haihealthymembersof（hepopulationare

replacedbysickmembers,theeconomyisdoublyburdened.Nevertheless,thepercapita

costofpreventivemeasuresfor:specificdiseasesisgenerallyfarlowerthantheper

capitacostofcurativemedicineappliedtotreatmentofthesamedisease.Prominent

examplesaredentalcaries（蛀牙），poliomyelitis（脊髓灰质炎）andphenylketonuria（苯丙

酮尿）.Thereisanimperativeneedtoprovidecareforthesickpersonwithinasingle

medicalcaresystem,but:hcreisnooverridingreasonwhyalinkageisnecessary

betweenthetwocomponentsofahealthcaresystem,preventionandtreatment.A

nationalhealthandmedicalcareprogramcomposedofsemiaulonomoussystemsfor

personalhealthcareandmedicalcarewouldhavetheadvantageofclarilyingobjectives

andstrategiesandofpermittingamoreequitabledivisionofresourcesbetween

preventionandcure.

21、Theauthor'sprimaryconcernisto.

A^refuteacounterargument

B、drawadistinction

C、discussadilemma

D^isolatecauses

标准答案：B

知识点解析：这是一道主旨题。作者在疾病预防和治疗之间加以区分，然后建议分

别设立独立的权威机构，所以本文论述观点的主要方法就如B所说的,将它们加

以区分。A是错误的，因为作者根本没有提及任何对立的观点。C的错误在于

dilemma,所谓dilemma是左右为难，要分清两方面的问题不必左右为难。D也是

错误的。不管本文讨论到造成不良健康的原因是什么，它们不是本文的中心论题。

22、Ilcanbeinferredthattheauthorregardsaprogramofcontrolledfluoridationof

publicwatersuppliesas.

A^anunnecessarygovernmentprogramthatwasteseconomicresources

BNapotentiallyvaluablestrategyofpreventivemedicine

C、agovernmentpolicythathasrelativelylittleeffectonthehealthofapopulation

D、animportantelementofcurativemedicine

标准答案：B

知识点解析：这是推理性问题。第一段中作者讨论了疾病预防的基本策略，然后举

例说明加利福尼亚州的fluoridation（加氟作用）的情况。因为有关权威人士没有实施

有控制的fluoridation,让当地老百姓遭受到了不必要的痛苦及经济损失。论点的发

展让我们得出结论：作者认为，这种不必要的损失完全是因为权威人士没有实行疾

病预防措施而造成的，B的内容解释了这个道理，所以是正确的。A是错误的，因

为作者对fluoridation持有肯定的态度。C的内容是错的，因为作者引用加州

fluoridation的案例来证明采取预防性措施的重要性，D也是错误的，因为

fluoridation是一种预防性措施，而不是治疗措施。

23、Whichofthefollowingbestexplainstheauthor'suseofthephrase"doubly

burdened"inPara.4?

A、Apersonwhoisiiidoesnotcontributetoproduction;treatmentconsumeseconomic

resources.

Thepercapitacostofpreventivemeasuresisonlyone-halfofthepercapitacostof

treatment.

C、Thedivisionbetweenpreventivemedicineandcurativemedicinerequiresduplication

ofadministrativeexpenses.

D、Theindividualwhoisillmustberehabilitatedafterthecurehasbeensuccessful.

标准答案：A

知识点解析：这也是一道推理题。在第四段中，作者讲到，治疗所花费的资源财力

就是丢失掉的花费，也就是说，这方面投入花费的产出等于零。另外，一个病人生

病期间也不能创造任何财富。这样，从经济角度上讲，就导致双重损失——花费社

会资源，而这些资源又不能有任何产出。A的内容完全表达了这层意思，是对的。

B引用错了作者的观点，作者从未在数量上对疾病预防和治疗的花费进行量化比

较，仅是说疾病预防花费的要比治疗的少。C是错的，因为作者认定预防与治疗是

完全不同的，他最终希望将它们加以区分，由各自独立的权威部门去管辖。D也是

错的，因为rehabilitation和cure都属于curativemedicine,这不能解释经济受到

doublyburdenedo

24、ItcanbeinferredthattheauthorregardsWinslow'smonograph(inPara.4)as

A、ill-conceived

B、incomplete

C>authoritative

D、wellorganized

标准答案：c

知识点露析：这是测试作者观点的问题。答案可在第四段中找到。证实答案C是

正确的有两条理由:第一，作者引用了Winslow的monograph,然后再以Winslow

提出的观点继续展开讨论，这表明作者同意Winslow的观点，第二，作者认为，

Winslow的分析为mostconvincingly,那当然承认Winslow的权威地位了。A与B

都是错的，因为题中提到的都是否定态度。D也是错的，因为wellorganized是一

种陈述风格，与讨论的观点无关，只有C才是正确的描述内容，表达了作者的观

点。

Twotechniqueshaverecentlybeendevelopedtosimplifyresearchandreducethe

numberofnonhumanprimatesneededinstudiesofcertaincomplexhormonalreactions.

OnetechniqueinvolvestheculturingofprimatepituiUry（垂体）cellsandthecellsof

certainhumantumors.Intheother,animaloviduct（输卵管）tissueistransplantedunder

theskinoflaboratoryprimates.Bothculturingtechniquescomplementexistingmethods

ofstudyingintact（完整的）animals.Withaninvitroculturingtechnique,researchersare

decipheringhowbiochemicalagentsregulatethesecretionofprolaclin（催乳激素），the

pituitaryhormonethatpromotesmilkproduction.Theculturedcellssurviveforaslong

asamonth,andtheydonotrequireserum（血清）,acommonlyusedcultureingredient

thatcaninfluencecellularfunctionandconfoundstudyresults.Oneprimatepituitary

glandmayyieldenoughcellsforasmanyas72culturedishes,whichotherwisewould

requireasmanyanimals.Theothertechniqueallowsscientiststomonitorcellular

differentiationinthereproductivetractsoffemalemonkeys.Whilefallingshortofthe

long-soughtgoalofdevelopinganinvitromodelofthefemalereproductivesystem,the

next-bestalternativewasachieved.Themethodinvolvestransplantingoviducttissueto

aneasilyaccessiblesiteundertheskin,wherethegraftedcellsbehaveexactlyasifthey

wereintheirnormalenvironment.Inabout80percentofthegrafts,bloodvesselsin

surroundingabdominalskingrowintoandbeginnourishingtheoviducttissue.

Otherwise,thetissueislargelyisolated,walledoffbythesurroundingskin.Acyst（囊胞）

formsthatshrinksandswellsintandem（一前一后的串联）withstagesofthemenstrual

cycle.Withabout80percentofthegraftsreestablishingthemselvesinthenewsite,a

singlemonkeymaybearasmanyas20miniatureoviductsthatareeasilyaccessiblefor

study.Becausesamplesareremovedwithasimpleprocedurerequiringonlylocal

anesthesia,scientistscantrackchangesinoviductcellsovershortintervals.Incontrast,

repeatedanalysisofcellularchangeswithintheoviductitselfwouldrequireabdominal

surgeryeverytimeasamplewastakenaprocedurethattheanimalscouldnottolerate.

ScientistsareusingthegraftingtechniquetostudyChlamydia（衣原体）infections,a

leadingcauseofinfertilityamongwomen.Byinfectingoviducttissuestransplantedinto

theabdominalskinofrhesus（罗猴）monkeys,researchershopetodeterminehowthe

bacteriacausepelvicinflammatorydiseaseandlesions（损害）thatobstructtheoviduct.

Suchresearchcouldeventuallyleadtothedevelopmentofantibodiestotheinfectious

agentandastrategyforproducingaChlamydiavaccine.

25、Thispassagedealsprimarilywith.

reproductiveorgansofnonhumanprimates

B、diseasesofthepituitaryglands

C、invitrostudiesofpituitaryhormones

D^techniquesforstudyinghormonalreactions

标准答案：D」

知识点解析：主旨题。我们需从选择项目中寻找最适合课文的内容，D是最恰当的

答案。这篇文章从头到尾讲的就是两种新的研究技术。A的回答不全面，只讲了两

种技术中的一种，应予以否定。C错在同样的原因。尽管文中提到了invitro的技

术，这仅是课文的一半内容。B的内容是答非所问，文章中不曾提到pituitarygland

的疾病问题。

26、Accordingtothepassage,theprimarybenefitofthenewresearchisthat.

A、scientistscanstudythepituitaryglandforthefirsttime

B、theproceduresaresimplerandrequirefewerlaboratoryanimals

C>thestudyofintactlaboratoryanimalshasnowbeenrenderedobsolete

D、researcherswereabletodiscoverprolactin

标准答案：B

知识点解析：细节题，任务就是将具体的内容从文章中找出来。尽管本文几次提及

新技术的优点，但文中的第一句话就完整地概括了这个问题。B的内容正是对新技

术优点的总结，它是对的。A是错的，因为文中没有提及这是firsttime科学家能

够研究phuitarygland。C是错的。文中确实提到了新技术减少了动物的需要量，但

并没有说实验性的动物没有必要了。D的错误与A一样，文章没有讲到新技术导

致discoveryofprolactin»

27、AllofthefollowingarctrueofthetransplantationtechniqueEXCEPTthat.

A、itavoidstheneedforsubjectingalaboratorysubjecttorepeatedmajorsurgery

itpermitsscientiststomonitorchangesfrequently

C、thetransplantedcellsgrowastheywouldintheirnormalsite

D、thetransplantedcellscanbeeasilygrowninvitro

标准答案：D-

知识点解析：细节题。要注意题目中的except这个字，正确的选项内容在文中是

无法找到的。A,B,C的相关内容我们都可在文章的第三段中找到，实验过程避

免了重复手术，新技术可以保证长期观察以及细胞的活动正常。然后D模糊了阅

读理解，Invitroculturingofcell属于第一种技术。

28、Accordingtothepassage,Chlamydiacausesinfertilityinwomenby.

A、causingtissuechangeswhichblocktheoviduct

B、shrinkingandswellingtissuesinconjunctionwiththemenstrualcycle

C^allowingskintissuetoencystreproductivetissue

D、necessitatingabdominalsurgerytoremovedamagedtissue

标准答案：A

知识点解析：这也是一道细节题。文中的最后一段论述了题目的内容，这里作者讲

Ttheinfectioncauseslesionswhichobstructtheoviducto这在A选项中得到了很好

的总结。B与C都是错的。它们的内容在文中是提到了，但它们都是答非所问。它

们讲到了如何进行研究却没有提及妇女患不育症的原因。D可能是仅次于A的最

好答案。它讲到了tissuedamage,但文中并没有谈及切除损害组织手术的必要性。

或许我们可以推想这是一种合适的医疗手段，但这种手段并未在文中特别提及。

Inthesummerof999,LeifEriksonvoyagedtoNorwayandspentthefollowingwinter

withKingOlafTryggvason.SubstantiallythesameaccountisgivenbyboththeSagaof

ErictheRedandtheFlatIslandBook.ThelattersaysnothingaboutLeifsreturnvoyage

toGreenland,butaccordingtotheformeritwasduringthisreturnvoyagethatLeif

discoveredAmerica.TheFlatIslandBook,however,tellsofanotherandearlierlandfall

byBiarni,thesonofaprominentmannamedHeriulf,andmakesthattheinspirationfor

thevoyagetothenewlandbyLeif.Inbrief,likeLeif,Biarniandhiscompanionssight

threecountriesinsuccessionbeforereachingGreenland,andtocomeuponeachnewland

takes1"doegr"(timerecord)morethanthelastuntilBiarnicomestolanddirectlyin

frontofhisfather'shouseinthelast-mentionedcountryThisnarrativehasbeenrejected

bymostlaterwriters,andtheymaybejustified.Possibly,BiarniwasacompanionofLeif

whenhevoyagedfromNorwaytoGreenlandviaAmerica,oritmaybethattheentire

taleisbutagarbledaccountofthatvoyageandBiarnianothernameforLeif.Itshouldbe

noted,however,thatthestoriesofLeifsvisittoKingOlafandBiarni'stothatking's

predecessorareinthesamenarrativeintheFlatIslandBook,sothereislesslikelihoodof

duplicationthaniftheywerefromdifferentsources.Also,Biarnilandedonnoneofthe

landshepassed,butLeifapparentlylandedonone,torhebroughtbackspecimensof

wheat,vines,andtimber.Noristhereanygoodreasontobelievethatthefirstlandvisited

byBiarniwasWineland.Thefirstlandwas"levelandcoveredwithwoods,"and"there

weresmallhillocksuponit."Offorests,laterwritersdonotemphasizethemparticularly

inconnectionwithWineland,thoughtheyareoftennotedincidentally;andofhills,the

SagasaysofWinelandonlythatnwherevertherewashillyground,therewerevines.''

Additionally,ifthetwonarrativesweretakenfromthesamesourceweshouldexpecta

closerresemblanceofHelluland.TheSagasaysofit:"Theyfoundtherehellus(largeflat

stones)."AccordingtotheBiarninarrative,however,"thislandwashighand

mountainous."Theintervalsof1,2,3,and4"doegr"inbothnarrativesaresuggestive,

butmythicformulasofthiskindmaybeintroducedintonarrativeswithoutaltogether

destroyingtheirhistoricity.ItisalsoheldagainsttheBiarninarrativethatitsheroismade

tocomeuponthecoastofGreenlandexactlyinfrontofhisfather'shome.Butitshould

berecalledthatHeriulfsnesslaybelowtwohighmountainswhichservedaslandmarks

fornavigators.IwouldgiveupBiarnimorereadilywereitnotthatthestoryofLeifs

voyagecontainedinthesupposedlymorereliableSagaisalmostasamazing.ButLeifs

voyageacrosstheentirewidthoftheNorthAtlanticissaidtobe''probable"becauseitis

incorporatedintothenarrativeofapreferredauthority,whileBiarni'sis"improbable"or

even"impossible"becausethedocumentcontainingithasbeencondemned.

29Theauthor'sprimaryconcernistodemonstratethat.

A、LeifEriksondidnotvisitAmerica

BiarnimighthavevisitedAmericabeforeLeifErikson

C、BiarnididnotvisitWincland

D^LeifEriksonvisitedWinelandfirst

标准答案：B

知识点解析：主旨题。作者在文中提到好几处理由，得出结论：Biarni的描述与

Saga的描述是不一样的，所举例子都是事实，那作者就可按照这些例子作为基

础，声称Biarni在Leif之前到过美洲。这就是B所说的内容。A将作者的意图搞

错了。作者没有必要去证实Leif没有到过美洲，只要说明Biarni在他之前去过就

足够了。C的说法太为狭隘。作者确实想说明两次航行在某种程度上是不一样的，

他也证实Biarni没有到过Wineland,但这仅是整篇文章的一小部分。D也是错

的，作者只需要说明Leif去过的三处地方Biarni没有去过，就可以了。

30、Accordingtothepassage,Winelandwascharacterizedbywhichofthefollowing

geographicalfeatures?

A、Woodsonly.

B、Hillsonly.

C^Woodsandhillsonly.

D、Flatrocksandhillsonly.

标准答案：C

知识点露析：这是一道细节题。在第二段中可以找到相关材料。在段末，作者说到

Wineland有forests或者woods以及hillyterrain,所以C是正确的答案。B的内容在

下一段中被提到，flatrocksHelluland而不是Wineland的特征。

31、Theauthormentionsthetwohighmountainsinordertoshowthatitis.

A、reasonablefbrBiarnitolandpreciselyathisfather'shome

possibletosailfromNorwaytoGreenlandwithoutmodernnavigationalequipment

C^likelythatBiarnilandedonAmericaatleast100yearsbeforeLeifErikson

D、probablethatLeifEriksonfollowedthesamecourseasBiarni

标准答案：A

知识点解析：这是逻辑题。作者在文中指出Heluifshouse地处山区，所以作者提

及山脉来证实Biarni可能找到住处。所以A是唯一的正确答案。B,C,D的内容

无法从文章中找到相应的内容来证实。

32、AllofthefollowingarcmentionedassimilaritiesbetweenLeifErikson'svoyage

andBiarni'svoyageEXCEPTthat.

A、theybothvisitedNorway

B、onthereturnvoyage,bothvisitedthreedifferentlands

C、bothreturnedtoGreenland

D、bothvisitedWineland

标准答案：D

知识点解析：细节题。可用排除法来得出正确的答案。A、B、C的内容都可在文

章的第一段找到，只有D,作者用了好多笔墨来说明Biarni没有到过Wineland,所

以应该D是正确的答案。

ThefoundersoftheRepublicviewedtheirrevolutionprimarilyinpoliticalratherthan

economicorsocialterms.Andtheytalkedabouteducaiionasessentialtothepublic

good-agoalthattookprecedenceoverknowledgeasoccupationaltrainingorasameans

toself-fulfillmentorself-improvement.Overandoveragain,theRevolutionary

generation,bothliberalandconservativeinoutlook,asserteditsconvictionthatthe

welfareoftheRepublicresteduponaneducatedcitizenryandthatschools,especially

freepublicschools,wouldbethebestmeansofeducatingthecitizenryincivicvalues

andtheobligationsrequiredofeveryone:inademocraticrepublicansociety.Allagreed

thattheprincipalingredientsofaciviceducationwereliteracyandtheinculcationof

patrioticandmoralvirtues,someothersaddingthestudyofhistoryandthestudyof

principlesoftherepublicangovernmentitself.Thefounders,aswasthecaseofalmostall

theirsuccessors,werelongonexhortationandrhetoricregardingthevalueofcivic

education,buttheyleftittothetextbookwriterstodistilltheessenceofthosevaluesfor

schoolchildren.TextsinAmericanhistoryandgovernmentappearedasearlyasthe

1790s.Thetextbookwritersturnedouttobeverylargelyofconservativepersuasion,

morelikelyFederalistinoutlookthanJeffersonian,andalmostuniversallyagreedthat

politicalvirtuemustrestuponmoralandreligiousprecepts.Sincemosttextbookwriters

wereNewEnglanders,thismeantthatthetextswereinfusedwithProtestant,andabove

all,Puritanoutlooks.InthefirsthalfoftheRepublic,civiceducationintheschools

emphasizedtheinculcationofcivicvaluesandmadelittleattempttodevelop

participatorypoliticalskills.Thatwasatasklefttoincipientpoliticalparties,town

meetings,churches,andthecoffeeoralehouses,wheremengatheredforconversation.

Additionally,asareadingofcertainFederalistpapersoftheperiodwoulddemonstrate,

thepressprobablydidmoretodisseminaterealisticaswellaspartisanknowledgeof

governmentthantheschools.Thegoalofeducation,however,wastoachieveahigher

formofanumforthenewRepublic.Inthemiddlehalfofthenineteenthcentury,the

politicalvaluestaughtinthepublicandprivateschoolsdidnotchangesubstantiallyfrom

thosecelebratedinthefirstfiftyyearsoftheRepublictothetextbooksoftheday,their

rosyhuesifanythingbecamegolden.Totheresplendentvaluesofliberty,equality,anda

benevolentChristianmoralitywerenowaddedthemiddle-classvirtues-especiallyof

NewEngland-ofhardwork,honestyandintegrity,therewardsofindividualeffort,and

obediencetoparentsandlegitimateauthority.Butofallthepoliticalvaluestaughtin

school,patriotismwaspreeminent;andwheneverteachersexplainedtoschoolchildren

whytheyshouldlovetheircountryaboveallelse,theideaoflibertyassumedprideof

place.

33、Thepassagedealsprimarilywiththe.

ANcontentofearlytextbooksonAmericanhistoryandgovernment

B、roleofeducationinlateeighteenthandearlymid-nineteenthcenturyAmerica

C^influenceofNewEnglandPuritanismonearlyAmericanvalues

D、originanddevelopmentoftheProtestantworkethicinmodernAmerica

标准答案：A

知识点解析：主旨题。文章主要提及美国18世纪后期及19世纪早期教材有关历史

及政府的内容。A正确地归纳出了这个主题。B的内容不能成立，因为文章没有谈

及教育的一般作用，仅是提到了教育起到塑造民众行为规范的作用。C的内容仅是

文章的一部分。D也是错的，文中提及了theoriginoftheworkethic,但这不是文

章的主题。

34、Theauthorslatesthattextbookswritteninthemiddlepartofthenineteenthcentury

A^departedradicallyintoneandstylefromearliertextbooks

B、mentionedforthefirsttimethevalueofliberty

C、treatedtraditionalcivicvirtueswithevengreaterreverence

D、werecommissionedbygovernmentagencies

标准答案：c.''

知识点解析：细节题。在文章最后一段的中间，作者提及了在19世纪中叶，教材

的内容没有什么改变，所以A的内容明显是错误的。D的内容在文中没有提及。B

的内容对文章是个错误的理解，也是错的，所以唯有C的内容才能反映出问题的

答案。

35、WhichofthefollowingwouldLEASTlikelyhavebeenthesubjectofanearly

Americantextbook?

A、BasicrulesofEnglishgrammar.

TheAmericanRevolution.

C、Patriotismandothercivicvirtues.

D、Vocationaleducation.

标准答案：D

知识点解析：逻辑推理题。A说的是literacy,B说的是Americanhistory,C说的

是patrioticandmoralvirtues,这些内容在文中的第一、第二段中充分涉及。D的内

容为vocationaleducation,在第一段中提及过，但很简单，说当时的教育目标took

precedenceoverknowledgeasoccupationaltraining,所以D是唯一，正确的答案。

36、Theauthor'sattitudetowardtheeducationalsystemshediscussescanbestbe

describedas.

A^cynicalandunpatriotic

BNrealisticandanalytical

C、pragmaticandfrustrated

D、disenchantedandhitter

标准答案：B

知识点解析：有关作者观点及态度的问题。我们可以排除A,C,Do因为文中没

有反映消极的态度，但A,C,D选项中的用词都是贬义的、消极的。唯有B较好

地反映作者的立场，所以它是正确的。

William"Bendigo"Thorr.pson,heavyweightchampionofEnglandintheoldbare­

knuckledayswasoneofthedirtiestandmosttreacherousfightersevertostepintoaprize

ring.Yethewassepopularthatatown,aracehorseandaliqueurwerenamedBendigoin

hishonorduringhislifetime.BendigoThompsonwasoneoftripletsborninNottingham,

England,onOctober11,1811.Hismotherwasacoarseandviolentwoman.However,

shewasapparentlyacquaintedwiththeBookofDaniel,fbrshenicknamedherthreesons

Shadrach,MeshachandAbcdncgo.Asachild,thelatter'snamewascorruptedto

Bendigo.Hewasraisedintheslums.Hismotherwastheterroroftheneighborhood.She

cursedlikeafishwifeandfoughtlikeanoutragedarmy.Whenshelosthertemper—a

circumstancethatoccurredtwoorthreetimesaday-sheboatup,impartially,her

children,herhusbandandanyindignantneighborwhothrusthisheadinthedoorto

protestthenoise.Butinherownsavagewayshelovedherfightingsonandhelovedher.

ShetaughtBendigonevertoleadwithhisrightandtofightfromacrouch-aboxingstyle

whichhepioneeredinthering.Whenhewas21yearsoldhehadattainedhisfullheight

andweight:justover5'9'"and164pounds.(Thoughnoheavyweightbymodern

standards,inthosedaystheydidn'tbotheraboutdivisionclassifications.)Hiscomplexion

wasclearandfresh,hisgrayeyesbrightandsparkling,hismannereccentricbut

confident.InOctoberof1832heembarkeduponhisprofessionalcareer.Whenhefought

oneNedSmiththefollowingMarchtbrapurseof