2011中石化职称英语辅导讲义

1、Howtofight,第四讲：模拟题讲解,YoungpeopleinBritaintendtostaywiththeirfamilylongerthesedaysasaccommodationisexpensivebut,whentheymoveawaytoajoborcollege,theyrentaroominsomeoneshouse.Theycanalsogetabed-sittingroom.Theycansharearentedflatorhousewithagroupofyoungpeople.Whenyoungpeoplegetmarriedorhaveasteadyincom

2、e,theyoftenbuyahouse.Theydothisbytakingoutamortgagewithabuildingsocietyorbank.Theyaretheofficialloanforanythingupto100%ofthevalueofthehouse,repayableovertwentyorfortyyears.Peoplecanfinditdifficulttorepaytheirmortgage,butatleasttheyknowthatintheendthehousewillbetheirs.,阅读理解短文1,Ifpeoplecannotaffordtob

3、uytheirownhouse,theycanrentpropertyfromaprivatelandlord.Incityareastheproblemhasbeenmadeworsebythebadconditionthatalotofcouncilpropertyisin.High-riseflats,forexample,havedevelopedstructuralfaults.Unfortunately,homelessnessisanincreasinglyseriousproblemalloverBritain.Itaffectsallages:singlepeople,cou

4、pleswithchildren,evenold-agepensioners.In1984,83190households,atermthatcoversfamiliesandsinglepeople,wereofficiallylistedashomeless.Inoneyear,170190householdsappliedtobeputonthelist,butthousandswereturneddownalthoughtheywereprobablylivinginovercrowdedconditionsorinhousingthatbadlyneededrepairingandi

5、mproving.,阅读理解短文1,Theytendtostaywiththeirfamilylonger,rentaroominsomeoneshouseorcansharearentedflatorhousewithagroupofyoungpeople.,3.Whatdoyoungpeoplethesedaysoftendoinordertohaveaplacetolivein?,2.Whatdoesthenumber,83190listedin1984,show?,Itshowsthatthenumberofhomelesshomelessein1984isrelativelysmal

6、l.,1.Whatconditionsarenewblocksofcouncilflatsin?,Newblocksofcouncilflatsareofteninbadcondition.,阅读理解短文1,4.Ifonehasamortgage,whatdoesthecompanyheborrowedmoneyfromdotohim?,Thecompanyprovideshim/herwithaloanforanythingupto100%ofthevalueofthehouse,5.Whydoestheauthorthinkhomelessinanincreasinglyseriouspr

7、oblemalloverBritain?,Becauseitaffectsallages:singlepeople,coupleswithchildren,evenold-agepensioners.,阅读理解短文1,Theultimategoalofeconomicdevelopmentsiftoimprovethewell-beingofpeople.Thebuildingoffactories,theterracingoflandandthetrainingofengineersarebutmeanstowardsthatend;enhancingthereputationorwealt

8、hofpoliticalleadersandincreasingtheprestigeorpowerofnationstatesareirrelevant.Improvingthehealthofpeopleisfundamentaltoimprovingtheirwell-being.Thisbeingso,itisimportanttoknowwhat“health”means.Healthhaslongbeendefinedbythe155memberstatesoftheworldHealthOrganization(WHO)as“astateofcompletephysical,me

9、ntalandsocialwell-being,andnotmerelytheabsenceofdiseaseorinfirmity.”Theultimategoalofdevelopmentcanthereforebesaidtobehealth,inthisbroadsense,forallthepeopleoftheworld.Itissimpleasthatandascomplex.,阅读理解短文2,Itiscomplexbecausewhenitcomestodefininghealthpolicies,assigningpriorities,allottingfundsandpla

10、nningandoperationprogramstogiveeffecttothepolicies,itisnoteasyforpoliticalleadersortechnicalexpertsineithertheunderdevelopedorthedevelopedcountriestokeepinmindthecentralityofhumandevelopment.Therearetwoconventionalwaystoviewtherelationbetweenhealthanddevelopment.Oneseeshealthasaprerequisitefordevelo

11、pment.Theotherseeshealthasaconcomitantofdevelopment.Bothviewsaresupportedbyevidenceandbothcanmotivatehumandevelopmentprograms.Theyarenotevenmutuallyexclusive;rathertheyaremutuallysupportive.,阅读理解短文2,Healthisindeedaprerequisiteforeconomicandsocialadvance.Humanenergyisthefuelthatdrivesdevelopment,thes

12、ourcenotonlyofphysicalworkandothereconomicactivitybutalsoofhopeforthefuture,socialawarenessandtheabilitytoabsorbandapplynewknowledge,allofwhichareessentialtodevelopment.Genuinemeasurestoimprovehealtharelikelytocontributetogeneralsocioeconomicadvance.,阅读理解短文2,Becauseitisnoteasyforpoliticalleadersorte

13、chnicalexpertsineithertheunderdevelopedorthedevelopedcountriestokeepinmindthecentralityofhumandevelopment.,3.Whyisitcomplextoachievetheultimategoalofdevelopment?,2.Whatsthedefinitionofheathby“WHO”?,Accordingto“WHO”,healthmeansastateofcompletephysical,mentalandsocialwell-being,andnotmerelytheabsenceo

14、fdiseaseorinfirmity.,1.Whatsessentialtoimprovingthewell-beingofpeople?,Improvingthehealthofpeopleisessentialtoimprovingthewell-beingofpeople,阅读理解短文2,4.Whatarethetwoviewsontherelationbetweenhealthanddevelopment?,Onewayistoseehealthasaprerequisitefordevelopment.Theotheristoseehealthasaconcomitantofdev

15、elopment.,5.Whatsthepurposeofthispassage?,Thepurposeofthispassageistoattractpeoplesattentiontotheimportanceofimprovinghumanshealth.,阅读理解短文2,处理问答题的方法1.重复,阅读理解短文2,5.WhydoestheauthorthinkhomelessinanincreasinglyseriousproblemalloverBritain?,Becauseitaffectsallages:singlepeople,coupleswithchildren,eveno

16、ld-agepensioners.,2.Whatsthedefinitionofheathby“WHO”?,Accordingto“WHO”,healthmeansastateofcompletephysical,mentalandsocialwell-being,andnotmerelytheabsenceofdiseaseorinfirmity.,处理问答题的方法1.重复,阅读理解短文2,Becauseitisnoteasyforpoliticalleadersortechnicalexpertsineithertheunderdevelopedorthedevelopedcountrie

17、stokeepinmindthecentralityofhumandevelopment.,3.Whyisitcomplextoachievetheultimategoalofdevelopment?,4.Whatarethetwoviewsontherelationbetweenhealthanddevelopment?,Onewayistoseehealthasaprerequisitefordevelopment.Theotheristoseehealthasaconcomitantofdevelopment.,处理问答题的方法2.转述,阅读理解短文2,2.Whatdoesthenumb

18、er,83190listedin1984,show?,Itshowsthatthenumberofhomelesshomelessein1984isrelativelysmall.,1.Whatconditionsarenewblocksofcouncilflatsin?,Newblocksofcouncilflatsareofteninbadcondition.,4.Ifonehasamortgage,whatdoesthecompanyheborrowedmoneyfromdotohim?,Thecompanyprovideshim/herwithaloanforanythingupto1

19、00%ofthevalueofthehouse,处理问答题的方法2.转述,阅读理解短文2,1.Whatsessentialtoimprovingthewell-beingofpeople?,Improvingthehealthofpeopleisessentialtoimprovingthewell-beingofpeople,处理问答题的方法3.归纳,阅读理解短文2,Theytendtostaywiththeirfamilylonger,rentaroominsomeoneshouseorcansharearentedflatorhousewithagroupofyoungpeople.,3

20、.Whatdoyoungpeoplethesedaysoftendoinordertohaveaplacetolivein?,Withtheeconomicdevelopmentandtheincreaseofthepopulation,wearefacedwiththelackofwatersupply.Soitishightimeforustofindasolutiontotheproblem.,随着经济的发展和人口的增长，我们面临着水资源的匮乏。所以，现在是我们找到解决这个问题的时间了,Therearetwomainwaystosolvetheproblem.First,withthed

21、evelopmentofhightechnologynewresourcesmaybefoundandthepresentonescanbepreservedeffectively.,解决这个问题有两种方法。其一，随着高科技的发展，我们有可能发现新的资源从而使现有的资源得到有效的保护。,英译汉短文1,Forarecentsurvey,itcanbeseenthattheconsumptionofwaterallovertheworldhasbeenremarkablyraisedcomparedwiththatoflastyear.,最近的调查表明：和去年的消费比起来，今年全世界的水消费已经有

22、了非常显著的增长,Statisticsalsoshowthatalotofwaterresourcessuchaslakes,riversandoceanshavebeenpollutedseriously.,同时数据又表明像湖泊、河流和海洋等大量的水资源却受到了严重的污染,Asaresult,thereislessspaceforpeopletoobtainenoughhealthywater.,因此，人们获得足够的清洁水就变得更难了,英译汉短文1,Second,measuresshouldbetakentorestraintheincreaseofwaterconsumption.Fore

23、xample,wecanadvocatetherecyclingofwaterinindustry.,其二，应该采取一些措施来限制水消费的增长。比如说，我们可以倡导工业中水的循环使用,Beingoneofthosewhoselifehasbeenthreatenedbythecrisis,Iwouldliketodosomethinghelpful,suchasnotwastingwaterindailylifeandspreadingtheideaofprotectingenvironment.Aslongaswetakeitseriously,wewilldefinitelyovercom

24、ethisdifficulty.,作为生命收到水资源危机威胁的其中一员，我想做一些有益的事情，比如日常生活中不浪费水，比如传播一些保护环境的理念。只要我们严肃地对待这个问题，我们就一定能克服目前这个困难,英译汉短文1,Curiosityaboutnaturalsubstancesledtosomeoftheearliestadventuresinisolatingpurechemicalmaterialsfromnature.Humansdiscoveredthattheycouldextractthecolorsformflowersandsomeinsectsandusethemtomak

25、epicturesandtodyecloth.,对自然物质的好奇导致了最初的人们从事一些从自然中分离纯化合物的活动。人们发现他们可以从花朵和昆虫中提取颜料用于绘画和染布,Onlyinthelastcenturyhavechemistslearnedthedetailedchemicalstructuresofthesenaturalcolors.,只是在本世纪化学家们才了解到这些自然颜料具体的化学结构,英译汉短文2A篇,Fromearliesttimeshumanshavealsobeenmakingnewsubstancesbyperformingchemicaltransformation

26、s.Thefirstsuchnewsubstanceswereprobablysoapandcharcoal.,自古至今，人类一直在通过化学变化制造出新的物质。最早的这类新物质极有可能是肥皂和木炭,英译汉短文2A篇,Whenwoodisheateditloseswaterandproducescharcoal.Inthisprocessthecelluloseofwoodachemicalcompoundcontainingcarbon,hydrogen,andoxygenalllinkedbychemicalbondsundergoesachemicalreactionthatbreakst

27、hehydrogenandoxygenawayaswaterandleavesthecarbonbehindascharcoal.,当木材加热的时候它会失去水分从而形成木炭。在这个过程之中，木材纤维一种由化合键连接的含有碳、氢、氧的化合物经过化学反应，脱掉形成水的氢和氧，留下以木炭形式存在的碳,英译汉短文2A篇,Aftertheearlyperiodofrandomdiscovery,humansbeganheatingsubstancestogetherintentionallytoseewhatoccurs.Whenamaterialthatwenowcallironorewasheate

28、dwithcharcoal,itproducedironmetal.,在经历了早起偶然随机的发现后，人们开始有意的把一些物质放在一起加热来看会发生什么样的结果。当一种我们现在称之为铁矿石的材料和木炭一起加热时，就产生了铁金属。,英译汉短文2A篇,Ironorecontainsachemicalinwhichironatomsarechemicallyboundtooxygenatoms.Heatingitwithcharcoalletsthecarbonatomsofcharcoalbindtotheoxygenatomsandcarrythemoffasthegascarbonmonoxid

29、e,leavingironbehind.,铁矿石里含有一种铁原子和氧原子以化合形式连接在一起的化合物。把它和木炭放在一起加热可以使碳原子结合到氧原子上形成一氧化碳从而带走碳，留下铁。,英译汉短文2A篇,Itwasnotedthatthesecondlawofthermodynamicshastodowiththedirectioninwhichprocessesmove;itisassociatedwiththeideathatprocessesthatarespontaneousinonedirectionarenotspontaneousintheoppositedirection.Thi

30、sideaappliesnotonlytochemicalchangesbuttootherprocessesaswell.,过去人们指出热学第二定律和热传导的方向有关。它涉及到这种观点：热传导在一个方向上是自发进行的，在反方向上一定是不自发的。这种观点不仅适用于化学变化，也适用于别的过程,英译汉短文2B篇,Weallknowthatheatflowsspontaneouslyfromahotobjecttoacoldone.Wealsoknowthattocauseheattoflowinthereservedirection,fromacoldobjecttoahotteroneorfro

31、masystematsometemperaturetosurroundingsatahighertemperature,requireaninputofenergy.Forexample,itrequireselectricalenergytomaintainarefrigeratoratalowertemperaturethanthesurroundingkitchen.,我们都知道热在自然条件下从热的物体流向冷的物体。我们也知道，要想让热反方向流动，从一个冷的物体流向一个更热的物体，或者说从一个温度较低的环境流向温度较高的环境，都是需要输入能量的,英译汉短文2B篇,Forexample,i

32、trequireselectricalenergytomaintainarefrigeratoratalowertemperaturethanthesurroundingkitchen.,比如说，我们需要电力来维持一台比周围的厨房温度低一些的电冰箱的运转,英译汉短文2B篇,Arelatedbutlessobviouspointisthatheatcannotbecompletelyconvertedintowork.Thereissomeheatthatistransferredtothesurroundings.,还有另一种相关但不那么显然的观点：热不能完全转化为功。有一些热会流失到周围的环

33、境中去,Forexample,inasteamturbine,theheatenergycontainedinhigh-temperaturesteamisconvertedintoelectricalenergy;thekineticenergyofthesteammoleculesisconvertedintothekineticenergyofthemovingturbineblades,andeventuallyintoelectricalenergy.,比如说，在一台蒸汽机中，高温蒸汽中的热能被转化为电力。蒸汽中分子的动能转化为涡轮叶片的动能，最后被转化为电力。,英译汉短文2B篇,B

34、utnotallthekineticenergyofthesteammoleculecanbeconvertedintothekineticenergyoftheturbine.,但并非所有的蒸汽分子的动能都会转化为涡轮的动能,Someenergyislosttothesurroundingsasheat.Everyelectricalpowerplantisasourceofwasteheat;thelawsofthermodynamicstellusthatthismustbeso.Indeed,thefactthatheatcannotbecompletelyconvertedintow

35、orkisoneiftheearlieststatementsofthesecondlaw.,一些能以热的方式散发到周围的环境中。每一个电厂都是一个热浪费源，热学第二定律告诉我们这是不可避免的。事实上，热不能完全转化为功是第二定律最早的陈述内容之一。,英译汉短文2B篇,TheMicrosoftlabismuchmorethanashowcaseforhowfarChinahascomeincomputertechnology.Italsoillustrateshowinnovationisanincreasinglyglobalgame.,微软实验室不仅仅反映出中国在计算机技术方面所取得的成就

36、，也验证了创新是怎样成为一个全球性的活动的。,综合类英译汉短文2B篇,ItcaninvolveaworldwideresearchanddevelopmentoperationlikethatMicrosoft,orIBM,whichhasmajorlabsinChina,Israel,Switzerland,Japan,andIndia.,它可能是一个全球范围内的研发活动，像Microsoft或者IBM,他们在中国、以色列、瑞士、日本和印度都有了大型的实验室,Orinnovationcanbetheproductofamuchmoreamorphousstructure,somethingt

37、hatconsultantscallglobalinnovationnetworks.,或者说创新是一种被顾问们称之为全球创新网络的更加模糊的结构的产物。,综合类英译汉短文2B篇,Theseoftenconsistofin-houseengineers,contractdesignersandmanufacturers,universityscientists,anddozensoftechnologysuppliersbigandsmallallpulledtogetherforaparticularproduct.,这些网络通常包括一些内部工程师、合约设计者、制造商、大学里的科学家，以及许

38、多大大小小的技术供应者所有的人都被一个特定的产品联系在一起,Suchblendingoftechnologieswillbecomeevenmorecommonasinnovationnetworksextendtheirreach.,随着创新网络的扩展，技术的这种融合将更加普遍。,综合类英译汉短文2B篇,Manycorporationshavebeenobsessedwithimprovingqualityinthe1980s,boostingproductivityinthe1990s,andslashingcostsintheworkofthe2000techbust.,二十世纪八十年代

39、许多公司钟情于提高质量，九十年代热衷于提高产量，而2000年科技泡沫破灭时，则专注于大肆削减成本。,Now,companiesarezeroinginhowtoinnovatemoreefficiently.“ThefallacyofinnovationwasthatitwasallaboutspendingonR&Dorinformationtechnology,”saysDianaFarrell,directoroftheMckinseyGlobalInstitute.“Instead,ithasmoretodowithexecutionandgettingproductsoutbette

40、randfaster.”Theanswersareoutthere,waitingforthequickestandsmartesttofindthem.,综合类英译汉短文2B篇,现在，公司又集中于如何更为有效的创新。“关于创新，有人错误地认为它仅仅是投资于研发或者信息科技。”麦肯锡全球学院的主管DianaFarrell说，“相反，它与执行和更快更好地生产产品有更多的关系。”答案就在那，等着最敏锐最聪明的人去发现他们,1.在当今的市场，成功的海外业务有助于国内的商业活动,Inthecurrentmarket,successfuloverseabusinessishelpfultocommerc

41、ialactivitiesathome.,英译汉短文2A篇,2.创新的步伐越来越快，要与之齐头并进确实是一种挑战,Withmoreandmorerapidinnovation,itisreallyachallengetokeeppacewithit.,3.为什么化合物与混合物不同？需要我们用一种理论来帮助我们解释这些事实。,Whyarecompoundsdifferentfrommixtures?Atheoryisneededtohelpusexplainthesefacts.,英译汉短文2A篇,4.自从上个世纪初开始，电成为我们现代化生活中必不可少的组成部分,Sincethebeginningofthelastcentury,electricityhasbeenanindispensablepartinourmodernlife.,我们需要开发没有副作用的新型供农业和食物用的化学品。这种要求现在是完全明确的，为了开发这些产品，这方面的研究工作是很活跃的，只是最近我们才对这些事情变得敏感了。,Itisnecessaryforustodevelopnewtypesofchemicalproductswithoutsideeffectsforagricultureandfood,whichisquit