英语语言学概论-Chapter-6-Syntaxppt课件

1、.,1,Chapter6Syntax,Astudyofsentences:sentencestructureandformation,.,2,6.1definitionofsyntax:howthewordsofalanguagecanbecombinedtomakelargerunits,suchasphrases,clauses(分句)andsentences.Itstudiestheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsofthesentencestructureandtherulesgoverningtheproductionofsentences,.,3,

2、Finite(有限的)numberofwordsandsmallsetofrulescancreateinfinitenumberofsentencesSyntacticknowledge:theintuitionofnativespeakersabouthowwordsarecombinedtobephrasesandsentences.,.,4,6.2Grammar:syntaxandmorphologyGrammarstudiesthemorphologicalandsyntacticrulesoflanguage.Itexcludesphonetics,phonology,semant

3、ics.Grammarincludesmorphologyandsyntax;MorphologystudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandwordformationprocessesSyntaxdealswiththesentencestructuresandproducton.Statically(静态的):sentencestructure;dynamically:sentencegeneration.,.,5,6.3syntagmatic,paradigmaticandhierarchicalrelations,6.3thesyntagmaticrela

4、tionshipreferstothelinearrelationshipbetweentheconstituents(成分)(syntagmsorsyntagmas组成成分).HeisfromAmericaSetsofsyntagmaticallyrelatedconstituentsarecalledstructure,.,6,Paradigmaticrelationsorassociativerelationsreferstothesetofrelationsalinguistcunithaswithotherunitsinaspecificcontext.Paradigmaticrel

5、ationsholdbetweenanitemandsimilaronesthatcanappearinthesamepositioninasequenceParadigmaticrelatonsholdbetweenthelinguisticelementswithinasentenceandthoseoutsidethesentence.,.,7,Classesofparadigmaticallyrelatedelementsarecalledsystem,like“personsystem(人称系统)I/you/he/we/you/theylikedtheplay.Syntacticca

6、tegories(句法范畴)refertothelinguisticformsthathaveparadigmaticrelations.Theyincludelexicalcategories(词汇范畴)andnon-lexicalcategories.,.,8,Lexicalcategories:Noun(N):book,table.Verb(V);hit,tellAdjective(Adj):good,badAdverb(Adv):greatlyDeterminer(Det)(限定词):a,this,his,Preposition(P):oninconjunction(Conj);and

7、ifInterjection(Int)(感叹词):oh,ah,.,9,Phrasalcategories:Nounphrase(NP):abookVerbphrase(VP):singasongAdjectivephrase(AP):verygoodAdverbphrase(ADVP):verywell,Auxiliaryphrase(AUX)(助动词):tense,model,perf,prog:be,may,Prepositionalphrase(PP):intheroom,.,10,Hierarchicalstructure(层次结构)refertotheinnerlayering(内部

8、层次关系)ofsentences,thatis,sentencesconsistingofphrasesandphrasesinturnarecomposedofwords.HierarchicalstructurecanbeanalysedbyICanalysis,labeledICanalysis,phrasemarkersandlabeledbracketing.,.,11,6.4ICAnalysis,.,ICAnalysisofsentences:todividethewordsofasentenceintotwogroups,andthendivideeachgroupintosub

9、-groupsandsoon,untilthesinglewordsofthesentencesareobtained.ItisamajorfeatureofBloomfieldianStructuralistlinguistics(布龙菲尔德结构主义语言学的主要特征),.,12,SheisfromAmericaShe+isfromAmericais+fromAmericafrom+AmericaImmediateconstituents:UltimateconstituentsConstituents:alltheformsexcepttheoneatthetop-thesentenceit

10、self,.,13,OneadvantageofICAnalysisistorevealstructuralambiguity(结构性歧义)naughtyboysandgirlsnaughty+boysandgirlsboys+and+girlsnaughtyboysandgirlsnaughtyboys+and+girlsNaughty+boys,.,14,TheyareflyingplanesThey+areflyingplanesare+flyingplanesflying+planes(这些飞机是正在飞行的飞机)TheyareflyingplanesThey+areflyingplan

11、esareflying+planesare+flying(他们在驾驶或乘飞机)Theyarevisitingrelatives,.,15,DotheICAnalysisofthefollowingsentences:LittleTomrunsveryfast.Theseapplesareverysweet.Hisbrotherstayedathome.HisbrotherbeatlittleJohn.,.,16,LittleTomrunsveryfast.LittleTom+runsveryfastLittle+Tomruns+veryfastvery+fastThoseapplesareve

12、rysweet.Thoseapples+areverysweetThose+applesare+verysweetvery+sweet,.,17,Hisbrotherstayedathome.Hisbrother+stayedathomeHis+brotherstayed+athomeat+homeThatboybeatlittleTonyThatboy+beatlittleTonyThat+boybeat+littleTonylittle+Tony,.,18,AstheICanalysisshowthatthesefoursentenceshavethesamestructuresuperf

13、icially,ICanalysisshouldbemodified.LabeledICAnalysis:tolabelthegrammaticalcategoriesofeachconstituentsandthesentences.,.,19,LittleTomrunsveryfast./SLittleTom/NP+runsveryfast/VPLittle/Adj+Tom/Nruns/V+veryfast/ADVPvery/Adv+fast/AdvThoseapplesareverysweet./sThoseapples/NP+areverysweet/VPThose/Det+apple

14、s/Nare/V+verysweet/APvery/Adv+sweet/Adj,.,20,Hisbrotherstayedathome./SHisbrother/NP+stayedathome/VPHis/Det+brother/Nstayed/V+athome/PPat/P+home/NThatboybeatlittleTony/SThatboy/NP+beatlittleTony/VPThat/Det+boy/Nbeat/V+littleTony/NPlittle/Adj+Tony/N,.,21,AstheICAnalysisistooredundant(重复的)andtroublesom

15、e,thephrasemarkers(短语标记法)areadvanced.LittleJohnrunsverfastThoseapplesareverysweet.Hisbrotherstaysathome.ThatboybeatlittleJohn.,.,22,Labeledbracketing(方括标记法):sNPDettheNapplesVPVareAPADVPAdvveryAdjsweet,.,23,ConstituencyandDependency,Constituency(成分关系):Itistodivideasentenceintoaseriesofconstituentswhi

16、chcanbeanalysedintofurtherconstituentsuntilnofurtherdivisionispossible.Constituentsstructureanalysisisahierarchicalanalysisshowingthedifferentconstituentsatdifferentstructurallevels.,.,24,Dependencygrammar(依存语法)asrepresentedbyLucienTesniereistodescribedependencystructuresofsentences,thatis,thestruct

17、ureofdependencyrelationsbetweentheelementsofasentence.Inasyntacticconnectionbetweentwoelementsoneisthegoverningelement(支配因素)andtheotheristhedependentelement(依存因素).Whenagoverningelementisdependentonanothergoverningelement,ahierarchicaldependecystructurewillresults.Inasentence,theabsolutegovernoristhe

18、verb.,.,25,6.6TGGrammar(转换生成语法),Staticstudyoflanguagedealswithonlysurfacestructure(表层结构);dynamicstudyoflanguagedealswithbothsurfacestructureanddeepstructure.Sentencegeneration(句子的生成)alwaysstartswiththedeepstructureandthentransformsitintosurfacestructure.,.,26,Deepstructuresaregeneratedbyphrasestruct

19、urerules(短语结构规则)whilesurfacestructuresarederivedfromthedeepstructurebythetransformationalrules.,.,27,Thewholeprocesscanberepresentedby:PhrasestructurerulesdeepstructureT-rulessurfacestructure,.,28,Thesamesurfacestructure:Theturkey(火鸡)isreadytoeat.differentdeepstructure:a:Theturkeyitselfisreadytoeats

20、omething.(turkeyisthelogicalsubjectofeat)bTheturkeyasadishisreadyforpeopletoeat.(turkeyisthelogicalobjectofeat),.,29,Twosurfacestructuremayhavethesamedeepstructure:theboybrokethewindow.Thewindowwasbrokenbytheboy.Samestructures:Theproblemiseasytofollow.,.,30,Diffenrences:,Surfacestructurescorrespondd

21、irectlytothelineararrangementsofsentences;whiledeepstructurescorrespondtothemeaningfulgroupingofsentences.Surfacestructuresaremoreconcretewhiledeepstructuresaremoreabstract.Surfacestructuresgivetheformsofsentenceswhereasdeepstructuresgivethemeaningsofsentences,.,31,4surfacesrtucturesarepronounceable

22、(havephoneticforms)butdeepstructuresarenot.,.,32,6.6.2phrasestructurerules,”consistof”or”isrewrittenas”():optionalconstituents(可有成分);compulsoryconstituents;要么SNPAUPVPHeisworking.NP(Det)(AP)NthoseoldbooksAP(AP)/(ADVP)AdjveryoldVPV(NP)(PP)(S)/(AP)(ADVPrunfast,gettotheschool,.,33,PPPNPintheboxAUXTense(

23、Modal)(Perf)(Prog)Tensepresent/pastwasisModalcan,may,must,will,shall,couldPerfhave-EN(完成体)Progbe-ING(进行体),.,34,VPhastwoparts:thebaseformandinflectinalendingswhichbelongtotheauxiliaryphrase:tense,modal,perf,prog.,.,35,6.6.3transformationalrules(转换规则):totransformdeepstructuresintosurfacestructures,whi

24、chinvolvesaseriesofT-rules.ThemoreT-rulesareapplied,themoreconcretethestructurebecomesandthecloseritistoitssurfacestructure.,.,36,deepstructurebyT-rules(1)modifiedstructure(1)byT-rules(2)modifiedstructure(2).byT-rules(n)surfacestructure,.,37,EachT-ruleperformsoneortwoofthefollowingthreeoperations:re

25、arrangingtheelementsofthestructure;addinganewelement;deletinganelementfromthestructure.Eachtransformationalruleconsistsoftwoparts:structuraldescription(SD);structuralchange(SC).Inthedescription,X,Y,Zcanbeusedasthevariables(变量),.,38,1T-Affixhopping(时态词缀跳换):SD:XAffixVY1234SC:13242T-Passive(被动态转换规则)SD:

26、NP1AUXVNP2Y12345SC:42+be-en3+by15,.,39,3T-Agentdeletion(施事删除)SD:NP2AUX+be-ENV+byNP1X12345SC:123O54T-Negation(否定转换规则)SD:XTensemodal/have/beY123SC12+not3,.,40,5T-DoinsertionSD:XTenseY123(Tenseisnotfollowedbymodal/have/be)SC:12+do36T-YesorNoquestion(是否问句)SD:NPTenseModal/have/beX123SC:213,.,41,7T-Wh-wor

27、dquestion(特殊疑问句):T-Wh-wordinsertionT-YesorNOquestion(T-Doinsertion)T-Wh-wordswitchingT-Affixhopping8T-Reflexive(反身代词):SD:NP1XNP2(NP1=NP2)123SC12Reflexive,.,42,9T-Imperative(祈使句)SD:YPresentVX(Y=you)1234SC:O234OfalltheT-rules,T-Affixhoppingisobligatorywhileothersareoptional.Practice,.,43,Theorderingof

28、transformationalrules:Iftheorderingisnotfollowed,thetransformationwillproduceill-formedsentencesorbeblockedup.9orders.1T-ReflexivemustbeappliedbeforeT-imperative.2T-PassivemustbeappliedbeforeT-Reflexive.,.,44,3T-PassivemustbeqppiledbeforeT-Negation.4T-passivemustbeappliedbeforeT-YesorNoquestion.5T-Affixisalwaysfinallyapplied.6T-AgentdeletionisalwaysimmediatelyafterTPassive.7T-Doinsertionisalwaysa