7Patty PPTW1 CLAW5001_intro

1、CLAW5001LegalEnvironmentofBusiness,IntroductiontotheAustralianLegalSystemPattyKamvounias,OverviewofTodaysLecture,ThenatureandroleoflawLegalregulationofbusinessLawinthebusinessschoolLegallanguageDevelopmentoftheAustralianlegalsystemOverviewoftheCommonwealthConstitutionPreviewofnextweekslecturethresho

2、ldlegalconceptsI:sourcesoflawlegalreasoningandanalysis,2,DiscussionQuestions,Whatdoyouthinkarethekeyfunctionsoflaw?WhyisbusinesslawincludedintheBusinessSchoolcurriculum?WhatarethesourcesoflawinNewSouthWales?HowislawmakingpowersharedbetweentheStatesandtheFederalgovernment?Howistheseparationofpowersdo

3、ctrinepartoftheCommonwealthConstitution?DiscusstheroleoftheHighCourtofAustraliaininterpretingtheCommonwealthConstitution.,3,Theroleoflaw,Whatisthefunctionoflaw?,ToallocateandregulatepowerandauthoritylawstodefinewhocanexercisewhatkindofpowerTocommunicateandreinforcesocialvalueslawstoenforcemoralitye.

4、g.murder,theftlawstoprovidesecurityandprotectione.g.workplacesafety,liabilityfordefectiveproductsTpertylawrecognisesrightsofownership;providessystemsfortransferandinheritance;protectspropertyrights,Whatisthefuncti

5、onoflaw?,Tocreatecertaintywhenthereareconflictingintereststhatleadtodisputeslawsandinstitutionstoresolveproblems/disputeswhentheyariseinamannerthatissubjecttopublicscrutinyandfinalTomaintainpublicorderandstabilitylawstosuppress/prohibitcertainconduct/behaviourandsanctionstoensurelawsareuphelde.g.mot

6、ortrafficlawslawstoregulateactivities(personalandbusiness),Legalregulationofbusiness,LawregulatesBusinessstructuresandactivitiesAgreementsanddealingswithsuppliers,customersandotherbusinessesRelationshipsbetweenemployers,employees,independentcontractorsandothersOwnershipofpropertyIntellectualproperty

7、rightsDisputeresolutionTaxation.,LawintheBusinessSchool,.au/business/currentstudents/postgraduate/curriculum_information/specialisations/business_lawTheBusinessLawspecialisationisdesignedtodevelopasoundunderstandingoftheimpactofcommerciallawonbusinessactivity.Graduateswillbeabletorec

8、ognisepotentiallegalproblemsandworkinhouseontheirsolution,aswellasidentifywhentoseekexpertadvice.Theemphasisthroughoutthespecialisationisonthelegalproblemslikelytobeencounteredbygraduatesintheirfuturecareers.Thisspecialisationaddsvaluetoanybusinessgraduatebyprovidingaframeworkoflegalknowledgeandcapa

9、bilitiesinproblemframingandsolution,assessmentofriskandcompliance.,LawintheBusinessSchool,Communicationandthelaw:legallanguage,commonlyusedlegalvocabulary,commonwordendings/patterns,specialisedlegalterms,Wordswithspecificlegalmeaningsandlittleifanyuseineverydayspeech-purelawtermsAdvantage:“instantly

10、incomprehensibletothenon-expertreader”signaltheneedtoresearchmeaninginspecialistlegaldictionary/resource/glossaryintextbookExamples:ChoseinactionChoseinpossessionFeesimpleEstoppelCodicil,someLatinterms,Latinmaxims,generaltermsgivenspeciallegalmeaninginparticularcontexts,Wordsthatarenotpurelawtermsbu

11、tacquirespeciallegaldefinitioninparticularcontextsthroughtheprovisionsofastatutetheprocessofjudicialinterpretationExamples:CompetitionandConsumerAct2010(Cwth)themeaningofthewordgoodsisdefinedinsection2ofSchedule2;consumerisdefinedinsection3ofSchedule2contrast:themeaningofthephrasemisleadingordecepti

12、veconductisnotdefinedintheActbutislefttojudgestoconsider/interpret/determine,legaltermsalsofoundineverydayspeech,Wordswithrelatedlegalandgeneralmeaninglegalmeaningismorespecific,detailedortechnicalexamples:landnegligencenuisanceassaultofferagentvoluntary,legaltermsalsofoundineverydayspeech,Wordswith

13、differentlegalandgeneralmeaning-legalmeaningisentirelydifferentfromusualEnglishconfusion?cluestomeaningderivedfromcontextexamples:considerationequitysummary(asinasummaryoffence)execute(asintoexecuteadocument)title(asintitletogoods),legaltermsalsofoundineverydayspeech,Wordswithmorethanonelegalmeaning

14、confusion?cluestomeaningderivedfromcontextexamples:propertyRpertypassestobuyer”Objectofownershipe.gring,landcommonlawTypeoflegalsystemSourceoflawRulesdevelopedinthecommonlawcourts,whatdoescommonlawmean?,Differenttypesoflegalsystemsacrosstheworld,SOURCE:UniversityofOttawa,Facul

15、tyofLawJuriGlobeWorldLegalSystemsResearchGrouphttp:/www.juriglobe.ca/eng/index.php,DevelopmentoftheAustralianLegalSystem,receptionofthecommonlaw,AccordingtoEnglishlaw,newcolonieswereeither:conquered(battle)ceded(treaty)orsettled(terranullius),receptionofthecommonlawinsettledcolonies,“Ithathbeenheldt

16、hatifanuninhabitedcountrybediscoveredandplantedbyEnglishsubjectsalltheEnglishlawstheninbeing,whicharethebirthrightofeveryEnglishsubject,areimmediatelythereinforceButthismustbeunderstoodwithverymanyandverygreatrestrictions.SuchcolonistscarrywiththemonlysomuchoftheEnglishlawasisapplicabletotheirnewsit

17、uationandtheconditionofaninfantcolony.”CommentariesontheLawsofEngland(1765),SirWilliamBlackstone1723-1780,BotanyBay1770:terranullius?,.au/immigrationmuseum/discoverycentre/identity/people-like-them/the-white-picket-fence/timeline/,terranullius,27,terranulliusnomore,Theactsandeventsbywhichthatdisposs

18、essioninlegaltheorywascarriedintopracticaleffectconstitutethedarkestaspectofthehistoryofthisnation.Thenationasawholemustremaindiminishedunlessanduntilthereisanacknowledgementof,andretreatfrom,thosepastinjusticesthere-examinationofthesepropositionscompelstheirrejection.DeaneandGaudronJJ,MabovStateofQ

19、ueensland(1992)175CLR1at82,terranulliusnomore:recognitionofnativetitle,DoctrineofterranulliusrejectedbyHCACommonlawofAustraliarecognisesnativetitleSomelandmaybesubjecttothepriorclaimsofcertainAboriginalpeoples,whohavemaintainedaconnectionwiththelandsincecolonisationofAustralia.Nativetitlecannotexist

20、wheretheCrownhasdealtwiththelandinawaywhichisinconsistentwiththecontinuedsubsistenceofnativetitle.,28,LawsofEnglandandthecolonyofNSW,EnglishlawandthecolonyofNSW,1788:Europeanpenalsettlement-Governorruledbyproclamation1823:NewSouthWalesAct(ThirdCharterofJustice)establishedaLegislativeCouncil+theSupre

21、meCourtofNewSouthWaleswithcriminalandciviljurisdiction1828:AustraliaCourtsActexpandedmembershipofLegislativeCouncil+providedthatallcommonlawandstatutelawsofEnglandinforceon25July1828wereinforceinNewSouthWales1842:AustralianConstitutionsAct(No1)majorityofmembersofLegislativeCounciltobeelected1850:Aus

22、tralianConstitutionsAct(No2)separatedVictoriafromNewSouthWales(becameadistinctcolonyfromJanuary1851)+empoweredGovernorandLegislativeCouncilincoloniestoestablishbicameralParliaments(withUKapproval),UniversityofSydneyAct1850(NSW),.au/scan-sid-236.html,LegislativeCouncilAnActtoinc

23、orporateandendowtheUniversityofSydneySigned1October1850UniversityinauguratedOctober1852,NewSouthWalesConstitutionAct1855(UK),.au/item-sdid-78.html,CopyoforiginalassentoftheActoftheUKParliamentenablingQueenVictoriatoassenttotheNewSouthWalesConstitutionestablishingabicameralparli

24、amentwithanelectedLegislativeAssemblyandanappointedLegislativeCouncil,theUKParliamentarymodel:bicamerallegislature+thesovereign,HouseofCommons,QueenElizabethII,HouseofLords,NewSouthWalesparliament:followedUKmodel,LegislativeAssembly,LegislativeCouncil,NSWGovernor:1/3/01to26/9/14MarieBashir,http:/www

25、..au/,.au/prod/web/common.nsf/v3home,NewSouthWales:parliamentandsupremecourt,NSWParliamentBuildingMacquarieStreetSydney,OriginalSupremeCourtBuildingCornerKingStreet(ii)taxation;butsoasnottodiscriminatebetweenStatesorpartsofStates;(iii)bountiesontheproducti

26、onorexportofgoods,;(iv)borrowingmoneyonthepubliccreditoftheCommonwealth;(v)postal,telegraphic,telephonic,andotherlikeservices;(vi)thenavalandmilitarydefenceoftheCommonwealthandoftheseveralStates,andthecontroloftheforcestoexecuteandmaintainthelawsoftheCommonwealth;,53,CommonwealthofAustraliaChapterIT

27、heParliament,section51LegislativepowersoftheParliament(vii)lighthouses,lightships,beaconsandbuoys;(viii)astronomicalandmeteorologicalobservations;(ix)quarantine;(x)fisheriesinAustralianwatersbeyondterritoriallimits;(xi)censusandstatistics;(xii)currency,coinage,andlegaltender;(xiii)banking,otherthanS

28、tatebanking;alsoStatebankingextendingbeyondthelimitsoftheStateconcerned,theincorporationofbanks,andtheissueofpapermoney;(xiv)insurance,otherthanStateinsurance;alsoStateinsuranceextendingbeyondthelimitsoftheStateconcerned;(xv)weightsandmeasures;,54,CommonwealthofAustraliaChapterITheParliament,section

29、51LegislativepowersoftheParliament(xvi)billsofexchangeandpromissorynotes;(xvii)bankruptcyandinsolvency;(xviii)copyrights,patentsofinventionsanddesigns,andtrademarks;(xix)naturalizationandaliens;(xx)foreigncorporations,andtradingorfinancialcorporationsformedwithinthelimitsoftheCommonwealth;(xxi)marri

30、age;(xxii)divorceandmatrimonialcauses;andinrelationthereto,parentalrights,andthecustodyandguardianshipofinfants(xxiii)invalidandoldagepensions;(xxiiiA)theprovisionofmaternityallowances,widowspensions,childendowment,unemployment,pharmaceutical,sicknessandhospitalbenefits,medicalanddentalservices,bene

31、fitstostudentsandfamilyallowances;,55,CommonwealthofAustraliaChapterITheParliament,section51LegislativepowersoftheParliament(xxiv)theserviceandexecutionthroughouttheCommonwealthofthecivilandcriminalprocessandthejudgmentsofthecourtsoftheStates;(xxv)therecognitionthroughouttheCommonwealthofthelaws,the

32、publicActsandrecords,andthejudicialproceedingsoftheStates;(xxvi)thepeopleofanyraceforwhomitisdeemednecessarytomakespeciallaws;(xxvii)immigrationandemigration;(xxviii)theinfluxofcriminals;(xxix)externalaffairs;(xxx)therelationsoftheCommonwealthwiththeislandsofthePacific;,56,CommonwealthofAustraliaCha

33、pterITheParliament,section51LegislativepowersoftheParliament(xxxi)theacquisitionofpropertyonjusttermsfromanyStateorpersonforanypurposeinrespectofwhichtheParliamenthaspowertomakelaws;(xxxii)thecontrolofrailwayswithrespecttotransportforthenavalandmilitarypurposesoftheCommonwealth;(xxxiii)theacquisitio

34、n,ofanyrailwaysoftheStateontermsarrangedbetweentheCommonwealthandtheState;(xxxiv)railwayconstructionandextensioninanyStatewiththeconsentofthatState;(xxxv)conciliationandarbitrationforthepreventionandsettlementofindustrialdisputesextendingbeyondthelimitsofanyoneState;,57,CommonwealthofAustraliaChapte

35、rITheParliament,section51LegislativepowersoftheParliament(xxxvi)mattersinrespectofwhichthisConstitutionmakesprovisionuntiltheParliamentotherwiseprovides;(xxxvii)mattersreferredtotheParliamentoftheCommonwealthbytheParliamentorParliamentsofanyStateorStates,butsothatthelawshallextendonlytoStatesbywhose

36、Parliamentsthematterisreferred,orwhichafterwardsadoptthelaw;(xxxviii)theexercisewithintheCommonwealth,attherequestorwiththeconcurrenceoftheParliamentsofalltheStatesdirectlyconcerned,ofanypowerwhichcanattheestablishmentofthisConstitutionbeexercisedonlybytheParliamentoftheUnitedKingdom;(xxxix)mattersi

37、ncidentaltotheexecutionofanypowervestedbythisConstitutionintheParliamentorineitherHousethereof,orintheGovernmentoftheCommonwealth,orintheFederalJudicature,orinanydepartmentorofficeroftheCommonwealth.,58,CommonwealthofAustraliaChapterITheParliament,section52ExclusivepowersoftheParliamentTheParliament

38、shall,subjecttothisConstitution,haveexclusivepowertomakelawsforthepeace,order,andgoodgovernmentoftheCommonwealthwithrespectto:(i)theseatofgovernmentoftheCommonwealth,andallplacesacquiredbytheCommonwealthforpublicpurposes;(ii)mattersrelatingtoanydepartmentofthepublicservicethecontrolofwhichisbythisCo

39、nstitutiontransferredtotheExecutiveGovernmentoftheCommonwealth;(iii)othermattersdeclaredbythisConstitutiontobewithintheexclusivepoweroftheParliament.,otherpowersoftheParliament,section90Exclusivepowerovercustoms,excise,andbountiesOntheimpositionofuniformdutiesofcustomsthepoweroftheParliamenttoimpose

40、dutiesofcustomsandofexcise,andtograntbountiesontheproductionorexportofgoods,shallbecomeexclusive.,section122GovernmentofterritoriesTheParliamentmaymakelawsforthegovernmentofanyterritoryandmayallowtherepresentationofsuchterritoryineitherHouseoftheParliamenttotheextentandonthetermswhichitthinksfit.,se

41、ction96FinancialassistancetoStatestheParliamentmaygrantfinancialassistancetoanyStateonsuchtermsandconditionsastheParliamentthinksfit.,legislativepowersoftheParliament,section109InconsistencyoflawsWhenalawofaStateisinconsistentwithalawoftheCommonwealth,thelattershallprevail,andtheformershall,totheext

42、entoftheinconsistency,beinvalid.,theCommonwealthandtheStates,ChapterVoftheCommonwealthConstitutionpreservesstateconstitutions,lawsandparliamentsCommonwealth-Staterelations:balanceofpower?,62,CommonwealthofAustraliaChapterIITheExecutiveGovernment,section61ExecutivepowerTheexecutivepoweroftheCommonwea

43、lthisvestedintheQueenandisexercisablebytheGovernorGeneralastheQueensrepresentative,andextendstotheexecutionandmaintenanceofthisConstitution,andofthelawsoftheCommonwealth.,Note:NoreferenceintheConstitutiontoPrimeMinisterorCabinet(i.e.seniorGovernmentMinisters)Why?Becauseofrelianceonconstitutionalconv

44、entionsDecisionsofCabinetaregivenlegaleffectwhenratifiedbytheFederalExecutiveCouncil,CommonwealthofAustraliaChapterIITheExecutiveGovernment,section62FederalExecutiveCouncilThereshallbeaFederalExecutiveCounciltoadvisetheGovernorGeneralinthegovernmentoftheCommonwealth,andthemembersoftheCouncilshallhol

45、dofficeduringhispleasure.,section64MinistersofStateTheGovernorGeneralmayappointofficerstoadministersuchdepartmentsofStateoftheCommonwealthastheGovernorGeneralinCouncilmayestablish.TheyshallbemembersoftheFederalExecutiveCouncil,andshallbetheQueensMinistersofStatefortheCommonwealthnoMinisterofStatesha

46、llholdofficeunlessheisorbecomesasenatororamemberoftheHouseofRepresentatives.,Westminstersystem:responsiblegovernment,Westminstersystem:responsiblegovernment,.au/multimedia/library/people.html,.au/,PrimeMinisterofAustralia:TheHonTonyAbbottMPamemberofparliament(Memberf

47、orWarringahinNSW)theleaderofthegovernment(supportofthemajorityintheHouseofRepsamemberoftheExecutive/HeadofCabinet,theCommonwealthofAustralia:astrictseparationofpowers?,.au/multimedia/library/law.html,67,CommonwealthofAustraliaChapterIIITheJudicature,section71JudicialpowerandcourtsTh

48、ejudicialpoweroftheCommonwealthshallbevestedinaFederalSupremeCourt,tobecalledtheHighCourtofAustralia,andinsuchotherfederalcourtsastheParliamentcreates,andinsuchothercourtsasitinvestswithfederaljurisdiction.TheHighCourtshallconsistofaChiefJustice,andsomanyotherJustices,notlessthantwo,astheParliamentp

49、rescribes.,.au/justices/about-the-justices“Therehavebeen12ChiefJusticesand42JusticessincetheCourtwasestablishedin1903,includingthecurrent7membersoftheCourt.ThreemembersoftheCourtSirIsaacIsaacs,SirNinianStephenandSirWilliamDeaneresignedfromtheCourttobecomeGovernor-General.,TheHigh

50、CourtofAustralia,HighCourtofAustraliaBuildingCanberra,HighCourtandFederalCourtofAustraliajudges,FrenchCJ(HCA),BellJ(HCA),LockhartJ(FCA),GordonJ(FCA),70,CommonwealthofAustraliaChapterIIITheJudicature,section72JudgesappointmenttenureandremunerationTheJusticesoftheHighCourtandoftheothercourtscreatedbyt

51、heParliament:(i)shallbeappointedbytheGovernorGeneralinCouncil;(ii)shallnotberemovedexceptbytheGovernorGeneralinCouncil,onanaddressfrombothHousesoftheParliamentinthesamesession,prayingforsuchremovalonthegroundofprovedmisbehaviourorincapacity;(iii)shallreceivesuchremunerationastheParliamentmayfix;butt

52、heremunerationshallnotbediminishedduringtheircontinuanceinoffice.TheappointmentofaJusticeoftheHighCourtshallbeforatermexpiringuponhisattainingtheageofseventyyears,71,CommonwealthofAustraliaChapterIIITheJudicature,section73AppellatejurisdictionofHighCourtTheHighCourtshallhavejurisdiction,tohearanddet

53、ermineappealsfromalljudgments,decrees,orders,andsentences:(i)ofanyJusticeorJusticesexercisingtheoriginaljurisdictionoftheHighCourt;(ii)ofanyotherfederalcourt,orcourtexercisingfederaljurisdiction;oroftheSupremeCourtofanyState,orofanyothercourtofanyStatefromwhichattheestablishmentoftheCommonwealthanap

54、pealliestotheQueeninCouncil;andthejudgmentoftheHighCourtinallsuchcasesshallbefinalandconclusive.,Note:AnappealtotheHighCourtisbyspecialleave,72,CommonwealthofAustraliaChapterIIITheJudicature,section75OriginaljurisdictionofHighCourtInallmatters:(i)arisingunderanytreaty;(ii)affectingconsulsorotherrepr

55、esentativesofothercountries;(iii)inwhichtheCommonwealth,orapersonsuingorbeingsuedonbehalfoftheCommonwealth,isaparty;(iv)betweenStates,orbetweenresidentsofdifferentStates,orbetweenaStateandaresidentofanotherState;(v)inwhichawritofMandamusorprohibitionoraninjunctionissoughtagainstanofficeroftheCommonw

56、ealth;theHighCourtshallhaveoriginaljurisdiction.,73,CommonwealthofAustraliaChapterIIITheJudicature,section76AdditionaloriginaljurisdictionTheParliamentmaymakelawsconferringoriginaljurisdictionontheHighCourtinanymatter:(i)arisingunderthisConstitution,orinvolvingitsinterpretation;(ii)arisingunderanyla

57、wsmadebytheParliament;(iii)ofAdmiraltyandmaritimejurisdiction;(iv)relatingtothesamesubjectmatterclaimedunderthelawsofdifferentStates.,Note:ItisthejudgesoftheHighCourtofAustraliathatdecidethemeaningofthewordsintheCommonwealthConstitution,Scopeoflegislativepowerinsection51(xx)oftheCommonwealthConstitu

58、tion,75,Whatistheextentofthelegislativepowergivenbysection51(xx)oftheconstitution?,section51LegislativepowersoftheParliamentTheParliamentshall,subjecttothisConstitution,havepowertomakelawsforthepeace,order,andgoodgovernmentoftheCommonwealthwithrespectto:(xx)foreigncorporations,andtradingorfinancialc

59、orporationsformedwithinthelimitsoftheCommonwealth;,Issues:Howdoyouidentifyaforeigntradingorfinancialcorporation?WhatarethetypesofactivitiesofthosecorporationsthatcanberegulatedbyCommonwealthlegislation?CanCommonwealthlegislationdealwiththeincorporationofcompanies?,TheHighCourtsinterpretationofsection51(xx),Commonwealthlawcanonlydealwith3typesofcorporationsHowdoyouidentifyaforeigntradingorfinancialcorporation?Test:forlocalcorporations,looknotatth