中考英语冲刺之阅读理解之细节题及主旨题.doc

1、阅读理解之细节题辅导讲义主 题阅读理解之细节题及主旨题教学内容Step 1: 阅读理解题命题特点 改革前的广州中考英语试卷阅读理解有20个小题，共40分。改革后增加了“阅读填空”题型，分值增至45分。中考阅读理解短文的题材广泛，包括：史地、社会生活、科普知识、人物传记等。体裁有记叙文、议论文、说明文、应用文。1. 记叙文以描述人或事及相关情景的发生和发展经过。2. 说明文是对事物现象的说明或解释。3. 议论文论证某一观点是否正确，由论点、论据与论证构成。4. 应用文以广告、信件等为主。从历年中考真题来看，对细节题的考察比重明显比较高，一般在18-24分之间。阅读主要考查点为事实询问、主旨大意、

2、推理判断、根据上下文猜测词义。随分值提升，题目难度也有所提升。如有数字的加减、词义辨析等。考生需要在采集信息的基础上进行加工分析，才能得到正确的答案。 重点事实询问（细节题），主旨大意，词义猜测及指代题，推理判断及排序题，句子理解；难点根据上下文猜测词义，长难句的理解，主旨大意题既推理判断；易错点猜测词义，主旨大意题；高频考点事实询问，推理判断，主旨大意。 阅读理解之细节题下面就各种阅读理解题的题型举例，谈谈解题方法。 1细节题的设问方式： 此类题型的问题以what, who, which, when, where, how或why等词引导，就文中某句、某段或某一具体细节设问并要求考生回答。如

3、：1）特殊疑问词提问类型How many ？What/who/when/where/how/why ?2）排序题类型Which of the orders is correct according to the passage ?3）例证题类型The author gives the example in paragraph in order to 4） 表唯一细节概念题类型：the most / est the only 5）True or NOT true 是非判断类型Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage? Which

4、 of the following statements is NOT true? Which of the following is NOT considered as ?2. 细节题解题方法：分步解读： 我们读完文章后，第一步工作就是审清题目。 第二步就是根据题目，定位文章了。 第三步就是仔细揣度文意，根据选项进行判断了。 注意： 在做题过程中要学生划出关键词A. 事实节细题，There was once a large, fat woman who had a small, thin husband. He had a job in a big company and was given

5、 his weekly pay every Friday evening. .As soon as he got home on Fridays, his wife used to make him give her all his money, and then she used to give him back only enough to buy his lunch in the office every day.( ) (1) How much money was the husband allowed to keep every day? A. Just enough to buy

6、chocolates. B. Just enough to buy a sandwich. C. Just enough to buy his lunch in a restaurant. D. Just enough to buy his lunch in the office.筒析：这是一道典型的事实询问题，因为它的答案可以直接从文段中找到。根据这段最后一句话，可以得知D为正确答案。解这类题的主要方法是：1）明确题意。2）寻找答案来源。3）找准关键词。4）反复阅读。B.数据推算题此题要求学生就文章提供的数据，以及数据与文中其他信息的关系做简单计算和推断。如： In the summer h

7、olidays, buses going to the town center will leave the school gate every hour on the half hour during the day. The dining room will serve three meals a day from 7:00 . to 7:00pm. during the week and two meals from noon to 7:00 . at weekends. The library will keep its usual hours during the week, but

8、 have shorter hours on Saturdays and Sundays. The weekend hours are from noon to 5:00 .( ) (3) At which of the following times will the bus leave the school gate? A. 8:00, 9:00, 10:00, 11:00 B. 8:30, 9:30, 10:30, 11:30 C. 8:30, 9:00, 9:30, 10:00 D. 8:00, 9:30, 11:00,12:30简析：做此类题一要抓住有关的数据，二要从众多的信息中找出

9、哪些是有用的信息，三要抓住一些关键词。注意文章中的第一句“every hour on the half hour.”意思为校车每小时发一次，发车时间在每一小时的半点上。故B是正确答案。C 数字计算题数字计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容，此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案。 It was a very hot afternoon, and we decid

10、ed to cool off in the river near my home. As we climbed down a small rocky hill toward the water, my boyfriend John suddenly started to shout then jumped into the water below. Peter and Mary quickly followed but I was too far away to jump. I was trapped（2010年广州市中考题，A篇）46. How many people went swimmi

11、ng that day? A. Two. B. Three C. Four D. FiveKey: CD. 排列顺序题做这种题时可采用“首尾定位法”，即最先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。例题The hardworking blacksmith Jones used to work all day in his son of Mr. Smith, a rich neighbor, used to come to see the blacksmith every day and for hours and hours he would enjoy himse

12、lf watching how the tradesman worked.“Young man, why dont you try your hand to learn to make shoe tacks (钉), even if it is only to pass the time?” said the blacksmith. “Who knows, one day, it may be of use to you.”The lazy boy began to see what he could do. But after a little practice he found that

13、he was becoming very skilled and soon he was making some of the finest tacks.Old Mr. Smith died and the son lost all his things because of the war. He had to leave home and began to live a simple life in a small village in another country. In this village there were a lot of shoemakers who were spen

14、ding a lot of money buying tacks for their shoes, and sometimes even when they paid high prices they were not always able to get what they wanted, because in that part of the country soldiers shoes were in great need.Our young Mr. Smith, who was finding it difficult to earn his daily bread, remember

15、ed that once upon a time he had learned the art of making tacks and had the sudden idea of making a bargain with the shoemakers. He told them that he would make the tacks if they would help to get him settled in the workshop. The shoemakers were very glad for the offer. And after a while, Mr. Smith

16、found that he was soon making the finest tacks in the village.“How funny it seems,” he used to say, “even making tacks can make my life better. My skill is more useful to me than all my riches that Ive had before.”50. What is the right order of the events?a. Young Mr. Smith became a tack maker in th

17、e village.b. Young Smith learned the art of making tacks from Jones.c. Soldiers shoes were in great need during the ward. Young Smith had to move to another country. d a c B. d a b c d c a c a b 注： 做这一类排序题，可以分为b, d两种开头的排序，从文章中意思，可以排除B、D选项，在A、C选项中，a与c 看一看，根据文中信息，可以排除A项; key: C E 判断正误【例1】“三错一对”题Shoppi

18、ng on the Internet or shopping online is becoming more and more popular. More and more people are using the Internet to buy things. Why do people use the Internet to shop? Some people say it is more convenient. They dont have to leave their homes to order something and they can shop for anything the

19、y want at any time, day or night. Some people say they can find things for sale that they cant find in the stores near their homes. Other people say they can find better prices on the Internet. If you want to buy something on the Internet, you need a credit card（信用卡）. You can apply it from a have to

20、 give your credit card number and information to the website which sends them to the store over the Internet. You have to be sure that the store will not use your information in a wrong way. And if you dont want someone to get your credit card number and buy something else with it, of course, you sh

21、ould always be careful with your credit card number because people sometimes steal credit card numbers.For people who are too nervous to shop online, the Internet is a good place for window-shopping. Window-shopping is when you go to a store and look at things for sale, but dont plan to buy anything

22、. Window-shopping is easy on the Internet. You can see all kinds of things and how much they cost. You can visit stores with branches near you, or you can visit stores that are only on the Internet.51. Which following is True about shopping online according to the passage? A. It can save people a lo

23、t of trouble. B. Nervous people choose to shop online. C. People dont have to use their credit card. D. People can buy only a few things on the Internet. 这类是“三错一对”，从文中第一段说，人们为什么在网上购物？一些人说“网上购物可以更方便，任何时候可以不离开家就可以购物”，所以选择A 【例2】 “三对一错”题This is a talk by a London taxi driver.Ive been a taxi driver for n

24、early ten years. Most London taxi drivers have their own taxis.Its a nice job most of time. You meet a lot of people. I always work at night, because there is too much traffic during the day. I live twenty miles outside London and I go to work at 5:30 in the afternoon.I usually go home between 2 and

25、 3 in the morning.Some very strange things happened late at night. The other day I was taking a woman home from a party .She had her little dog with her. When we got to her house, she found that she had lost her key. So I waited in the car with the dog while she climbed in through the windows.I wait

26、ed and waited. After half an hour of ringing the bell I decided to find out what was going on .I tied the dog to a tree and started to climb in through the window. The next thing I knew was that the police came. They thought I was a thief.Luckily the woman came downstairs. She must have gone to slee

27、p and forgotten about me and the dog!49. Which of the following is wrong?A. The driver worked until 2 or 3 in the morning.B. The police made a mistake.C. The woman had no money to pay the driver.D. The woman had forgotten about the driver and the dog.此类题是“三对一错”题，A 文章第五行，作者说凌晨2-3点回家，符合A ；B 文章第10行说警察来

28、了，他们以为我是小偷，符合B ：C妇女说没有钱付给司机，根据题意是错的；所以选择C 。5 细节题中的小陷阱： 选项中部分是正确的，但是部分是不正确的。 选项是文章中的内容，但是题干中要求的。 符合常识，但不是原文想要表达的。 与原句的内容极为相似,只是在程度上有些变动。 A According to Forbes magazine, Oprah Winfrey is one of the richest women in America. She has worked as a news reporter, movie actress, and author, but she is best

29、known for her popular television talk show, Oprah. Life has not always been easy for Oprah. When she was young, her parents did not live together and she often moved house. Her family was poor, and Oprah did not have her first pair of shoes until she was six years old. But Oprah was smart, she learn

30、ed how to read before she started school. And even from her young age, Oprah loved to talk.After graduating from high school, Oprah got a job as a newsreader at a television station in Baltimore. Oprah was very different from the other reporters. She laughed when she made a mistake, and cried if a s

31、tory was sad. Her style was not right for news reporting, so she was fired(解雇).Oprahs boss at the TV station offered her a job as the co-host of a morning talk show called People Are Talking. She was very popular on that show, and in 1981 Oprah moved to Chicago where she had a larger studio audience

32、 who loved her program so much. Five years later, her show Oprah was broadcast(广播) for the first time. Every day, 14 million people watch Oprah in the USA and 130 other countries. She interviews not only famous people but also ordinary people, who she asks to talk about their personal problems. When

33、 a guests story moves her, she cries and opens her arms for a hug（拥抱）. People throughout the USA and around the world feel close to Oprah because of her emotional（情感的） communication style.56. Oprah got her first pair of shoes when she was years old. A. five B. six C. seven D. eight57. Why was Oprah

34、Winfrey fired? A. She was the same as the other reporters. B. The TV station wanted to reduce its workers. C. Her style was not suitable for news reporting. D. She was too famous.58. When did the talk show Oprah begin? A. 1986 B. After she graduated from high school C. Before she worked for a mornin

35、g talk show D. 198159. What makes Oprah so popular according to the passage? A. It shares peoples joy and sadness. B. It helps people solve problems. C. It teaches people how to interview others. D. It only tells famous peoples lives. B Who is the greatest teacher in Chinese history? You cant think

36、of anyone else when you hear people read Confucius(孔子) 2，500 year old words: “All study but no thinking makes people puzzled. All thinking but no study makes people lazy.” September 28th was Confucius birthday. He was born in the Kingdom of Lu（鲁国）, in todays Shandong Province. Chinese look upon Conf

37、ucius as the greatest thinker and also the greatest teacher. He had about 3，000 students. For more than 2，500 years, Confucius ideas have been around in peoples everyday lives. Now they have gone far into Western countries and south Asia. People can still hear them today. Why are his ideas so popula

38、r? They help not only in everyday life but also in society. Confucius most important ideas are kindness and good manners. Confucius said young people should take care of the old. People should give up thinking of themselves and work for others. As a great teacher, Confucius said that all should go t

39、o school if they wanted to learn. Some of Confucius popular words are “ A kind person should care others” and “ Be strict with yourself, but be kind to others.” People use his ideas to help themselves and society. Now, more than 100 Internet web sites are teaching people about Confucius and his idea

40、s. “ Kindness and honesty are the best values of the world today,” said 79 year old Kong Fanjin who is studying Confucius.46. Confucius was born about . A. 500 years ago B. 2500 years ago C. 3000 years ago D. 2800 years ago47. Confucius was not only a greatest teacher but also a greatest . A. artist

41、 B. thinker C. fighter D. leader48. Which of the following isnt Confucius ideas? A. All thinking but no study makes people lazy B. Young people should take care of the old. C. Be strict with others, but be kind to yourself. D. A kind person should care others.49. According to the text you can find m

42、ore about Confucius and his ideas . A. on the internet B. in the library C. from your teacher D. on TV. C Have you ever thought of being able to fly around the world in a few hours though it is about 40,000 kilometers? Now, maybe you can. Last Saturday, the American X-43A airplane made its first fli

43、ght. It reached a speed of 8,000 kilometers an hour. This makes it the fastest plane in the world. X-43A is only three to four meters long, but its very heavy: it weighs 1,270 kilos.How old can an insect be? 400 million years! Last Wednesday, scientists found the worlds oldest insect fossil(化石) in B

44、ritain. The fossil shows that the body of the insect was as big as a piece of rice and had wings(翅膀). In the past, people thought the earliest insect was 380 million years old.There will be a new “star” in the sky soon. China plans to send a satellite(卫星) into space in September 2009. It will stay i

45、n space for one year. It will go around the moon and take pictures. It must be very expensive, right? Thats for sure billion yuan!Yuan Long ping, the father of hybrid rice (杂交水稻), won the World Food Prize on Monday. Yuan developed the worlds first popular and widely grown hybrid rice. Hybrid rice pl

46、ants can make more rice than the ones people grew before.51. If the X-43A goes round the Earth, it will take about hours to finish the trip. 52. The newly-found insect fossil showed that the earliest insect was years older than believed. million million million million D Mail sent at 7:35 pm March 2

47、8To: The Manager Clothes Horse StoreI am writing to tell you about an annoying experience I have just had in your store.Yesterday morning I bought a shirt from your store. The product was a red shirt, shirt, size 12 price $ I returned home and took it out of the bag the sleeve was almost completely

48、off. I had traveled home in the train with the bag and treated it carefully.I went back to store in the afternoon to return the shirt and exchange it for another. The shop assistant refused to exchange the shirt or return my money. She told me that I must have worn it already and caused the damage.

49、I told her this was impossible because I had touched it that morning. She still refused to give me my money.I have bought things from your store many times and my friends also buys things from your shop. I am extremely disappointed with your shop assistant. This should have been a simple ?.I look fo

50、rward to hearing from you and working out this problem as soon as possible.Your sincerely.Jenry Morris62. When did the writer return to the store to talk about her problem?A. Morning of March 27. B. Afternoon of March 27.C. Morning of March 28. D. Afternoon of March 28. Key: A 56 59：BCAA B 4650 BBCA

51、 C 51-52 B C D 62 -B 学 法 升 华1、专题特点： 细节题是阅读理解中常考的一道题型，占据所有题目的50%及以上。答案基本能在原文找到，在做题过程中老师一定要注意培养学生提取关键信息并在文中寻找答案的能力，并养成划出答案的习惯。2、 解题方法 细节题的解题步骤： 审清题目 定位文章 比较选项 分析判断（知道问什么） （根据关键信息） （注意选项的差别） （遵从文章）注意在原文中划出关键词3、注意事项 注意的原则：1. 比答案的原则是：好的不知道的；不知道的不对的。2注意绝对化的词。如果答案选项中出现绝对化的词，比如：all，always，never，nothing，ever

52、y，most （最高级）、the only（唯一）、none（全否） 等等，除非文章当中使用了该类词汇，否则，一般都要排除。 3避免常见的陷阱n 选项中部分是正确的，但是部分是不正确的。n 选项是文章中的内容，但是题干中要求的。n 符合常识，但不是原文想要表达的。n 与原句的内容极为相似,只是在程度上有些变动。 4“傻瓜”原则。 文章中没有提到的就当不知道，不要枉自猜测，自作聪明。一切以文章内容为准。 阅读理解之主旨题1. 主旨题命题特点 主旨题是考查学生对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解能力。主旨问题是阅读理解题较难回答的题型。纵观广州中考阅读理解，期末主旨题每年会占一至二个，学生在这一块丢分

53、比较严重。 2. 主旨题型设置 A. 主旨题的设问方式：此类考查主旨和大意的题大多数针对段落（或短文）的主题、主题思想、标题或目的。主要提问方式是： (1) Which is the best title of the passage? (2) Which of the following is this passage about? (3) In this passage the writer tries to tell us that . (4) The passage tells us that_. (5) This passage mainly talks about_.3.主旨题解题

54、技巧方法：概括的、抽象的、与中心思想核心名词沾边的是正确选项。段落中出现转折时,该句很可能是主题句;如:therefore,thus,but,however,in short等等作者有意识的反复重复的观点通常是主旨;首段出现疑问句时,对该问题的解答就是文章主旨;选项特点:正确选项特点:不出现细节信息;不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词; 干扰项特点:细节信息明显;过于笼统。 A A survey has been published which shows that British people dont like their neighbors very much. 80% of the peopl

55、e who took part in the survey feel that their neighbors hardly pay attention to others feelings. 25% dont talk to the people who live next door and 10% dont even know their names. In fact, one million people in Britain would like to move because they dont get along well with their neighbors.According to the survey, the biggest problem is noise. Many of t