定语从句和同位语从句

1、Relative and Appositive Clauses,定语从句和同位语从句,定语从句,一.定语从句及相关术语 1.定语从句：修饰一个名词或代词的从句称为定语从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。 2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词成为关系词 关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。 关系词常有3个作用： 1）引导定语从句 2）代替先行词 3）在定语从句中担当一个成分,二.关系代词引导的定语从句 1.who指人，在从句中做主语 e.g. The boys who are pl

2、aying football are from Class One. Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。 e.g. Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus. Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see. 注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略,3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略 e.g. Football is

3、 a game which is liked by most boys. This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在宾语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 e.g. The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. Where is the box (that/which) I saw this morning?,5. whose通常指人，也可指物

4、，在定语从句中做定语 e.g. He has a friend whose father is a doctor. I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in. whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替 e.g. The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.,三.介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时，从句常由介词+关系代词

5、引导 e.g. The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous. The school in which he once studied is very famous. 注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等 e.g. This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F),2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词

6、指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose e.g. The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T),3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词 (1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very

7、kind to him. (2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. (3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.,四关系副词引导的定语从句 1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语 I still remember the day when I first came to the school 2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语 Shanghai i

8、s the city where I was born 3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.,注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换 e.g. The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted. Great chang

9、es have taken place in the city in which/where I was born,五限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句 形式上 不用逗号和主句隔开 用逗号和主句隔开 意义上 是先行词不可缺少的定语， 是对先行词的补充 不可删除说明， 删除后意思仍完整 译法上 翻译成先行词的定语， 通常翻译成 主句的并列句 关系词的使用上 A. 做宾语时可省略 B. 可用that C可用who代替whom e.g. China is a country which has a long history . China, which was fou

10、nded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful.,难点分析 （一）限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况 1当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时 (1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said? (2) There seems to be nothi

11、ng that seems impossible for him in the world. (3) All that can be done has been done. (4) There is little that I can do for you. 注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who,2. 当先行词被序数词修饰 The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best film that I have seen. 4. 当形容词被the very

12、, the only 修饰时 This is the very dictionary that I want to buy, After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned. 当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who,5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时 (1) Who is the man that is standing there? (2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时 Can you re

13、member the scientist and his theory that we have learned?,同位语从句,在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。如： I heard the news that our team had won我听到了我们队获胜的消息。 I had no idea that you were here我不知道你在这里。,可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，word（消息）

14、，possibility等。如： Ive come from Mr. Wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon 我从王先生那里来，他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了,英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that，whether，连接副词 how, when, where等。（注：if通常不引导同位语从句。）如： l have no idea When he will be back我不知道他什么时候回来。 He must answer the question whether he agrees to i

15、f or not. 他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。,有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。 如： Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them 几年以后，有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视 察他们。 The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city 他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。,同位语从句与定语从句的区别。,1、同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。如： The news that l hove passed the exam is true我通过了考试这一消息是真的。 （同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。） The news that he told me just now is true他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。 （定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，而不是别的消息。）,2、引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中