托福基础阅读

1、iBT TOEFL Reading (Basic Level),主讲 ： 何 康,Introduction,iBT TOEFL托福阅读简介 iBT TOEFL基础阅读课程设置简介 攻克iBT TOEFL阅读的基本要求 iBT TOEFL托福Direction讲解 托福真题测试 总结iBT TOEFL考试的特点和做题原则 讲解句子的结构,iBT 托福阅读V.S.笔试托福阅读,iBT TOEFL 特点 1.新托福所有的文章都加了标题 main idea题型取消，取而代之的是文章内容小结题 2.文章明显加长 老托福 350 新托福 700 老托福 11分/篇 新托福 20分/篇 注意加试： 第1部分

2、若3篇，则听力为9个段落或篇幅的文章 第1部分若5篇，则听力为6个段落或篇幅的文章,iBT TOEFL 特点 3.新托福的生词明显增多 高中：3500个单词 ；四级：4000多 ； 新托福：8000（质的突破） 词汇题占1/4的分数 4. 题目大多都是具有客观无争性（混淆题不多） 5. 顺序原则 出题的顺序和文章议论的顺序基本一致的 第1题，一般在前3行；第2题，4-6行,iBT TOEFL 特点 6. 明显增加了对句子和篇章的考察 体现在新增题型中 7. 新增题型 句子简化题：句子结构的理解 句子插入题：考查逻辑 文章内容小结题目：6选3（2分）；7选5（3分） 图表题 ：从文字到表格,TO

3、EFL iBT Reading Question Types Basic Information Detroit : 汽车城 Characteristics : abundance of ore，forestation, labor benefit from the transportation connection The land : The Midwest is the flattest region in the US. It is the only one with no mountain ranges The Midwest has more lakes than any othe

4、r region in the country,Midwest of America,The Midwest of America,One of the worlds biggest open pit iron mines operates near Hibbing, Minnesota The tallest building in the United States is in Chicago. It is the Sears Tower, 110 stories or 1454 feet tall More cars and trucks are made in Michigan cit

5、ies , such as Detroit and Flint Because Kansas is the nations top wheat-growing state, it has been called the bread-basket of America,The Midwest of America,Famous Universities : The University of Chicago The Northwest University Michigan University Illinois Institute of Technology,The west of Ameri

6、ca,Main States : Washington Oregon California Nevada,California,With many big cities including San Francisco, Los Angeles, and San Diego, California has the most people of any state Hollywood and Disneyland,The land : The tallest tree in the world is the General Sherman tree in Californias Sequoia N

7、ational Park. It is 368 feet tall and is 3000 to 4000 years old Rocky Mountain is called the “the backbone ” of America. The mountains form a line called the continental Divide. The Dead Valley is in sunny southern California. It is called “ground on fire”. On a summer day the air is usually around

8、100 degrees in the shade.,The economy Redmond, Washington is home to the biggest personal computer software company in the world , Microsoft Boeing , the largest aircraft manufacturer in the world , is one of Seattles most important employers. Silicon Valley in California is a cluster of towns that

9、are high-tech today. Silicon is used to make computer chips that are brains of computers,The West of America,Universities UC of Berkeley UC of L.A. Stanford University the University of Washington,corn , rice,tobacco , cotton,manufactured goods,finished product,New words summary : Geography,hemisphe

10、re 半球 equator赤道 latitude纬线 longitude经线 / 经度 altitude 海拔 horizon地平线 topography 地形 / 地形学 plain平原 basin盆地 lowland 低地 oasis绿洲 plateau / highland 高地,New words summary : Geography,waterfall 瀑布 cascade小瀑布、喷流 reef 暗礁 coral reef珊瑚礁 tide湖水 dune沙丘 cliff山崖 valley山谷 hillside / mountain slope 山坡 canyon / gorge峡谷

11、channel / strait 海峡 the primeval forest原始森林 tropical rain forest热带雨林,Topic 2 American Geography,Read Passage 2,Topic 3 American History (美国历史),Pre-Columbian period The earliest known inhabitants of what is now the United States are thought to have arrived in Alaska by crossing the Bering land bridge

12、, at least 14,000 30,000 years ago. Some of these groups migrated south and east, and over time spread throughout the Americas.,These were the ancestors to modern Native Americans in the United States and Alaskan Native peoples, as well as all indigenous peoples of the Americas.,Mississippian cultur

13、e,Around 900 1450 AD the Mississippian culture developed and spread through the Eastern United States, primarily along the river valleys. The location where the Mississippian culture is first clearly developed is located in Illinois.,Colonial Period,After a period of exploration by people from vario

14、us European countries, Spanish, Dutch, English, French, Swedish, and Portuguese settlements were established.,Christopher Columbus was the first European to set foot on what would one day become U.S. territory when he came to Puerto Rico on November 19, 1493, during his second voyage. In the 15th ce

15、ntury, Europeans brought horses, cattle, and hogs to the Americas and, in turn, took back to Europe corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, and squash,Colonial period : British colonization colony 殖民地 colonial 殖民的 colonist = settler 殖民者 The first successful English colony was established in 1607, on the Jam

16、es River at Jamestown in Virginia.,The Plymouth Colony was established in 1620. The area of New England was initially settled primarily by Puritans who established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630. The Middle Colonies, consisting of the present-day states of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, a

17、nd Delaware, were characterized by a large degree of diversity,Formation of the United States of America (17761789),The 13 Colonies began a rebellion against British rule in 1775 and proclaimed their independence in 1776. They subsequently constituted the first thirteen states of the United States o

18、f America.,The United States defeated the Kingdom of Great Britain with help from France and Spain in the American Revolutionary War ( the War of Independence). However, in 1777 the very first nation to recognize the sovereignty of a newly independent USA was Morocco,Westward expansion (17891849),Th

19、e Louisiana Purchase, in 1803, removed the French presence from the western border of the United States and provided U.S. settlers with vast potential for expansion west of the Mississippi River,Civil War era (18491865),In the middle of the 19th century, white Americans of the North and South were u

20、nable to reconcile fundamental differences in their approach to government, economics, society and African American slavery.,Harriet Beecher Stowe published her novel Uncle Toms Cabin in 1852 in response to the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act. The novel intended to express her views of the cruelty

21、 of slavery and sold nearly 300,000 copies during its first year of publication and was regarded by many, including President Lincoln ，to be the book that started the Civil War.,Reconstruction and the rise of industrialization (18651890),Reconstruction took place for most of the decade following the

22、 Civil War. In response to Reconstruction, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) emerged around the late 1860s as a white-supremacist organization opposed to black civil rights.,New words summary,migrate 移居、移往 ancestors 祖先 Native Americans 美国原住民 indigenous 本土的,priest 牧师 ceremonial 仪式的 Flint 打火石 voyage 航海、航行 colony

23、 殖民地 colonial 殖民的 colonist = settler 殖民者 Puritans = Pilgrims 清教徒,Rebellion 叛乱 Proclaim 声明 Defeated 击溃 reconcile 和解 American Revolutionary War = War of Independence 美国独立战争 Sovereignty 主权、主权国家,New words summary,Civil war 美国内战 reconstruction 重建 westward expansion 西进运动,Topic 3 American History,Read Pass

24、age 46,Topic 4 American Economy (美国经济),U.S农业社会的特点：家庭手工业为主 Agricultural Economy While they traded among themselves, Native Americans had little contact outside the Americas before European settlers began arriving. Their economic systems, for example the economy of the Iroquois, involved various combi

25、nations of hunting and gathering and agriculture.,Mason 石工 artisan手工艺人 apprentice学徒,U.S工业社会的特点： industrial economy specialization 专业化 productivity 生产能力 ， price living standard,raw material : ore矿石, coal煤炭, timber木材 labor force: immigrants population from village (domestic immigrants) international i

26、mmigrants,The Great Depression (1929-1933) Following the stock market crash, the economy plunged into the Great Depression. The Federal Reserve Board (美国联邦储备委员会) did not cause the depression but it made no effort to intervene by helping banks. The money supply fell by one-third, and it was hard to g

27、et a loan.,Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected President in 1932 without a specific program. He relied on a highly eclectic group of advisors who patched together many programs, known as the New Deal.,U.S. benefits from every war American Revolutionary War (07/04/1776) Civil War (1861 1865) the Fi

28、rst World War (1914 1918) the Second World War (1937 1945),Postwar prosperity (1945 1973) The period from the end of World War II to the early 1970s was a golden era of American capitalism baby boom (1945 1960),additional new word : economy,subsist生活，生存 subsistence存活，生活 subsistence wage刚够养家糊口的工资 sub

29、sistence level收支平衡的生活水平,commodity商品 bank loan银行贷款 interest利息 affluence富裕，富足,Topic 3: American Economy,Read Passage 52,Topic 5 American Urbanization (美国城市化),urban 城市的 rural 乡村的 metropolis 大都市 metropolitan 大都市的 feed on each other 相辅相成 Industrialization and urbanization feed on each other.,technologica

30、l progress 技术进步 bias towards city life 对城市生活的偏见 Most lived on farms and in small towns and believed cities to be centers of corruption, crime, poverty, and moral degradation.,移民（migrants）大量涌入(stream into)，人口大幅上升(densely populated) 农村人口大量涌入城市 城市化与工业化互相促进 feed on each other,技术革新 technological innovati

31、on 城市是社会变革领导者 (civic leader) 城市贫民生活依然艰难 (severe poverty) 农村对城市有偏见(bias),Hinterland : the place where far away from the coast or city Hinterland City,Product,Service,The early United States are predominately rural. According to the 1790 census, 95% of the population lived in the countryside. The 5% o

32、f Americans living in urban areas lived mostly in small villages. Only Philadelphia, New York, and Boston had more than 15,000 inhabitants,Until the middle of the 19th century, the center of the city was the most fashionable place to live. Merchants, lawyers and manufacturers built substantial townh

33、ouses on the main thoroughfares within walking distance of the docks , warehouse , offices courts and shops where they worked. Poor people lived in dark alleys and courtyards of the central city.,Markets, shops, taverns and concert halls provided services and entertainment. The middle classes lived

34、a little farther from the center, and other poor people lived in the suburbs.,Cities were densely populated, as people had to live within walking distance of work and shops. Streets were narrow, just wide enough to accommodate pedestrians and wagon,The Industrial Revolution of the 19th and 20th cent

35、ury transformed urban life and gave people higher expectations for improving their standard of living. The increased number of jobs , along with technological innovation in transportation and housing construction , encouraged migration to cities.,Immigrants gravitated to the cheap housing and to the

36、 promise of work in or near the center of cities or around factories. Now the rich lived in the suburbs and the poor near the center of cities,If you love him, bring him to New York, because it is a heaven If you hate him, bring him to New York, because it is a hell,Read Passage 34,Topic 6 Biology (

37、生物学),Zoology 动物学,phylum 门 class 纲 order 目 family 科 genus 属 species 种,invertebrate无脊椎动物 vertebrate脊椎动物 rodent啮齿动物 primate灵长动物,carnivore食肉动物 herbivore食草动物 omnivore杂食动物 scavenger食腐动物,reptile 爬行动物 amphibian 两栖(类) lizard蜥蜴 chameleon变色龙 frog青蛙 tadpole蝌蚪,mammal 哺乳动物 antelope羚羊 otter水獭 gorilla大猩猩 chimpanzee

38、黑猩猩 baboon狒狒 ape 猿 giraffe长颈鹿 rhinoceros犀牛 hippo河马 sloth树懒,Solitary animal 独居 bear , frog , tiger Social animal群居 ant, bee, chimpanzee Migrate animal迁徙 butterfly, locust , crane,mutation变种 variation变异 bio-diversity生物多样性 peculiarity 特性,botany植物学,cell tissue organ system,parasite plant寄生植物 A parasitic

39、 plant is one that derives some or all of its sustenance from another plant. About 4,100 species in approximately 19 families of flowering plants are known. Parasitic plants have a modified root, the haustorium, that penetrates the host plant,lawn草坪 meadow牧场 prairie大草原 mosses苔藓 shrub / bush灌木,canopy

40、树冠层/顶棚 foliage / leaf叶 stem茎 sprout嫩芽/抽枝 trunk树干 twig小树枝 jungle丛林 flower花 blossom花 bud花蕾 petal花瓣 pollen花粉 pollinate传授花粉,pine 松树 （Hard needle pine） sequoia红杉 spruce云杉 plum blossom梅花 orchid兰花 water lily荷花/莲花,photosynthesis光合作用 chlorophyll 叶绿素,Origin of Species survival of the fittest适者生存 animal adapta

41、tion动物适应性 game animal: 狩猎动物 predator 捕猎者 prey被捕猎的动物 adapt to/adjust to 适应 mimicry拟态 camouflage伪装,Evolutionary theory In biology, evolution is the change in the genetic material of a population of organisms from one generation to the next. Though the changes produced in any one generation are small,

42、differences accumulate with each generation and can, over time, cause substantial changes in the organisms.,Read Passage 95,Topic 7 astronomy (天文学),cosmos / universe宇宙 astronomy天文学 astronomical observatory天文台 astronaut / spaceman宇航员,celestial天体的 celestial body / heavenly body天体 celestial sphere天球 ro

43、tation rotate 自传 revolution revolve 公转,asteroid小行星 nebula星云 comet彗星 meteorite陨石 star恒星 stellar恒星的 planet行星 satellite卫星,galaxy / Milky Way银河系 Solar System solar 太阳的 lunar 月亮的,Mercury 水星 Venus 金星 Mars 火星 Earth 地球 Saturn 土星 Jupiter 木星 Uranus天王星 Neptune 海王星 Pluto冥王星,molecule atom proton neutron ion part

44、icle photon electron,中子 粒子 电子 分子 光子 原子 离子 质子,Read Passage 81,Topic 8 archeology (考古学),archaeology考古学 Archaeologist考古学家 paleontology古生物学 paleontologist anthropology人类学 anthropologist,Archaeology, archeology, is the science that studies human cultures through the recovery, documentation, analysis, and

45、 interpretation of material remains and environmental data, including architecture, artifacts, features, biofacts, and landscapes. Due to its analysis of human cultures, it is a subset of anthropology.,Paleontology (palaeontology) is the study of prehistoric life, including organisms evolution and i

46、nteractions with each other and their environments (their paleoecology). As a historical science it tries to explain causes rather than conduct experiments to observe effects. Paleontological observations have been documented as far back as the 5th century BC.,Paleontology lies on the border between

47、 biology and geology, and shares with archeology a border that is difficult to define. It now uses techniques drawn from a wide range of sciences, including biochemistry, mathematics and engineering.,Anthropology One traditional approach to simplifying such a vast enterprise has been to divide anthr

48、opology into four fields, each with its own further branches: biological or physical anthropology, cultural anthropology, archaeology and anthropological linguistics.,研究古人左右撇子handedness，如何判断 通过岩洞 cave内的壁画picture来研究 根据早期人类使用的工具 tools（石器敲击的痕迹，顺、逆） 牙齿上的划痕 scratch on the tooth 根据早期人的颅骨skull和腕骨carpus判断（头

49、盖骨左右容量和肢体粗细）,hominid人（科） tribe部落 clan氏族 excavation挖掘 excavate / unearth挖掘 sinister 左边的,antique古物/古董 morphology形态学 skull颅骨 cranial颅骨的 fossil化石 dexterous 右手的，右边的,Literature & Art 文学艺术,Literature,fiction小说 essay随笔 prose 散文 legend传说 narrative prose叙述性 descriptive prose描写性 surrealism超现实主义 modernism现代主义 aestheticism唯美主义,realism现实主义 Mark Twain ：American author and humorist. Twain is most noted for his novels Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. During his lifetime, Twain became a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists and European royalty naturalism 自然主义