安全生产八大作业--射线课件

1、甲醇制烯烃项目安全培训 八大作业-射线作业,RADIATION SAFETY 射线安全专项培训,欢迎参加,施工承包商入场培训,培训员 请关闭手机或调成静音，接听电话 请离开教室，请不要影响他人。 请单位负责人组织签到，填写培训人员记录表 请指出应急位置 培训期间严禁闲谈，保持安静! 如果听不清楚，请说出来.,讨论两个问题:,1.射线探伤作业对人体的 最大危害是什么? 2.射线防护的主要方法有哪些?,1. A.白血球减少,人体免疫能力下降,损害神经系统,甚至对遗传因素造成不良影响; B.X射线装置是在几万伏至几十万伏的高电压下工作,电击,触电等. 2. 时间防护 距离防护 屏蔽防护,Table

2、of Contents 目 录,1.Introduction引言 2.Radiation辐射 Ionizing Radiation电离辐射 Non-Ionizing Radiation非电离辐射 3.Radiographic Work 射线照相工作,Purpose 目 的,This program is designed as hazard awareness training only and does not qualify employees to perform radiation work. 本培训程序的目的只是使接受培训的雇员了解辐射的危险性，并不是对雇员进行培训使其从事辐射工作。

3、 Special training is required for anyone working in radiation regulated areas or on equipment containing radiation sources or contamination. 任何人员如果需要在与辐射相关的区域进行工作，或者使用含有辐射源以及受到辐射源污染的设备进行工作时，需要接受专门的培训。,Radiation 辐 射,Energy that is transmitted, emitted or absorbed as particles or in wave form is calle

4、d radiation. 能量以粒子或以波的形式进行放射、传送或吸收的过程即称为辐射。 Radiation exposure is measured in rems 人体接触辐射的量以雷姆（人体伦琴当量）为单位进行计量。 其他辐射计量单位换算: 1sv=100rem(1希伏=100雷姆), 1sv=1000msv(1希伏=1000毫希伏) 1msv=1000usv (1毫希伏=1000微希伏) Two forms of radiation are “Ionizing” and “non-ionizing” 辐射以两种形式进行，即“电离辐射”与“非电离辐射”。,Ionizing Radiatio

5、n 电离辐射,Ionizing radiation is the type of radiation with energy capable of changing atoms. This change in the electrical balance of an atom results in the altering of cells or the creation of new cells. 电离辐射指的是辐射的能量足以改变原子结构的辐射类型。这种原子的电量平衡的改变，能够对细胞产生改变，或者产生新的细胞。 It is this ability to change and create

6、 cells that makes ionizing radiation extremely hazardous when in an unprotected state. 这种使细胞产生改变或产生新的细胞的能力，使得电离辐射在未采取保护措施的情况下具有极高的危险性。,Types of Ionizing Radiation 电离辐射的类型,Alpha-阿尔法（） The least hazardous of all ionizing radiation because it can be stopped by a sheet of paper or light clothing. 这是所有电离

7、辐射中危害最轻的一种，因为只需用一张纸或轻质衣料即可阻止这种辐射。 It is considered to be an internal radiation hazard because it cannot affect the human body until taken into the body in some fashion such as inhalation, ingestion, etc. 这种辐射是一种内部辐射危害，因为只有以某种方式进入人体后，如吸入，摄入等，才会对人体构成危害。 Once taken into the body, alpha radiation reacts

8、 very similar to calcium and can become part of the bone structure for long periods of time, resulting in damage to the body bone and cell structure. 一旦进入人体后，阿尔法放射物以一种与钙非常类似的方式进行反应，在很长一段时间内可以作为骨质结构的组成部分，对人体骨骼及细胞结构造成危害。,Beta-贝塔（） Also considered to be an internal radiation hazard because it is most h

9、azardous when taken into the body. 同样是一种内部辐射危害，因为当进入人体后其危害最大。 Skin burns can occur when exposed to extremely high external doses. 当接受极高的剂量照射时可能造成皮肤灼伤。 Beta radiation can be stopped by the walls of a room or light metals. Plastic is also an acceptable shielding material. 房屋的墙壁或轻金属即可阻止贝塔辐射。塑料同样也是一种可接受

10、的防护材料。,Types of Ionizing Radiation 电离辐射的类型(续),Types of Ionizing Radiation (cont.) 电离辐射的类型（续）,Gamma-伽马（） Radiation waves that generate from the nucleus of an atom. 原子核所产生的辐射波。 Considered to be an external radiation hazard because they are readily absorbed into the body unless extensive shielding meth

11、ods are used. 这是一种外部辐射危害，因为如果不采取严密的防护措施，伽马射线很容易被人体吸收。 Shielding requires a dense material such as lead. 防护时应采用高密度材料，如铅。 X-Radiation (X-Rays)- X辐射（X射线） Almost identical to gamma radiation except for their point or origin. 除点源或辐射源不同外，X辐射与伽马辐射几乎相同。 X-Rays are generally machine produced while gamma radi

12、ation occurs naturally in the nucleus of atoms. X光一般来说是由机器产生的，而伽马射线是由原子核自然产生的。 Shielding requirements are the same as for gamma. X光防护要求与伽马射线相同。,Ionizing Radiation Exposure 电离辐射的接触,Radiation exposure, both internal and external, can cause effects on the body. 辐射接触，不论内部还是外部，均能够对人体构成危害。 The extent of t

13、he effects depends on such factors as the areas or organs of the body exposed, the length of the exposure and the amount of exposure. 辐射所造成的危害程序取决于人体接触的部位或器官、接触时间及接触的剂量等因素。 Radiation exposure effects are categorized as: 辐射接触所产生的危害可分为： Somatic Effects, which are those that occur only to the exposed i

14、ndividual 躯体效应，即仅对接触辐射的个人产生危害的辐射效应 Genetic Effects, which are those that are passed on to future generations. 遗传效应，即可以遗传给未来后代的辐射效应。,Ionizing Radiation Exposure 电离辐射的接触,Somatic Effects can be either prompt or delayed and may appear as skin disorders, cancer, etc. 躯体效应可能是立即发作，也可能是延迟发作，可能出现皮肤异常，癌等。 Gen

15、etic Effects appear in future generations of the individual who received the exposure. They cause damage to the genetic material and can appear as birth defects or other conditions. 遗传效应出现在受到辐射的个人的后代身上。这种辐射效应能够造成遗传物质的破坏，导致先天缺陷或其它情况。,Somatic Radiation Burns 躯体辐射烧伤,600 rem - 1st degree burn, reddening

16、 and inflammation. Medical attention not required. 600 rem 一度烧伤，局部变红及发炎，不需进行治疗。 1000 rem - 2nd degree burn, inflammation, tenderness, and swelling. Blisters and open sores. Medical attention should be sought 1000 rem二度烧伤，发炎，触痛并肿胀。出现水泡及疮口。需要进行治疗。,2000 rem - 3rd degree burn, intense pain and swelling

17、within hours. Medical attention urgent. Usually requires surgical removal of exposed tissue. 2000 rem三度烧伤，剧痛并在数小时内发生肿胀，需要立即就医，通常需要进行外科手术将受到辐射的组织切除。,Somatic Radiation Burns 躯体辐射烧伤,Safety and Protection Factors 安全及保护因素,There are three basic protection measures used when addressing radiation exposure h

18、azards: 在处理辐射接触的危险性时，通常可以采取三种基本的保护措施： Time- The longer the exposure, the greater the chance for radiation injury. Because there is a direct relationship between exposure dose and duration of exposure, reducing the time by one-half, reduces the exposure by one-half. 照射时间暴露在辐射环境中的时间越长，造成辐射损害的可能性就越大。因为

19、人体吸收的辐射的剂量与照射时间具有直接的关系，如果将照射时间减半，吸收的辐射剂量就可减半。,Safety and Protection Factors 安全及保护因素,Distance- Maintaining a safe distance is critical for employees who must work near inadequately shielded radiation sources. Hazardous areas must be labeled with radiation signs and symbols establishing a regulated ar

20、ea that must not be entered by unauthorized persons. 辐射距离对于在未能完全屏蔽的辐射源附近工作的雇员来说，与辐射源保持一个安全距离是非常重要的。辐射区域必须设立辐射标识及符号，并建立管制区域，未经许可的人员严禁进入。 Shielding- The more mass that is placed between a person and the radiation source, the less radiation the person will receive. However, as discussed earlier, the pr

21、oper type of shielding must be used for the specific type of radiation exposure. 屏蔽在人体及辐射源之间的物质质量越大，人体所吸收的辐射量就越少。不过，根据前文所述，在接触特定类型的辐射时，必须采取适当的屏蔽措施。,Monitoring Instruments 监测仪表,Monitoring for radiation exposure is a very specialized activity and must only be conducted by qualified persons. These moni

22、toring activities are called Radiation Surveys and may be conducted using the following instruments: 对辐射照射进行监测是一项专业性非常强的工作，只能由合格的人员进行。此项监测工作被称为辐射测量，可以使用以下仪表完成：,Film Badge- Worn on the outer clothing, it is used to monitor beta, gamma and x-radiation. It consists of a small piece of film wrapped in a

23、 cover. Radiation reacts with the film to “expose” it in the same manner as light. After a designated period of time, the badge is removed and examined in a laboratory. The amount of darkening of the film indicates the level of radiation exposure. 胶片式射线计量器带有外套，用于监测贝塔、伽马及X射线。它包括在保护层内包裹的一小片胶片。辐射物质与胶片上

24、的物质发生反应，如同在光线中曝光一样。经过规定的一段时间后，将胶片式射线计量器取回送交试验室进行分析。胶片变暗的程度即表示射线照射的强度。,Monitoring Instruments 监测仪表,Monitoring Instruments (continued) 监测仪表（续）,Thermoluminescence Detector- Widely used for beta, gamma, and x-radiation. Also worn on the outside of the clothing, the badge contains a lithium chip which re

25、leased light when exposed to radiation. The amount of light released is an indication of the amount of radiation exposure. 热发光探测器 此种仪表广泛应用于贝塔、伽马及X光辐射的监测。该设备同样包裹在一个外部保护层内，内部为锂片，在受到辐射照射时可发光。探测器发光的量即表示其受到辐射照射的剂量。,Pocket Dosimeter- Used primarily to measure x and gamma radiation, the pocket dosimeter is

26、 a direct reading instrument, meaning it does not require laboratory analysis to determine the level of radiation exposure. It is worn on the pocket and contains a lens and scale. As radiation exposure occurs, a quartz fiber moves up the scale indicating the amount of exposure. 携带式放射线剂量计 此种仪表主要应用于测量

27、X射线及伽马射线。携带放射线剂量计为一种直读式仪表，意即该种仪表不需送往试验室进行分析来确定辐射照射的强度。该仪表包裹在一个袋内，内含一个镜头及刻度盘。当发生辐射照射时，一条石英丝即可在刻度盘上移动，指示辐射照射的量。,Monitoring Instruments (continued) 监测仪表（续）,Monitoring Instruments (continued) 监测仪表（续）,Geiger Mueller Counter- A handheld meter used for beta, gamma and x-radiation. It is capable of detectin

28、g very small amounts of these substances, but is especially sensitive to beta radiation. It is used by trained personnel only and is accurate only for the specific type of radiation for which it has been calibrated. 盖革弥勒计数管一种用于测量贝塔、伽马及X射线的便携式仪表。这种仪表可以监测到数量非常小的放射性物质，但其对贝塔辐射特别敏感。只有经过专门培训的工作人员方可使用此种仪表进

29、行监测工作，并且此种仪表只有对校准过的射线类型进行测量时，其结果才是准确的。,Exposure Limits 照射极限,1.辐射人员由于实现计划的特殊照射,一次不得超过100MSV,一生不得超过250MSV, 2.以下人员不得接受计划的照射:已接受过有效剂量当量250MSV异常照射的;育龄妇女;未满18岁者; 3.年龄在16-18周岁的学生和学徒工,由于教学培训的需要接受照射,一年不得超过15MSV.年龄小于16周岁的按公众成员控制. 4.公众成员年不得超过1MSV.如果按终身剂量年1MSV,某些年份允许以每年5MSV作为限制. 5.公众成员的皮肤和眼晶体的年有效剂量限制为50MSV,而放射作

30、业人员为150MSV.,Exposure Limits 照射极限,放射工作人员内外照射总剂量达到或超过年剂量限值3/10时,每年体检一次;低于3/10时,每2-3年体检一次.(基本上一年一次) 照射剂量定值(每人)一年:5Rem;每月0.4Rem;每日0.016Rem.,The nuclear regulatory commission, along with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, regulates all ionizing radiation exposures within the United States

31、. They have established a General Occupational Exposure level of .5 REM per year. The “REM” stands for “Roentgen Equivalent Man” and is the standard measurement for radiation exposures. 美国核管制委员会，以及职业安全与保健管理总署，对美国境内的所有电离辐射接触工作进行管理。他们确立了一项一般职业性照射标准，每年0.5雷姆（REM）。REM代表“人体伦琴当量”，是辐射接触的标准测量单位。 These two or

32、ganizations have also established a level of 1.25 REM per calendar quarter for Radiation Worker Exposures. Additionally, there are lower exposure levels when specific body parts of these workers have been exposed. 这两个组织还制定了一个每季度1.25 REM的剂量标准，适用于放射性工作者。另外，当这些工作人员的特殊部位受到辐射照射时，他们还制定了更低的剂量标准。,Exposure L

33、imits 照射极限,Radiation Control Program 辐射控制程序,Ionizing radiation cannot be seen, heard, tasted or smelled; however, it can be measured and identified with the instruments we discussed earlier and therefore, can be controlled. 虽然我们无法用视觉、听觉、味觉及嗅觉来感觉电离辐射，但我们可以用前文所讨论的仪表进行确定及测量，所以这种辐射是可以控制的。 Sites with are

34、as where radiation exposures may exist, must establish controlled areas and a radiation health and safety program. The health and safety program should establish safe working procedures and detection and control methods to be used in radiation areas. 对于可能存在辐射照射区域的工作现场，应建立控制区，并制定相应的保健及安全程序。保健及控制程序中应包

35、括在放射区域使用的安全工作规程及检测及控制方法。,If your site has radiation control areas, you must receive SPECIAL training on the requirements of the health and safety program prior to entering these areas. 如果你工作的现场具有控制区，那么你在进入这些区域之前必须接受有关保健及安全程序要求的专门培训。,Radiation Control Program 辐射控制程序,Nonionizing Radiation 非电离辐射,Non-io

36、nizing radiation does not possess the energy to change or alter atoms; however, it does possess the energy to excite atoms which produces large amounts of heat. 非电离辐射虽然并不具有改变原子的能量，但是它确实具有激发原子使其产生大量热量的能量。 Non-ionizing radiation comes in many different types, each with its won properties and hazards:

37、非电离辐射具有许多不同的形式，每种形式均具有其自己的特性及危害。,Ultraviolet- The most common exposure to ultraviolet radiation comes from sunlight. Working in the sun without adequate protection can cause redness, blistering and in severe cases cancerous tumors of the skin. Ultraviolet radiation also increases the skins sensitivi

38、ty to some chemicals such as cresol and tar. 紫外线最常见的紫外线辐射方式来自阳光的照射。在阳光下工作而未采取足够的保护措施将会导致皮肤发红，起疱，如果严重的话还会引起皮肤的癌肿。紫外线辐射同时增加了皮肤对某些化学品，如甲酚及焦油等的过敏程序。 Exposures of this type are easily avoided with proper skin protection in the way of clothing or commercially available creams. 这种类型的辐射通过衣服或市场上常见的护肤霜等对皮肤进行保

39、护，即很容易避免造成伤害。,Nonionizing Radiation 非电离辐射,Nonionizing Radiation (continued) 非电离辐射,Another common source of ultraviolet radiation is electric arc welding. Conjunctivitis of the eyes can develop due to the intense amount of radiation emitted. Shields, barriers, eye protection, welding hoods, etc. must

40、 be used when performing welding activities to ensure adequate protection for the welder and others in the area. 另外一种常见的紫外线辐射源来自电弧焊。如果辐射量过大可造成眼睛结膜炎。在进行焊接工作时必须采用屏蔽、隔离板、护目镜及焊工面罩等，确保对在现场工作的焊工及其它工作人员进行充分的保护。,Lasers- Stands for “Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation”. The greatest hazar

41、d associated with this equipment is the potential eye damage due to the intense point source heat generated. Proper training of laser operators and appropriate eye protection will help control these hazards. 激光代表“受激辐射式光频放大器”。这种设备存在的最大危害在于因由其产生的点源强热对眼睛造成损害。对从事激光器操作的人员进行适当的培训，并对眼睛采取适当的保护措施将有助于对这些危害进行控

42、制。,Nonionizing Radiation (continued) 非电离辐射,Nonionizing Radiation (continued) 非电离辐射（续）,Microwaves- Commonly associated with the microwave oven; however, microwave sources are also found in many communication and medical installations. The primary hazard is leakage from the source which can cause skin

43、 and eye burns. 微波微波通常与微波炉有关，另外微波同时还存在于许多通讯及医疗设备中。与微波相关的主要危害是微波源发生泄漏后可能造成皮肤及眼睛烧伤。,Radiographic Work X射线照相工作,Rules for oversight of radiography 射线照相工作管理章程,License许可证书 Training培训 Camera照相机 Survey Equipment 测量设备 Postings标记,Radiographic Work 射线照相工作,Radiographic work normally consists of the non-destruct

44、ive testing of equipment to determine suitability for a particular service. It is conducted using x-radiation analysis and must be performed by trained and authorized employees. On most company projects, this service will be provided by a specialty contractor licensed and trained in this type of wor

45、k. X射线照相工作通常包括对设备进行无损探伤，确定设备是否适合于特定的工艺条件。此项工作通过X射线辐射分析进行，必须由受过培训的指定雇员进行。在绝大多数公司的项目中，此项工作均由具有相关资质并且经过专门培训的专业承包商完成。 Contractors performing this work must have an established radiation safety program to ensure the safety of their employees as well as others on site. 从事此项工作的承包商必须具有已制定辐射安全程序，确保其自己的雇员以及在现

46、场工作的其他人员的安全。,Radiographic Work (cont.) 射线照相工作（续）,To prevent exposure to company and subcontract personnel, the following safety guidelines must be followed during radiographic work: 为了防止公司及分包商工作人员受到辐射危害，承包商在进行X射线照相工作时必须遵守以下安全准则： Contractors performing this work must be licensed and trained in compli

47、ance with applicable regulations. 从事此项工作的承包商必须具有相关资质，并根据相关规定接受到专门的培训。 Personal monitoring devices along with an operable and calibrated survey meter must be used during the course of radiographic work. 在从事X射线照相工作的过程中，工作人员必须使用个人监测设备以及已经过校准的可操作辐射测量仪。,Radiography personnel must establish and post a rad

48、iation restricted area with signs and barricades. Only authorized personnel are allowed in these areas. 从事X射线照相的工作人员必须建立一个限制区域，并在区域周围设立相应的标识及路障。只有经过批准的人员方可进入该区域。 Radiography personnel must survey the perimeter of the restricted areas with an appropriate survey meter. The results must be recorded and

49、 available on site. 从事X射线照相的工作人员必须利用辐射测量仪对限制区域周边进行测量。测量结果应予记录并可在现场查阅。,Radiographic Work (cont.) 射线照相工作（续）,Radiographic Work (cont.) 射线照相工作（续）,Safety guidelines continued: 安全准则（续）： Radiography personnel must also survey the radiation source at the completion or work, to assure it was returned to a sa

50、fe position. 从事X射线照相的工作人员在工作结果时必须对辐射源进行检测，确保辐射源已回到安全位置。 The exposure device must be locked during periods of inactivity. 照相设备在不使用期间必须锁好。 In case of emergency, work must be immediately stopped and site management notified. A written report must be submitted. 如果发生紧急情况，应立即停止工作，并通知现场管理人员。必须就此问题出具书面报告。,A

51、fter completion of radiographic work and after appropriate surveys have been done, the radiation restricted area may be cleared and other site workers allowed to enter. 在X射线照相工作完成，并且完成相关的测量工作之后，辐射限制区域可以解除限制，现场的其它工作人员可以进入。 ONLY AUTHORIZED RADIOGRAPHIC PERSONNEL MAY REMOVE THE BARRICADES AND WARNING S

52、IGNS AND CLEAR THE RESTRICTED AREA FOR ACCESS. 只有经过授权的X射线照相工作人员才有权清除路障及警示标识，解除对该区域的限制允许其它人员进入。,Radiographic Work (cont.) 射线照相工作（续）,Camera Condition and Labeling 照相机条件及标识,Camera should be labeled with chemical symbol and activity 照相机上应标明化学符号及其活性。 activity and date of last measurement 最后一次测量的活性及日期。 manufacturer 生产厂家 Check camera for modifications. Do not allow use of camera with modifications 检查照相机是否经过改装。不得使用经过改装的照相机。,Camera Condition and Labeling 照相机条件及标识,This camera is a dummy camera, actual camera walls are constructed of lead and provide some shieldi