写作教程第二版（邹申）Unit

1、Unit 6 Nature the power to form new ideas; the gift of employing images in writing;. 3. Avoid loaded definitions By state enterprise I mean high cost and poor efficiency.,Pitfalls and strategies P61,1. A good definition. To define the term, the writer relates it to something familiar or already know

2、n. 2. Not a good definition. It tends to go in circles. 3. Not a good definition. The term is not adequately differentiated from other similar feelings. 4. A good definition. A synonym is used, which is more familiar. 5. A good definition. It defines by giving a brief explanation. 6. Not a good defi

3、nition. It uses an example to serve as a definition, but it does not really do the job of defining by putting the term in a class or category and then differentiating it from others in that category.,1. The paragraph mainly offers information. 2. Tornados usually occur (when) on a hot, sticky day wi

4、th south winds and an ominous sky. (shape) slender twisting funnels averaging no more than 400 yards wide. Tornados may be accomplished by sheet lightning. (color) black, brown or occasionally white. Tornados may sound like a roar of hundreds of jet planes or thousands of railroad cars. (result) bui

5、ldings to explode. (duration) a very short time. Tornados can be defined as a kind of whirling, highly destructive windstorm.,Sample 2 (paragraph A) P57-58,3. “Tornado” is defined mainly through process analysis of the term, that is to say, by describing where, when, how it occurs, and by describing

6、 its shape, sound, effects and duration. Besides, other methods such as description, exemplification, narration, causes and effects, comparison are employed.,Paragraph B P58,1. The first sentence. 2. “wooded area”, “heavy and frequent rains” 3. “Wooded area” The sentences discuss the places where th

7、ese wooded area exist, the kinds of trees in them, additional characteristics of the trees and other growths in the area. 4. No, sentence 5 is not just about “wooded area”. The sentence ties the 2 ideas of the compound term together. 5. Sentences 6 and 7 set out an example of a particular rainforest

8、, namely, El Yunque.,Unlike sentence definition in Sample 1, the definition in Sample 2 is as long as one paragraph, and this kind of definition is known as extended definition. In Paragraph B, based on a brief explanation of the subject “rainforest” at the beginning, the writer tries to elaborate o

9、n the two words “rain” and “forest” through extensive description of their distinctive features, and winds up by citing a specific example of the concept.,Sample 3 P59 Paragraph A,1.It is defined broadly. The first sentence serves as the topic sentence. 2. The term luck is defined in the topic sente

10、nce. Then to make clear in a more complete and formal way his personal understanding of the concept, the writer adds a series of short examples to substantiate its reference. 3. It uses an emphatic order, saving the most important detail for the last.,Paragraph B,1. to persuade 2. The extremist goes

11、 too far in whatever the person is doing. The extremists are so preoccupied with one concern that they lose their sense of balance. 3. T.S. - The extremist goes too far in whatever the person is doing.,Good people in love are enthusiastic and sincere, tender, sensitive and attentive; Good patriots l

12、ove their country;,Extremists in love are excessive and intemperate, possessive or smothering; Extreme patriots think citizens from other countries are inferior and suspect;,Results of going extreme: extremists become destructive, nasty and pitiful; lose sense of balance and completeness as human be

13、ings. Major methods: exemplification and contrast Minor methods: dictionary definition, etymology 4. The extremist is an involved person who goes too far in attitude or behavior and loses his or her sense of proportions.,Etymology ,tmldi is the study of the origins and historical development of word

14、s. 词源学,Transitional Words and Phrases,To define to explain In definition in explanation In other words byis meant To clarify to paraphrase Device method Type property Kind condition Category attribute .,Unit Summary,1. Definition ? 2. Function ? 3. How to use ? 4. Pitfalls & Strategies 5. Transition

15、al words &phrases,Keys for Exercises,1.2(略) 3,4. 1) a stadium is a structure or building in which sports spectaculars are held. 2) socialism is a theory or system of community organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production, capital, land and so forth,

16、 in the community as a whole. 3) this is a circular definition, a practice of defining a term with the term itself. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use the energy of light to produce compounds, such as sugar and starch, from a number of substances including water and carbon dioxide. 4)

17、 surreptitious means “secret.” 5) political conservatives are people who are dedicated to preserving the existing conditions, such as William F. Buckley, Jr., and Pat Robertson.,6) Hearing aids are a kind of device which enables deaf people to hear sounds such as normal. 5 Task1 - 2 1 3 5 4 6 Task3

18、to explain a Spanish word which has no exact English equivalent. - courageous behavior and earthy sexuality - “Also” 6 a) For my grandmother, who was born before the turn of the century, it was rude to start eating before everyone else was served. It was also very rude for children or younger people to interrupt old people when they were speaking. For my dad, who grew up during the Depression and the WWII, it was rude not to say hello to a clerk in the store, and he thought my brothers and I were rude when we made unfavorable remarks about him.,b) When people cut into my lane when I am dri