文艺复兴英国文学

1、Renaissance English Literature,15th to 17th century,What was the Renaissance?,The Renainssance was a cultural movement and a time of renewal. (Europe was recovering from the Dark Ages and the Black Death .) Renaissance means “rebirth” of classical knowledge and “birth” of the modern world. (New inte

2、llectual and artistic ideas that developed during the Renaissance marked the beginning of the modern world.),What was the Humanism?,The most characteristic of Renaissance is humanism: an educational and cultural program based on the study of ancient Greek and Roman literature. The humanist way of th

3、inking could be most broadly defined as any view that put the human being at the center of things and stress the individuals creative , reasoning, and aesthetic powers.,The Representive Writers,St. Thomas More （1478-1535）,He was a prose writer in the England Renaissance He was one of the best repres

4、entatives of the Eanglish humanists,Utopia 乌托邦,What is Utopia about? 1.A detailed description of the social condition of England. 2. A detailed presentation of an ideal communist society of Utopia, a Greek word, with the meaning of “No Place”,乌托邦一书是莫尔的不朽之作，它的全名是关于最完美的国家制度和乌托邦新岛的既有益又有趣的金书，写于1515年至151

5、6年出使欧洲期间，用拉丁语写成。 书中叙述一个虚构的航海家航行到一个奇乡异国乌托邦的旅行见闻。“乌托邦”一词来自希腊文，意即“乌有之乡”。莫尔第一次用它来表示一个幸福的、理想的国家，莫尔说，“乌托邦”是南半球的一个岛国。在那里，社会的基础是财产公有制，人们在经济、政治权力方面都是平等的，实行按需分配的原则。公民们没有私有财产，每十年调换一次住房，穿统一的工作服和公民装，在公共餐厅就餐，每人轮流到农村劳动二年，官吏由秘密投票方式选举产生，职位不得世袭。居民每天劳动六小时即能满足社会需要，其余时间从事科学、艺术、智慧游戏活动。没有商品货币关系,金银被用来制造便桶溺器。乌托邦人也奉行一夫一妻制和宗教

6、自由政策。莫尔在社会主义史上第一次提出了消灭私有制，建立公有制的问题。,小说中乌托邦地图,Francis Bacon (1561-1626),A representative of the Renaissance in England Philosopher, scientist and essayist founder of modern science in England Insisting on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation Pope: “the wisest, brightest, meanest of mankin

7、d。”,His work,The Advancement of Learning (1605) (in English) 学术的进展/治学之道 Novum Organum (1620) ( an enlarged Latin version of The Advancement of Learning) 新工具论 De Augmentis 科学推进论 Essays (1597-1625)随笔/论说文集 The New Atlantis 新大西岛unfinished, utopian Maxims of Law 法律的准则 Reading on the Statute of Uses谈使用法则,

8、Saying,Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. contradict: declare wrong confute: prove to be wrong 读书时不可存心诘难读者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思,Edmund Spenser (1552-1599),Spencer was the greatest non-dramatic poet

9、of the Elizabethan Age, and the first master of English verse, which he made the natural music of his voice. 斯宾塞典型韵律就：abab bcbc cdcd ee （the Spenserian form）,His work,The Faerie Queene (1590-1596): 长篇史诗仙后 The Shepheardes Calender (1579): 牧歌集牧人月历 Epithalamion (1595) 祝婚曲,The Faerie Queene,重要的宗教、政治史诗。诗

10、人原定写12章，只完成了6章和第7章的一部分，共约35000行，但是这部未完成的伟大史诗早已显示出了万丈光芒，像一座辉煌的殿堂屹立在欧洲文学的高峰之上。长诗以亚瑟王（King Authur）追求仙后格罗丽亚娜（Gloriana）为引子，仙后每年在宫中举行12天宴会，每天派一名骑士去解除灾难，亚瑟参加每个骑士的冒险的故事。,Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593),A bright star with a life of only 29. astronomy, geography, medical science, history, Greek epics and Lati

11、n, and especial interest in drama,His work,Tamburlaine 铁木儿, in 1587 The Jew of Malta 马耳他岛的犹太人 in 1592 Dr. Faustus 浮士德博士的悲剧 in 1588,Tamburlaine,马洛的第一个剧本就是他在剑桥读书时完成的帖木儿大帝（Tamburlaine the Great，上卷与下卷1587-1588）。剧中讲述了14世纪一个普通牧民帖木儿，如何登上国王宝座，成为一个野心勃勃、残暴无情的鞑靼统治者的故事，是一部“巨星陨落”式的悲剧。骄横跋扈的蒙古大帝帖木儿利用波斯国王的弟弟推翻了波斯王，在登上王位后又杀害了波斯王的弟弟。然后帖木尔马不停蹄地战败了土耳其君主并将他关入囚笼示众。最后这个嗜血成性、权迷心窍的牧羊人竟然向上天的权威发动攻击，致使他所向披靡的铁骑陷入绝境，这个建立了庞大蒙古帝国的征服者只能孤零零地死在皇后的坟墓上。作者通过刻画一个百战百胜的枭雄，表达了文艺复兴时期人们渴望获得无穷无尽的力量和权势的心情。,Willam Shakespeare (1564-1616),One of the m