景观规划建筑英语

1、Landscape architecture continued to influence the city beautification and planning movement well into the 20th century, as growing cities used the services of professionally-trained landscape architects. The LEnfant Plan for the nations capitol was revived and expanded by the McMillan commission of

2、1901. Chicago, Cleveland and other cities also used landscape architects to lay out comprehensive development plans.,由于城市发展需要受到过专业训练的风景园林师参与，风景园林对城市美化和规划运动的影响一直持续到20世纪。1901年，国家首都的郎方规划由麦克米伦委员会进行再次规划和扩大，芝加哥、克里夫兰和其他城市都请风景园林师对城市进行综合布局和开发规划。,By the 1920s, urban planning separated from architecture and la

3、ndscape architecture as a separate profession with its own degree programs and organizations. Yet, landscape architecture continued to remain a major force in urban planning and urban design. During and after the Depression, opportunities to design national and state parks, towns, parkways and new u

4、rban park systems broadened the profession. The orientation of American landscape architecture returned to its roots in public projects a trend which has continued throughout the mid-20th century to today.,到20世纪20年代，城市规划从建筑和风景园林分离成为一个独立的职业，并拥有自己的学位课程和组织机构。 然而，风景园林师在城市规划和城市设计中仍然保持着主导力量。 在经济大萧条期间和之后，国

5、家和州公园、城镇、公园道和新的城市公园系统规划设计的机会使风景园林职业得到壮大。 美国风景园林的定位重新回到它的起源公共项目一个贯穿20世纪中期至今的趋势中来。,The Profession in Practice,实践中的职业,Landscape architecture in the 1990s cannot be described in a few simple terms. The scope of the profession is too broad and the projects too varied. A variety of often interwoven specia

6、lizations exist within the profession, including the following: Landscape Design, the historical core of the profession, is concerned with detailed outdoor space design for residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, and public spaces.,It involves the treatment of a site as art, the balance

7、of hard and soft surfaces in outdoor and indoor spaces, the selection of construction and plant materials, infrastructure such as irrigation, and the preparation of detailed construction plans and documents. Site Planning focuses on the physical design and arrangement of built and natural elements o

8、f a land parcel. A site planning project can involve designing the land for a single house, an office park or shopping center, or an entire residential community.,More specifically, site design involves the orderly, efficient, aesthetic and ecologically sensitive integration of man-made objects with

9、 a sites natural features including topography, vegetation, drainage, water, wildlife and climate. Sensitive design produces development that minimizes both environmental impacts and project costs, and adds value to a site.,Urban/Town Planning deals with designing and planning cities and towns. Urba

10、n planners use zoning techniques and regulations, master plans, conceptual plans, land-use studies and other methods to set the layout and organization of urban areas. This field also involves urban design _ the development of mostly open, public spaces, such as plazas and streetscapes.,Regional Lan

11、dscape Planning has emerged as a major area of practice for many landscape architects with the rise of the publics environmental awareness in the past thirty years. It merges landscape architecture with environmental planning. In this field, landscape architects deal with the full spectrum of planni

12、ng and managing land and water, including natural resource surveys, preparation of environmental impact statements, visual analysis, landscape reclamation and coastal zone management.,Park and Recreation Planning involves creating or redesigning parks and recreational areas in cities, suburban and r

13、ural areas. Landscape architects also develop plans for huge natural areas as part of national park, forest, and wildlife refuge systems.,Land Development Planning can be on large-scale, multi-acre parcels of undeveloped land and smaller scale sites in urban, rural and historic areas. As such, it pr

14、ovides a bridge between policy planning and individual development projects. Landscape architects working in this area require a knowledge of real estate economics and development regulation processes, as well as an understanding of the physical constraints of developing and working with the land. T

15、he challenge is to integrate economic factors with good design and thus create quality environments. Due to this blending of expertise, landscape architects are often selected to head multi-disciplinary design teams.,Ecological Planning and Design studies the interaction between people and the natur

16、al environment. It is concerned with interpretation, analysis, and formulation of design policies, guidelines and plans to ensure the quality of the environment. Heavily landscape architect and planner Ian McHarg, this specialization includes, but is not limited to, analytical evaluations of the lan

17、d and focuses on the suitability of a site for development.,It requires specific knowledge of environmental laws such as the Clean Water Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, Federal wetlands regulations, etc. This specialization also encompasses highway design and planning.,Historic Preservation and Re

18、clamation of sites such as parks, gardens, grounds, waterfronts, and wetlands involves increasing numbers of landscape architects as growing populations lead to additional development. This field may involve preservation or maintenance of a site in relatively static condition, conservation of a site

19、 as part of a larger area of historic importance, restoration of a site to a given date or quality, and renovation of a site for ongoing or new use. Landscape architects often participate from the research through the actual restoration stage.,Social and Behavioral Aspects of Landscape Design focuse

20、s on the human dimension of design, such as designing for the special needs of the elderly or the disabled. This field requires advanced training in social sciences, such as behavioral psychology, sociology, anthropology and economics. Areas of study include design evaluation of existing environment

21、s, environmental perceptions, and effects of environments on people.,The Profession of the Future,未来的职业,The years ahead promise new developments and challenges to the ever-broadening profession. With environmental concerns becoming increasingly important, landscape architects are being called upon t

22、o bring their expertise to the table to help solve complex problems. Rural concerns are attracting landscape architects to farmland preservation, small town revitalization, landscape preservation, and energy resource development and conservation.,今后，越来越宽广的风景园林职业将面临着新的发展和挑战。 随着人们对环境越来越多的关注，风景园林师需要运用专

23、业的技能帮助解决复杂的问题。 人们对农村的关注吸引风景园林师从事农田保护、小城镇复兴、景观保护和能源开发与保护的工作。,Advances in computer technology have opened the field of computerized design, and land reclamation has become a major area of work for members of the profession. Landscape architects have even begun to use their skill within indoor environm

24、ents (e.g. atriums) and enclosed pedestrian spaces have been incorporated into commercial development projects. From southern California to the Maine coast, the names of landscape architecture firms appear on signs heralding future developments, as more people seek the expertise and services of the

25、profession.,计算机技术的优越性开创了计算机化的设计方法，同时，土地改造成为风景园林师主要工作领域。 风景园林师甚至开始进行室内环境（比如中庭）的设计，并且室内步行空间环境项目与商业开发项目结合成一个整体。 从南加州到缅因州海滨，越来越多的人们对风景园林职业技术和服务有所需求，预示着风景园林公司在未来将有更大发展。,Furthermore, the future also promises increase cooperation among landscape architects and other design professionals. As interest in the

26、 profession continues to grow, students are studying of the profession in increasing numbers and nearly 60 universities and colleges in the United States and Canada now offer accredited baccalaureate and post-graduate programs in landscape architecture. Forty-five states license landscape architects

27、.,此外，未来的风景园林将会与其他设计职业有越来越多的合作。 随着人们对这个职业兴趣的增加，学习这个专业的学生也大量增加，美国和加拿有近60个大学和学院开设了风景园林方面的学士学位和研究生学位课程。有45个州制订了风景园林从业许可制度。,Today, headquartered in Washington, D.C., the American Society of Landscape Architects has grown to nearly 12,000 members in 47 chapters. During the past decades, landscape architec

28、ts have responded to the increased demand and professional responsibilities with new skills and expertise. More and more businesses appreciate the profession and the value that it brings to a project. The public praises the balance achieved between the built and natural environments.,今天，设于华盛顿的美国风景园林

29、师协会总部已经拥有47个分会近12000个会员。 在过去的几十年，风景园林师为满足日益增加的需求和职业责任，发展了新的技术和专业技能。 越来越多的商业开发受益于这个职业，以及这个职业为项目带来的价值。公众也赞誉它为人工与自然环境之间取得平衡所做的工作。,According to landsca pe architectural educator, author and ASLA Fellow, Lane Marshall: The future of . (the) profession is bright. We are growing in size and stature each da

30、y. The profession is expanding its borders constantly and stands at the cutting edges of exciting new practice areas. There are landscape architects who are mortgage bankers, developers, business managers, architects, engineers, and lawyers. Since 1899, the profession has grown steadily and now stan

31、ds at the threshold of a new period of growth.,风景园林教育家、作家和ASLA成员雷恩.马歇尔的观点是： “这个职业的未来是光明的. 我们的规模和地位每天都有所增加。这个职业正在不断的拓宽他的边界，并处于令人兴奋的新领域的锋头之上（前沿）。风景园林师则来自抵押货款银行家、开发商、商业经理、建筑师、工程师，以及律师。自从1899年，这个职业就稳定地发展着，目前正处于一个新发展的开端。,The profession of landscape architecture continues to evolve as it meets the challen

32、ges of a society interested in improving the quality of life and the wisdom with which mankind uses the land in many ways, landscape architects are shaping the future.,风景园林在面对社会关注生活条件改善和以多种方式明智地利用土地的挑战中，不断地发展进化，风景园林师正在塑造着未来。,专业词汇,landscape architecture 风景园林 landscape architect 风景园林师 American Society

33、 of Landscape Architects (ASLA). 美国风景园林师协会 environmental protection 环境保护 real estate 地产 civil engineering 市政工程,urban planning/city planning 城市规划 master plan 总体规划 landscape gardener 风景园艺师 urban park 城市公园 metropolitan park system 都市公园系统 planned residential enclave 规划社区（居住区） college campuse 大学校园,City Beautiful movement 城市美化运动 town planning movement 城镇规划运动 LEnfant Plan 郎方规划 Depression 经济萧条 f