凯伯国际贸易第四章(英文原版课件)

1、Tariffs,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,1,PowerPointslidespreparedby:AndreeaChiritescuEasternIllinoisUniversity,TheT

2、ariffConcept,TariffAtax(duty)leviedonaproductwhenitcrossesnationalboundariesImporttariffTaxleviedonanimportedproductExporttariffTaximposedonanexportedproductOftenusedbydevelopingnationsRaiserevenue,increasetheworldprice,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwhol

3、eorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,2,TheTariffConcept,ProtectivetariffToreducetheamountofimportsenteringacountryInsulatingimport-competingproducersfromforeigncompetitionAllowsanincreaseintheoutputofi

4、mport-competingproducersRevenuetariffTogeneratetaxrevenuesPlacedoneitherexportsorimports,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroo

5、muse,3,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,4,Tariffrevenuesasapercentageofgovernmentrevenues,2007:selectedcountries,TABL

6、E4.1,TypesofTariffs,SpecifictariffFixedamountofmoneyperphysicalunitoftheimportedproductRelativelyeasytoapplyandadministerDegreeofprotectionitaffordsdomesticproducersvariesinverselywithchangesinimportpricesProvidesdomesticproducersmoreprotectionduringabusinessrecession,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsRe

7、served.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,5,TypesofTariffs,Advalorem(ofvalue)tariffFixedpercentageofthevalueoftheimportedproductDistinguishamongsmalldifferen

8、tialsinproductqualityTendstomaintainaconstantdegreeofprotectionfordomesticproducers,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,

9、6,TypesofTariffs,Advalorem(ofvalue)tariffCustomsvaluationproblemsEstimationsbycustomsappraisersFOBvs.CIFvaluationFree-on-boardvaluationCost-insurance-freightvaluationIncludestransportationcosts,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspe

10、rmittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,7,TypesofTariffs,CompoundtariffCombinationofspecificandadvaloremtariffsFormanufacturedproductsEmbodyingrawmaterialsthataresubjecttotariffsSpecifictariffNeutralizesthecostdisadvantageofdomest

11、icmanufacturers-fromtariffprotectiongrantedtodomesticsuppliersofrawmaterialsAdvaloremtariffProtectsthefinished-goodsindustry,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseon

12、apasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,8,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,9,SelectedU.S.tariffs,TABLE4.2,2011Cengag

13、eLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,10,Examplesoftariffs,selectedcountries(in%),TABLE4.3,EffectiveRateofProtection,Nominaltariffra

14、tePublishedinthecountrystariffscheduleAppliestothevalueofafinishedproductthatisimportedintoacountryEffectivetariffrateTakesintoaccountthenominaltariffrateOnafinishedproductAndanytariffrateappliedtoimportedinputsUsedinproducingthefinishedproduct,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,sc

15、anned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,11,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwi

16、thacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,12,Theeffectiverateofprotection,TABLE4.4,EffectiveRateofProtection,Effectivetariffrate,ee=Theeffectiverateofprotectionn=thenominaltariffrateonthefinalproducta=theratioofthevalueoftheimportedinputtothevalueofthefinishedpr

17、oductb=thenominaltariffrateontheimportedinput,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,13,EffectiveRateofProtection,Ifthetari

18、ffonthefinishedproductExceedsthetariffontheimportedinputEffectiverateofprotectionexceedsthenominaltariff,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwe

19、bsiteforclassroomuse,14,EffectiveRateofProtection,IfthetariffonthefinishedproductIslessthanthetariffontheimportedinputEffectiverateofprotectionislessthanthenominaltariffMayevenbenegativeProtectsdomesticsuppliersofrawmaterialsmorethandomesticmanufacturers,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotb

20、ecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,15,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedis

21、tributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,16,Chinasnominalandeffectivetariffratesinforestryproducts,2001,TABLE4.5,TariffEscalation,TariffescalationRawmaterialsareoftenimportedatzeroorlowtariffratesThenominalandeffectiveprotectionincreasesateachstageofp

22、roductionProcessedgoodsHigherimporttariffs,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,17,Tariffsoftenrisesignificantlywiththele

23、velofprocessing(tariffescalation)inmanyindustrialcountries.Thisisespeciallytrueforagriculturalproducts.Tariffescalationinindustrialcountrieshasthepotentialofreducingdemandforprocessedimportsfromdevelopingcountries,hamperingdiversificationintohigher-valueaddedexports.,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsRes

24、erved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,18,Tariffescalationonindustrialcountriesimportsfromdevelopingcountries,FIGURE4.1,OutsourcingandOffshore-AssemblyProv

25、ision,OutsourcingCertainaspectsofaproductsmanufactureareperformedinmorethanonecountryImprovementsincostcompetitivenessPenetrateforeignmarketsHightariffsorothertradebarriersrestrictthedirectexportoffinishedgoodsUniqueforeignproductiontechnologies,laborskills,rawmaterials,orspecializedcomponents,2011C

26、engageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,19,OutsourcingandOffshore-AssemblyProvision,Offshore-assemblyprovision(OAP)Favorabletreat

27、menttoproductsassembledabroadfromU.S.-manufacturedcomponentsCostoftheU.S.component-notincludedinthedutiablevalueoftheimportedassembledarticleIncentivesforforeignmanufacturerstopurchasecomponentsfromU.S.sourcesGeneratessalesandjobsintheU.S.componentindustries,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.May

28、notbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,20,DodgingImportTariffs:TariffAvoidanceandTariffEvasion,TariffavoidanceLegalutilizationofthetariffsystemtoonesownadvantageTor

29、educetheamountoftariffthatispayablebymeansthatarewithinthelawTariffevasionIndividualsorfirmsevadetariffsbyillegalmeans,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapassw

30、ordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,21,DodgingImportTariffs:TariffAvoidanceandTariffEvasion,FordMotorCompanyShipsitsTransitConnectfive-passengerwagonsFromitsfactoryinTurkeytoBaltimore,MDWagons:2.5%tariff(dutyof$625)StrippedandconvertedintocargovannsCargovanstariff:25%(dutyof$6,250)Completelylegal,201

31、1CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,22,DodgingImportTariffs:TariffAvoidanceandTariffEvasion,SmuggledsteelevadesU.S.tariffFa

32、lselyreclassifysteelasaduty-freeproductDetachmarkingswhichindicatethatthesteelcamefromacountrysubjecttotariffsMakeitappeartohavecomefromonethatisexemptAlterthechemicalcompositionofasteelproductenoughsothatitcanbelabeledduty-free,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicat

33、ed,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,23,PostponingImportTariffs,BondedwarehouseDutiableimportscanbebroughtintotheU.S.andtemporarilyleftinabondedwarehouse,duty-freeImportedgoods-stored,repacked

34、,orfurtherprocessed-foruptofiveyearsNocustomsdutiesareoweduntilthegoodsarewithdrawnfordomesticconsumption,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedw

35、ebsiteforclassroomuse,24,PostponingImportTariffs,Foreign-tradezone(FTZ)AnareawithintheU.S.BusinesscanoperatewithouttheresponsibilityofpayingcustomsdutiesonimportedproductsormaterialsForaslongastheyremainwithinthisareaAnddonotentertheU.S.marketplaceCustomsdutiesareduewhengoodsaretransferredfromtheFTZ

36、forU.S.consumption,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,25,PostponingImportTariffs,Foreign-tradezone(FTZ)Notimelimitonhow

37、longgoodscanbestoredGeneral-purposezonesPublicfacilitiesUsedbymorethanonefirmSubzonesAsinglefirmssiteUsedformoreextensivemanufacturingorassembly,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductor

38、serviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,26,TariffEffects:AnOverview,TariffeffectsHigherpriceofimportsLowerdemandforimportsDomesticsuppliersexpandoutputBenefitsDomesticproducers,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuse

39、aspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,27,TariffEffects:AnOverview,Tariff-imposescoststodomesticeconomyBuyerswillpaymorefortheirprotectedU.S.-madegoodsthantheywouldhavefortheimportedgoodsunderfreetradeJobswillbelostatretailan

40、dshippingcompaniesthatimportforeign-madegoodsJobswillbelostinanydomesticindustriesthatsufferfromretaliatorytariffsTheextracostofthegoodsgetspassedontowhateverproductsandservicesthatusethesegoodsintheproductionprocess,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeor

41、inpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,28,TariffWelfareEffects,ConsumersurplusThedifferencebetweentheamountthatbuyerswouldbewillingandabletopayforagoodandtheactualamounttheydopayAffectedbythemarketpriceAdec

42、reaseinthemarketpriceIncreaseinthequantitypurchasedLargerconsumersurplusAhighermarketpriceReducetheamountpurchasedShrinktheconsumersurplus,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorservic

43、eorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,29,TariffWelfareEffects,ProducersurplusRevenueproducersreceiveoverandabovetheminimumamountrequiredtoinducethemtosupplyagoodAffectedbythemarketpriceAhighermarketpriceIncreaseinquantitysuppliedHighersurplusAlowermarketpriceLowersurplus,2011Cengage

44、Learning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,30,Consumersurplusisthedifferencebetweenthemaximumamountbuyersarewillingtopayforagivenquantityo

45、fagoodandtheamountactuallypaid.Graphically,consumersurplusisrepresentedbytheareaunderthedemandcurveandabovethegoodsmarketprice.Producersurplusistherevenueproducersreceiveoverandabovetheminimumnecessaryforproduction.Graphically,producersurplusistheareaabovethesupplycurveandbelowthegoodsmarketprice.,2

46、011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,31,Consumersurplusandproducersurplus,FIGURE4.2,TariffWelfareEffects:Small-NationModel

47、,SmallnationItsimports-averysmallportionoftheworldmarketsupplyPricetakerTariffeffectsRaisesthehomepriceofimportsbythefullamountofthedutyHigherdomesticproductionLowerdomesticconsumption,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedin

48、alicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,32,TariffWelfareEffects:Small-NationModel,Smallnation-TariffeffectsonnationswelfareConsumersurplusfallsWelfareeffectsofatariffRevenueeffectRedistributioneffectProtectiveeffectConsumptioneffectAdditio

49、naltaxrevenueBenefitsdomesticproducersWastesresourcesHarmsthedomesticconsumer,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,33,For

50、asmallnation,atariffplacedonanimportedproductisshiftedtotallytothedomesticconsumerviaahigherproductprice.Consumersurplusfallsasaresultofthepriceincrease.Thesmallnationswelfaredecreasesbyanamountequaltotheprotectiveeffectandconsumptioneffect,theso-calleddeadweightlossesduetoatariff.,2011CengageLearni

51、ng.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,34,Tarifftradeandwelfareeffects:smallnationmodel,FIGURE4.3,TariffWelfareEffects:Small-NationModel,Rev

52、enueeffectThegovernmentscollectionsofdutyNumberofimportstimesthetariffPortionofthelossinconsumersurplusTransferredtothegovernmentDoesnotresultinanoverallwelfareloss,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedw

53、ithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,35,TariffWelfareEffects:Small-NationModel,RedistributioneffectTransferoftheconsumersurplusTothedomesticproducersoftheimport-competingproductTransferofincomefromconsumerstoproducersDoesnotresultinanoveralllossofwelfarefo

54、rtheeconomy,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,36,TariffWelfareEffects:Small-NationModel,ProtectiveeffectLosstothedomes

55、ticeconomyFromwastedresourcesusedtoproduceadditionalgoodsatincreasingunitcostsLessefficientdomesticproductionissubstitutedformoreefficientforeignproductionLossofwelfare,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistribu

56、tedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,37,TariffWelfareEffects:Small-NationModel,ConsumptioneffectResidualnotaccountedforelsewhereLossofwelfareoccursIncreasedpriceLowerconsumptionDeadweightlossofthetariffProtectiveeffectConsumptioneffect,2011CengageLearn

57、ing.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,38,Tradeprotectionismintensifiesasglobaleconomyfallsintorecession,Globaleconomicdownturns-catalystfo

58、rtradeprotectionism;20072009,DecreaseinthedemandforgoodsandservicesDeclineininternationaltradeCreditcrunch-extrasqueezeontradeShortfallofsome$100billionintradefinance90%ofworldtrade,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinali

59、censedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforclassroomuse,39,Tradeprotectionismintensifiesasglobaleconomyfallsintorecession,IndiscriminatedecreaseintradeExportsdeclinedby30%China-targetedbythemostgovernmentsforprotectionistmeasuresRussiaIncreasedtariffsonimpor

60、tedautomobilesIndiaRaisedtariffsonsteelimportsArgentinaNewobstaclestoimportedautopartsandshoes,2011CengageLearning.AllRightsReserved.Maynotbecopied,scanned,orduplicated,inwholeorinpart,exceptforuseaspermittedinalicensedistributedwithacertainproductorserviceorotherwiseonapasswordprotectedwebsiteforcl