英国历史与文化英文版

1、An Introduction to British History and Culture,English History,Prehistoric England Roman Britain (43-410) The Anglo-Saxons and Vikings (450-1066) Normans and Plantagenets (1066-1272) Lancaster and York (1272-1485) The Tudors (1485-1603) The Stuarts (1603-1714) Order and Disorder (1714-1837) Victoria

2、 and Empire (1837-1910) Peace and War (1910-1945) Contemporary Britain (1945- ),Chapter 1 Early England,Old Stone Age, 70,0008000 BC Middle Stone Age , 83003500 BC New Stone Age , 35002500 BC Bronze Age, 2500700 BC (Iberians) Iron Age, 700100 BC (Celts) The Dawning of English History 150 BC50,Offici

3、al title United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland British Isles including Great Britain, the whole of Ireland, all the offshore islands,1.1 Geography: Some Terminology,isolated from Europe by the English Channel and the North Sea once perceived as being on the edge of the world The seas

4、around Britain also acted as barriers against attempted invasions: The Armada, 1588; the French, 1805, Nazi Germany, 1940,1.1 Geography: Geography and History,Generally mild and temperate weather allows farming to flourish across the country North: less fertile land, wetter South: fertile land, drie

5、r,1.1 Geography: Weather,Hunters and gatherers Old Stone Age (Paleolithic), 70,0008000 BC Middle Stone Age (Mesolithic), 83003500 BC New Stone Age (Neolithic), 35002500 BC,1.2 Early Settlers,New Stone Age , 35002500 BC Stonehenge 史前巨石阵 a monumental circular setting of large standing stones surrounde

6、d by an earthwork,1.2 Early Settlers,Stonehenge,In Search of History 00:20 01:38,The Celts (Iron Age, 700100 BC) from north-western Europe, ancestors of the highland Scots, the Irish and Welsh Gaelic 盖尔语 : language of Celtic origin,1.2 Early Settlers,Chapter 2 Roman Britain,Roman Invasion (55BC-410A

7、D),British recorded history begins with Roman invasion. first landing in 55 B.C. led by Julius Caesar complete control over the land in 43 A.D. leaving in around 410 A.D.,What is the meaning of B.C. and A.D.?,BC stands for before Christ AD stands for the Latin phrase “anno domini” means in the year

8、of our Lord The purpose of the BC / AD dating system to make the birth of Jesus Christ the dividing point of world history,Gaius Julius Caesar (July 13, 100 BC March 15, 44 BC) a Roman military and political leader played a critical role in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Emp

9、ire,Roman Invasion (55 BC - 410 AD),First landing in 55 B.C. led by Julius Caesar Reasons the lure of treasures to punish the Celts because of the help they rendered their fellow tribesmen in Gaul Results failed because of weather withdraw with hostages and prisoners,Roman Invasion (55 BC - 410 AD),

10、2. Complete control over the land in 43 A.D. Leader headed by the Emperor Claudius Reasons came as imperialists to exploit and govern by right of being the superior,Roman Invasion (55BC-410 AD),3. Leaving in around 410 A.D. The Roman Empire disintegrated in 476 A.D. left behind a well established Ce

11、ltic-Roman culture,Roman Soldiers,Resistance to Roman Occupation,For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman occupation, but it was never a total occupation. Roman troops often withdrew. Resistance: the Picts Two great walls to keep the Picts: Hadrians Wall Antonine Wall,Roman Influence: The Ro

12、manisation of Britannia,Roman laws, taxes, engineering skills Architecture Roman social system The Latin Language System of writing and numbering Introduced a system of organized government in towns Brought the new religion Christianity to Britain,Roman Influence: The Romanisation of Britannia,Roman

13、 towns: London, York, Bath baths, temples, amphitheatres 竞技场, Roman aqueducts 高架渠 Roman roads: more than 5000 roads, a network of roads to connect large towns,Roman civilization was based on city life in hundreds of walled town linked by military roads.,Roman town: Bath,Bath Abbey,Roman amphitheatre

14、,Roman aqueduct,Roman Road,The Impact of Christianity,The Celts Religion Polytheism (多神论) Animals, rivers, and lakes were also treated as gods.,Celtic gods and goddesses,Roman Britain . Christian merchants and traders arrived in England in the 1st century A.D, but made little impact. In the 2nd cent

15、ury, Christianity slowly spread. In the late 6th century, Christianity was introduced widely in England.,Christianity: belief in one godhead, The Celts Religion:belief in several gods After Constantines conversion to Christianity, Polytheism (多神论) monotheism (一神论),Britannia,Anglo-Saxon period In the

16、 middle of the 5th century, Anglo-Saxons settled here. English people owe much of their tradition, language, physical heritage to them (tall, fair-haired). Viking invasion: by the 8th, the Danish began to invade England in a successful way until Alfred the Great defeated them. King Alfred the Great

17、(r. 871-899 阿佛列大帝) He is often regarded as the first king of a united England. He defeated the Danes at battles.,28,Beowulf, the oldest English epic, tells the story of a Scandinavian hero. Probably written in Northumbria in the early eighth century, it provides a striking picture of early Germanic

18、life. The earliest surviving manuscript of Beowulf was written in Saxon in the late tenth century. p73,29,The Manuscript of Beowulf,32,An evil dragon robbed the holly cup away and guarded the cup in his cave not allowing anyone to touch it.,33,Beowulf led his men to sail across the sea to find the h

19、olly cup back for his people.,The Norman Conquest After Edward died, Duke of Normandy-William I, was crowned in London, on Christmas Day 1066. Significance: A. A new dynasty, a new aristocracy B. A strong Norman government, feudal system C. The upper ranks of the clergy were Normanized and feudalize

20、d.,封建时代,1)Williams rule(1066-1087) A. strong monarchy was established B. French language was used in the court and upper classes C. Domesday Book: great survey of the realm in 1089 2) Henry s reform (1154-1189) A. Established the Plantagenet Dynasty (1154-1485) B. replaced the feudal law with royal

21、or common law, the jury of 12 sworn men 3) Magna Carta (the Great Charter) in 1215 A. signed by king John B. the basis of modern English constitution C. the upholding of individual rights against arbitrary government,4) the parliament in 1265 A. during Henry , Simon de Montfort called the first parl

22、iament B. commoners sat for the first time 5) the Hundred Years War (1337- 1453) A. between France and England, French won B. introduced the first standing armies in Western Europe C. bourgeoisie was pushed on a higher rang of social ladder D. fall of French language in England E. England and France

23、 was separate from each other entirely forever,6) The back death in 1348 A. spread by rat fleas B. killed 1.5 million out of the total 4 million people C. grain farming turned to sheep farming 7) Wat Tylers Uprising in 1381 A. in fighting against the Poll Tax in 1380 B. marked the beginning of the e

24、nd of serfdom in medieval England 8) The war of the Roses A. between House of York (white rose) and House of Lancaster (red rose) B. Marked the end of middle ages and beginning of modern world,Great-great-great-grandson of Edward III,Henry VII,Henry VIII,Edward VI,Mary I,Elisabeth I,3. 走向现代英国,1）Henr

25、y （1509-1547） A. the Church of England separated from Roman Catholicism B. king of England became both the secular and religious world C. king became the real head of England as a nation state,Mary I,Catholic burning nearly three hundred Protestants at the stake losing Calais,2) Elizabeth (1558-1603

26、) A. the last Tudor monarch, never got married for the good of the nation B. secure the church of England, compromise between RC and P C. destruction of Spanish Armada showed Englands superiority as a naval power,Elisabeth I,Protestant the Virgin Queen Spanish Armada Neutrality and compromise,3) The

27、 English Renaissance A. from the beginning of 16th century to the 17th century B. the greatest English humanist:,James I 1603 - 1625 Charles I 1625 - 1649 Charles II 1660 - 1685 James II 1685 - 1688 William III 1688 - 1702 and Queen Mary II 1688 - 1694 Queen Anne 1702 - 1714,James I,Charles II,Plagu

28、e (1665) Great Fire (1666) St. Pauls Cathedral by Sir Christopher Wren,James II,escaped to France in 1648, disguised as a girl Catholic persecution of the Protestants,4) The civil wars (1642-1651) A. parliamentary victory 1651 B. execution of Charles I 1649 C. Protectorate (1653-1659) Oliver Cromwel

29、l and his son 5) Restoration (1660) Charles returns with a big welcome and was crowned in April 1660, as the restoration of Stewart Dynasty,6)Glorious Revolution(1688) A. James was overthrown by parliamentarians with an invading army led by the Dutch stadtholder William of Orange B. Bill of Rights,

30、autocratic monarchy-constitutional monarchy C. marked the end of feudalism and the beginning of capitalism Britain came into being in 1707 with the Act of Union which united England and Scotland. 7)Whigs and Tories Whigs favored reform and Tories are monarchists.,William III and Queen Mary II,offered the