英语翻译学汉译英句法对比

1、1,汉译英的句法处理,2,Outline,主语的确定 谓语的选择 主谓语确定后其他句子成分的安排 语序的调整 否定的翻译 是字句的翻译 把字句的翻译,3,主语的确定,应遵循的原则： 必须符合英语的语言习惯和英美等国的文化习俗 必须符合英美人的思维方式 必须符合句中应突出的信息 必须符合句中的逻辑关系,4,必须符合英语的语言习惯和英美等国的文化习俗 热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作，建立和发展贸易。 Customers from various countries and regions are warmly welcome to establish and develop busines

2、s contacts.,5,中国银行、中国建设银行、中国工商银行、国家外汇管理局、国际信托投资公司以及中国人民保险公司等均在宁波设有分支机构。,6,The following financial institutions and corporations maintain their affiliated organizations in Ningbo: the Bank of China, the Construction Bank of China, the Industrial & Commercial Bank of China, the State General Administr

3、ation of Exchange Control, Chinas International Trust & Investment Corporation and the Peoples Insurance Company of China.,7,从表面上看，译文尚通顺。对照“忠实”的原则，我们发现了几点欠缺：第一，原文的“分支机构”这个信息在译文中成为“affiliated organizations”，信息内容有所改变。原文的“分支机构”使读者得知这些地方是可以办理相关的经营业务的，而译文“affiliated organization”给读者提供的却不完全是这样的信息。affiliat

4、ed organization 可指“下属的协会、刊物”等，经营功能则被弱化。第二，“国家外汇管理局”的通用译名是：the State Administration of Exchange Control, 其中无General 一词。“国际信托投资公司”的通用译名是：China International Trust and Investment Corporation (CITIC)，其中的China并没有s。译文这几方面的欠缺阻碍了原文信息忠实地传递到译文语言，造成信息的不等值。汉语读者理解的那些金融机构的“分支机构” 与英语读者断定的affiliated organizations的所

5、指有差异。这就造成信息传递失真，翻译的忠实就难做到了。同样，the State Administration of Exchange Control 和China International Trust and Investment Corporation这两个译名既已成定译，汉语信息与英语信息必须随时对应。译名的随意变化必然导致翻译信息的歪曲传递。,8,客商从开发区企业分得的利润汇出境外时，免征所得税。,9,Profits dividend by the investors and businessmen from the Development Zone enterprises will

6、be exempted from personal tax if remitted out of China.,10,五谷香稣片配以麻辣、五香、奶油、巧克力、芝麻、咖喱、海鲜等各种调料，方便即食，营养丰富，老少皆宜。,11,Crisp Cereal Chip is nicely flavored with condiments such as hot pepper, spices, cream, chocolate, curry, and seafood extract. It is nutritious and ready to serve.,12,1987年国务院批准唐山市为沿海经济开放城

7、市。 原译文：In 1987, the State Department approved Tangshan city to be a coastal, economic open zone. (唐山市招商引资介绍),13,In 1987, the State Council approved Tangshan being an open city of coastal economy.,14,请看下列汉英词语在不同语境中的意义：基本：基本建设 capital construction基本险 with particular average基本物资 essential commodity基本条款

8、 condition clause基本工业 primary industry基本设施 infrastructure基本价格 base price基本信用证 overriding credit基本工资 basic wage基本数据 benchmark data基本利益 fundamental interest,15,译中国特有的新生术语时，参照中国日报、中国建设、北京周报等英文报刊上的译名，或中国翻译封底上提供的译名。下面这些汉语词英译名就来自于上述的刊物，请看：化解金融风暴 defuse financial risks脱贫 to eliminate poverty温饱问题 problems i

9、n finding enough food and clothing 出口配额 export quota退耕还林 restore the reclaimed land扶贫 help for the poor解放思想 emancipate minds小康 a relative comfortable living“一刀切” impose uniformity,16,(1) 绝对优势理论absolute advantage theory (商贸通用英语术语) ，而不是overwhelming superiority theory (自编英语术语)(2) 相对优势comparative advant

10、age theory(商贸通用英语术语) ，而不是 relative advantage theory(自编英语术语)(3) 贸易盈余trade surplus(商贸通用英语术语)， 而不是 trade profit(自编英语术语)(4) 原产地place of origin(商贸通用英语术语) ，而不是 original producing place(自编英语术语)(5) 可兑换货币 convertible currency （商贸通用英语术语）而不是changeable currency（自编英语术语）,17,例如：咸腊肉 salt preserved meat乌龙茶 oolong te

11、a皮蛋 preserved duck eggs土纸 hand made paper冰甲鱼 frozen snapping turtle阿胶 ass-skin glue哈密瓜 hami melon膏药 dog-skin plaster山野菜 wild vegetable清凉油 essential balm榨菜 hot pickled mustard tuber豆腐乳 salted beancurd花茶 scented tea宫娟扇 mandarin fans,18,希望今后北京能够与更多的外国城市结为友好城市。 It is hoped that Beijing will establish fr

12、iendly relations with more foreign cities in the future.,19,我知道你要说服他放弃那个计划是很困难的。 I know it is difficult for you to persuade him out of the plan.,20,必须符合英美人的思维方式 她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。 It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man. 下倾盆大雨了。 It is raining cats and dogs.,21,南京发生过许多重大的历史事件。 Nanjing witne

13、ssed many great historic events.,22,必须符合句中应突出的信息 到去年年底，我部已同有关省市签订了100余艘中小船舶的建造合同和协议。 By the end of last year, contracts and agreements were signed with some provinces and cities for the construction of more than 100 medium-and small-sized vessels.,23,我给你打国际直拨就跟给楼下的李姐打电话差不多，一拨就通。 An international pho

14、ne call to you is as easy as a call to Sister Li downstairs.,24,必须符合句中的逻辑关系 他的英语讲得很好。 His English speaks good. He speaks good English.,25,我们事业从胜利走向胜利。 We have won one victory after another for our cause. Our cause has won victories one after another. A series of victories have been won for our cause

15、.,26,谓语的选择,人称和数与主语保持一致 乡镇企业的繁荣是我国农村改革的必然产物。 The prosperity of township enterprises is the inevitable outcome of the economic reform in the rural areas.,27,当前，我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。 Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country.,28,时态与原文语义相吻合 他做实验时心不在焉，几乎引起化学药

16、物爆炸。 His absent-mindedness during the experiments nearly caused an explosion of the chemical.,29,他过去的那副尊容，只要你见过一次，无论什么时候你都不会忘记。 He had a face that once you saw is never forgotten.,30,逻辑上与主语搭配得当 这一证书课程分在三年中学完。 This certificate course of studies will spread over three yearS. 这次旅游可选择的地方有北京、上海或西安。 The t

17、our will include Beijing, Shanghai and Xian.,31,必须与宾语搭配得当 从这次讲座中，我们学到了许多美国历史方面的知识。 We obtained much knowledge of American history from the lecture.,32,原文若是形容词短语、 名词性短语、数量词或介词短语作谓语，译文中常采用系表结构作谓语 你们一定知道，这种打字机轻便高效，经久耐用又经济实惠，适合高中学生使用。 You are well aware that this type of typewriter is portable and durab

18、le, economical and practical for high school students.,33,连动式和兼语式，译文选择一个主要动词作谓语，其它动词用其他形式 市政府采取各种措施招商。 The city government takes many measures to invite investment.,34,招商代表团吸引了许多东南亚客商来新加坡洽谈项目。 The delegation of inviting investment has attracted many businessmen from Southeast Asia to Singapore to ho

19、ld talks on different projects.,35,被动式的翻译 又一座立交桥将于年底通车。(含义被动） Another flyover will be opened to traffic by the end of this year. 家家房顶上都装了供沐浴用的太阳能热水器。（泛指主语） A solar heater is installed on the roof of every house, providing warm water for the shower.,36,其他句子成分的安排,主题突出， 连动式， 按时间顺序安排,主语突出， 一个中心谓语,汉语,英语,

20、37,我打算赶头班火车回北京。 I am going to catch the first train back to Beijing. 他们劝我采取“睁一只眼，闭一只眼”的方针. They persuaded me to adopt the live-and-let-live policy.,38,想到要出国深造，他就激动不已。 The idea that he would go abroad for further study made him greatly excited. He felt greatly excited at the thought of going abroad f

21、or further study.,39,近年来， 中、泰两国国民经济发展迅速，为两国的经济、贸易合作提供了良好的基础。 In recent years the national economies of China and Thailand have quickly developed, providing a good foundation for economic and trade cooperation between the two countries. Recent years have witnessed the rapid development of the nationa

22、l economies in China and Thailand, which has prepared for good economic and trade cooperation between the two countries. China and Thailand, with the rapid development of their national economies in recent years, have laid a good foundation for their economic and trade cooperation.,40,The rapid deve

23、lopment of the national economies of China and Thailand in recent years has laid a sound foundation for economic and trade cooperation between the two countries.,41,语序的调整,主体 行为标志 行为 行为客体,主语状语谓语宾语,主语 行为 行为客体 行为标志,主语 谓语宾语 状语,两种语言的对比,42,定语的位置 状语的位置 叙事与表态的顺序,43,定语的位置 我们已经试过各种可能的办法了。 We have tried every

24、way possible. 我们要把祖国建设成社会主义的现代化强国。 1 2 3 We will build our motherland into a modern powerful 2 3 socialist country. 1,44,那是中国内地出版的第一份报纸 That was the first newspaper that had been published in inland China. 他是一位中国现代优秀作家。 He is an outstanding contemporary Chinese writer.,45,状语的位置 汉语： 时间 地点 方式 动词 英语： 动

25、词 方式 地点 时间 他每天早晨在教室里认真地学习。 He studies hard in the classroom every morning.,46,叙事与表态的顺序 如蒙早日寄来样品或产品册，不胜感激。 It would be appreciated if samples and/or brochure could be soon forwarded to us. 驾车经过这一地区 真是太危险了。 It is dangerous to drive through this area.,47,否定的翻译,正说反译，反说正译 否定译成肯定 肯定译成否定 否定转移,48,否定译成肯定 在收据

26、尚未签字以前不得付款。 Before the receipt has been signed, the money must not be paid. 她抱怨名单上没有她的名字。 She complained about the omission of her name from the list.,49,他决不会说出这样的话。 He was the last person to say such things. 说什么我也不去。 Ill be damned if I go.,50,肯定译成否定 他们工作时总是互相帮助。 They never work without helping each

27、 other. 他太自私，几乎没有人喜欢他。 He is so selfish that hardly anybody likes him.,51,否定转移 谓语 主语 如果没有太阳，什么也不能生存。 Without the sun, nothing could live. 物质必须运动，否则就没有做功。 Matter must move, or no work is done.,52,谓语 宾语 我们全然不了解这件事。 We know nothing about it.,53,分句谓语转移到主句谓语 我们认为他们不可能按时到达。 We dont think they can arrive i

28、n time. 她觉得她再也不能忍受她丈夫的侮辱。 She doesnt feel that she can stand her husbands insult any longer.,54,是字句的翻译,是字句的含义 表示同等、类属、特征系表结构 表示加强语气 表示存在 表示让步 表示区别 凡是,55,表示加强语气 这孩子是可爱。 The child is lovely indeed. 我是想给你一个机会。 I do want to give you a chance. 我不是不懂，是不想说。 Its not that I didnt understand, but that I didnt want to say anything.,56,表示存在 前面是一大片稻田。 There is a big stretch of rice fields ahead. 一千五百米跑