Krashen的输入理论

1、Krashens Input Theories,Stephen Krashen,Input hypothesis,The principal tenets of the theory, i.e. five hypotheses. 1. The acquisition/learning hypothesis 2. The natural order hypothesis 3. The monitor hypothesis 4. The input hypothesis 5. The affective filter hypothesis,1, The acquisition-learning h

2、ypothesis,学习（learning） 指学习者有意识地接受某种语言的正规教学，以获得所学语言的语言知识、语言技能和言语交际技能，从而能够掌握并运用这种语言的活动。 习得（acquisition） 指在自然状态下从周围环境中学习获得某种能力。人的许多能力都是自然习得的。 “语言习得”就是指在自然的语言环境中，通过旨在沟通意义的言语交际活动，不知不觉（潜意识）地获得一种语言。 儿童习得第一语言是语言习得的典型例子。,2. The natural order hypothesis,The acquisition of grammatical structures proceeds in a

3、predictable order. Certain grammatical structures or morphems are acquired before others in first language acquisition of English, and a similar natural order is found in second language acquisition.,ING (progressive) PLURAL COPULA (“to be”),AUXILIARY ARTICLE,IRREGULAR PAST,THIRD PERSON SINGULAR (-s

4、) POSSESSIVE (-s),The order for L2 learners (Krashen, 1977),3. The monitor hypothesis,1. The modification of speech patterns, particularly in situations where there is form-focus, is known as monitoring. 2. Conscious learning can function only as a monitor or editor and play a restricted role in mon

5、itoring production, inspecting and sometimes altering output generated by the acquired system.,Krashens own illustration of his monitor hypothesis. (a creative construction process),acquisition,output,Learning (the monitor),Monitor hypothesis,Acquired knowledge,output,Learnt knowledge,monitoring,In

6、more formal situations, we may put on an accentor be particularly careful about our grammar and choice of words in some occasions where we feel on show. Learning plays its role in monitoring our production. In informal situations, the more standard way of speaking may involuntarily disappear. The le

7、arning fails to monitor our production.,Three conditions limit the successful use of the monitor,1. Time. There must be sufficient time for a learner to choose and apply a learned rule. 2. Focus on form. The language user must be focused on correctness or on the form of output. 3. Knowledge of rules

8、. The performers must know the rules.,4. Input hypothesis,5. The affective filter hypothesis,input,filter,.,LAD,Acquired competence,The affective filter hypothesis,input,filter,.,LAD,Acquired competence,Postive feelings,Three kinds of affective variables related to SLA,1. Motivation. Learners with h

9、igh motivation generally do better. 2. Self-confidence. Learners with self- confidence and a good self-image tend to be more successful. 3. Anxiety. Low personal anxiety and low classroom anxiety are more conductive to second language acquisition.,the implication to our English learning and teaching,1. Analyze students learning motivation, motivate them, and help them possess a pos