江苏专版2020版高考英语考前保分训练专题3阅读理解第3节议论文课件牛津译林版.pptx

1、第3节议论文,专题三 阅读理解,Canada stopped making pennies in 2012，and with good reason.Coining pennies is a money-losing business，and people dont really need them anymore.The same is true in the United States.It costs $1.43 to produce 100 pennies.Last year，making pennies cost taxpayers almost $39 million. And f

2、or what？The federal government makes and distributes coins to benefit commerce，but not much can be bought for less than five cents.Thanks to the magic of inflation，what cost a penny in 1950 requires a dime today.,题组训练一【1】,In effect，removing the penny means all retail(零售) prices would end in zero or

3、five.Some prices would rise by a few pennies；some would be rounded down.Prices that end in 99 cents are common，and penny supporters have argued that removing pennies would amount to a one-cent sales tax.But Robert Whaples，an economist at Wake Forest University，actually examined this claim by looking

4、 at pricing data from a chain of convenience stores.He reported that the savings from prices rounded down would roughly offset the cost of prices rounded up.Indeed，consumers might actually benefit. Yet Americans like the shiny coppers(铜币).In a 2014 poll,71 percent of respondents said they did pick u

5、p pennies.And 43 percent said they would be “disappointed” or “angry” if the government stopped making them because Abraham Lincoln is on the front.,语篇解读本文是一篇议论文。既然一分钱硬币几乎没有实用价值，那为什么不取消呢？文章探讨了其中的几个原因。,Mr President，however，does not number among the sentimentalists.He said in 2017 he saw no reason to

6、make pennies.“Its one of those things where I think people get attached emotionally to the way things have been，”he said.He also offered what is probably the best explanation for the continued production of pennies：Congress struggles to accomplish even the most obvious tasks. The penny，Mr President

7、said，is “a good metaphor(隐喻) for some of the larger problems that weve got”.The government，he said，has a poor track record of “getting rid of things that dont work so that we can then invest in the things that do”.,解析推理判断题。根据第一段的内容，尤其是“Coining pennies.people dont really need them anymore.The same is

8、 true in the United Slion”可知，和在加拿大一样，在美国铸造一分钱硬币是一件赔钱的事情，并且人们已经不再需要它了。每铸造100个一分钱硬币，就要耗费1.43美元。去年，铸造一分钱硬币花费了纳税人近3 900万美元。这都说明，对美国而言，铸造这种硬币似乎没有必要了。故选C。,1.What can we learn from the first paragraph? A.America will follow Canada to remove the penny. B.Making pennies is far from unprofitable in A

9、merica. C.America seems to be losing the necessity to make pennies. D.The negative impact of pennies is outweighing the positive one.,1,2,3,2.Why do some people defend the penny? A.To reduce the sales tax. B.To express their love of coppers. C.To show their respect for Lincoln. D.To maintain the ben

10、efits of consumers.,解析推理判断题。根据第三段中的“Prices that end.penny supporters have argued that removing pennies would amount to a one-cent sales tax.”和“Indeed，consumers might actually benefit.”可知，支持使用一分钱硬币的人士认为取消一分钱硬币会损害消费者的利益，也就是说他们维护一分钱硬币的目的是维护消费者的利益。故选D。,1,2,3,解析观点态度题。根据最后两段的内容，尤其是“he saw no reason to mak

11、e pennies”“a good metaphor(隐喻) for some of the larger problems that weve got”“has a poor track record of getting rid of things that dont work so that we can then invest in the things that do”可知，总统先生曾表示，他觉得没有理由再铸造一分钱硬币了。他还觉得一分钱硬币是“一个很好的隐喻，象征着我们存在的一些更大的问题”，而且在“去除已经没有用的东西，以便我们在可行的东西上进行投入”方面，政府做得很差。由此可推

12、知，总统先生对铸造一分钱硬币持消极态度。故选A。,3.What is Mr Presidents attitude toward making pennies? A.Negative. B.Positive. C.Defensive. D.Objective.,1,2,3,【2】,This is going to ruffle a few feathers(激怒). PepsiCo purposely packs fewer chips into its flavored chip bags，Hugh Johnston，the companys CFO，told the Associated

13、Press.“There might be an ounce or two less in those bags，”Johnston said.Actually，its half an ounce less.Regular Lays are sold in 10-ounce bags；flavored Lays are sold in 9.5-ounce bags；and both are sold for the same $4.29 price.That might not sound like a lot，but it will sound like a lot with a bit o

14、f simple math.,Americans buy some $1.6 billion worth of Lays potato chips every year.Much of that is sold in bulkor merely in bags bigger than the standard ones mentioned above.But lets assume for a second that those 10-ounce bags are the only ones Lays sells.That would mean the company sells more t

15、han 372 million bags of Lays in the U.S. each yearor 3.72 billion ounces of chips，at about 43 cents per ounce.It would also mean that that half-ounce difference is worth about 21.5 cents per bag，and about $80 million in total per year.,That number is likely a good deal lower，but its not entirely unr

16、easonable.If Lays is charging an extra payment for the smaller flavored chip bags，its likely doing the same for the bigger ones，too.That tiny half-ounce difference might only mean a potato chip or two to you，but its probably worth tens of millions of dollars to PepsiCo annually.,PepsiCo confirmed th

17、at flavored and unflavored Lays chips are sold for the same price，but not in the same quantity.“This allows us to keep the same price point across the brand，”Jeff Dahncke said in an e-mail.He also suggested that the chip difference has nothing to do with extra profit.“The reason why there is a sligh

18、tly higher price per ounce for flavored chips is the added seasonings(调味品)，” he said.But that doesnt appear to be the case.,Some of the mark-ups are simply meant to make up for the added input costs of cheese，barbecue，sour cream and onion，and other flavorings.But some of them are also there (or not

19、there) to increase the potato chip makers profits.PepsiCo has a soft spot for its specialty potato chips，because its specialty potato chips are more profitable than its regular ones，according to Johnston.,语篇解读本文是一篇议论文。百事对单包风味薯片偷偷减少分量，其辩解说是为了弥补原料上的额外费用，但作者认为并不是那样，其实就是为了提高利润。,Perhaps thats why Lays is

20、 getting ready to launch a mass of new specialty potato chip flavors.The launch is part of PepsiCos annual “Do Us a Flavor” contest，in which it lets customers participate in the flavor creation process.,解析细节理解题。根据第一段的内容及第二段中的“PepsiCo purposely packs fewer chips into its flavored chip bags”可知，百事在单包风味

21、薯片上减少分量，这导致争议。give short weight是固定用法，意为“缺斤少两”。故选B。,4.What did PepsiCo do to arouse public dissatisfaction? A.They raised the price of their flavored chips. B.They gave short weight to their flavored chips. C.They changed the flavors of their potato chips. D.They put more seasonings into their potato

22、 chips.,4,5,6,7,5.How is Paragraph 3 mainly developed? A.By listing figures. B.By giving examples. C.By analyzing causes. D.By making comparisons.,解析写作手法题。根据第三段的内容，尤其是其中的“some $1.6 billion”“10-ounce bags”“more than 372 million bags”“3.72 billion ounces of chips，at about 43 cents per ounce”“about 21.

23、5 cents per bag”“about $80 million”可知，作者主要是通过列数据的方式来陈述第三段的内容。故选A。,4,5,6,7,6.Why do Lays flavored chips charge more per ounce according to Jeff Dahncke? A.To make more profits.B.To upgrade their products. C.To balance additional costs.D.To satisfy more peoples taste.,解析细节理解题。根据第五段中的“The reason why th

24、ere is a slightly higher price per ounce for flavored chips is the added seasonings(调味品)”，并结合倒数第二段中的“to make up for the added input costs”可知，据Jeff Dahncke所言，风味薯片每盎司要价提高是因为添加了调味品，而百事不足量地包装其薯片是为了弥补由此造成的额外费用。故选C。,4,5,6,7,解析词义猜测题。根据倒数第二段中的“because its specialty potato chips are more profitable than its

25、regular ones”及最后一段第一句“Perhaps thats why Lays is getting ready to launch a mass of new specialty potato chip flavors.”可知，百事公司卖特色薯片比卖普通薯片更赚钱，而且他们亦准备推出一大批新的特色薯片口味，并举行比赛让顾客参与其创造过程。由此可推知，百事公司对自己的特色薯片应是情有独钟的，画线短语has a soft spot for应是“喜欢某人(或某物)”之意。故选D。,7.Which can replace the underlined phrase “has a soft

26、spot for” in the last but one paragraph? A.Has a say in. B.Has a look at. C.Has access to. D.Has affection for.,4,5,6,7,【3】,(2019江西师范大学附属中学三模) A large body of research has been developed in recent years to explain many aspects of willpower.Most of the researchers exploring self-control do so with an

27、 obvious goal in mind：How can willpower be strengthened？If willpower is truly a limited resource，as the research suggests，what can be done to make it stay strong? Avoiding temptation(诱惑) is an effective method for maintaining self-control，which is called the “out of sight，out of mind” principle.One

28、recent study，for instance，found office workers less attracted to candy in the desk drawer than that on top of their desks，in plain sight.,The research suggesting that we possess a limited reservoir of self-control raises a troubling question.When we face too many temptations，are we to fail? Not nece

29、ssarily.Researchers dont believe that ones willpower is ever completely exhausted.Rather，people appear to hold some willpower in reserve，saved for future demands.The right motivation allows us to tap into those reserves，allowing us to carry on even when our self-control strength has been run down.Hi

30、gh motivation might help overcome weakened willpowerat least to a point.,Willpower may also be made less vulnerable(脆弱)to being exhausted in the first place.Researchers who study self-control often describe it as being like a muscle that gets tired with heavy use.But there is another aspect to the m

31、uscle comparison，they say.While muscles become exhausted by exercise in the short term，they are strengthened by regular exercise in the long term.Similarly，regular practices of self-control may improve willpower strength.,语篇解读这是一篇议论文。短文列举了关于意志力的几种研究和观点，作者认为有了明确的目标，良好的自我监督和练习，就可以在面对诱惑时使意志力保持坚定。,The e

32、vidence from willpower-exhaustion studies also suggests that making a list of resolutions on New Years Eve is the worst possible approach.Being exhausted in one area can reduce willpower in other areas，so it makes more sense to focus on a single goal at a time.In other words，dont try to quit smoking

33、，adopt a healthy diet and start a new exercise plan at the same time.Taking goals one by one is a better approach.Once a good habit is in place，Baumeister says，youll no longer need to draw on your willpower to maintain the behavior.Eventually healthy habits will become routine，and wont require makin

34、g decisions at all.,8.From the studies in the passage we learn that . A.people have unlimited self-control B.high motivation ensures ones success C.willpower is hardly completely exhausted D.too many temptations often lead to failure,解析推理判断题。根据第三段第四、五句可知，研究人员不相信人的意志力会完全耗尽，他们还有备用的和为将来需求节省的意志力。所以从文章中的

35、研究我们了解到意志力很难完全耗尽。故C选项正确。,8,9,10,11,9.The underlined phrase “tap into” in Paragraph 3 most probably means “ ”. A.make use of B.run out of C.build D.increase,解析词义猜测题。由第三段“The right motivation allows us to tap into those reserves，allowing us to carry on even when our self-control strength has been run

36、down.”可知，正确的动机使我们能够利用这些储备，即使我们的自我控制能力已经被削弱，我们仍然可以继续前进。所以通过上下文的语境，判断出“tap into”指“利用”，与make use of同义。故A选项正确。,8,9,10,11,10.The author compares self-control to muscles . A.to prove the long-term effect of willpower B.to show the significance of regular exercise C.to argue that self-control can he easily

37、 used up D.to explain the benefits of practicing self-control,解析推理判断题。根据第四段最后两句的内容“虽然肌肉在短期内会因运动而疲惫不堪，但长期而言，它们会通过经常锻炼而增强。同样，规律的自我控制可以提高意志力。”可知，两者相比是为了说明同一个道理：长期的锻炼和自我控制的好处。所以作者把自我控制比作肌肉是为了解释自我控制的好处。故D选项正确。,8,9,10,11,11.To develop a good habit，which of the following does the author prefer? A.“I will g

38、ive up dessert and do exercise.” B.“I will set three goals this new semester.” C.“I will read an English novel every month.” D.“I will keep myself from any temptation.”,解析推理判断题。根据最后一段最后三句的内容“一个接一个地制定目标是一个更好的方法。一旦养成好习惯，你就不再需要依靠意志力来维持自己的行为。最终健康的习惯将成为惯例，而且不需要做任何决定。”可知，C项“I will read an English novel ev

39、ery month.”是先设立目标，然后成为好习惯，作者更喜欢这种目标。故C选项正确。,8,9,10,11,These days everyone is worried about the size of their carbon footprint.In order to reduce global warming，we need to make our carbon footprints smaller.But how much CO2 are we responsible for? A new book by Mike Berners-Lee (a leading expert in c

40、arbon footprint) might be able to help.The Carbon Footprint of Everything looks at the different things we do and buy，and calculates the amount of CO2 they produce，including the ingredients，the electricity，the equipment，the transport and the packaging.And its frightening how much carbon dioxide ever

41、ything produces.,题组训练二【1】,But all of this can help us decide which beer to drink.From Berners-Lees calculations，its clear that a pint (568ml) of locally-brewed(酿制的) beer has a smaller carbon footprint than a bottle of imported beer.This is because the imported beer has been transported from far away

42、，and it uses more packaging.The local beer only produces 300g of CO2，but the imported beer produces 900g! So，one pint of local beer is better for the environment than three cans of cheap foreign beer from the supermarket.,Berners-Lee has even calculated the carbon footprint of cycling to work. Nothi

43、ng is more environmentally-friendly than riding a bike，surely? Well，it depends on what youve had to eat before.To ride a bike we need energy and for energy we need food.So，if we eat a banana and then ride a kilometer and a half，our footprint is 65g of CO2.However，if we eat bacon before the bike ride

44、，its 200g.In fact，bananas are good in general because they dont need packaging.They can be transported by boat and they grow in natural sunlight.,语篇解读这是一篇议论文。文章作者鼓励大家采取行动，减少温室气体的排放，并说明了一些具体的做法。,So，does this mean that cycling is bad for the environment? Absolutely not.If you cycle，you dont use your c

45、ar；and the fewer cars on the road，the fewer traffic jams.And cars in traffic jams produce three times more CO2 than cars travelling at speed.Cycling also makes you healthy and less likely to go to a hospital.And hospitals have very big carbon footprints! So，maybe its time for us all to start making

46、some changes.Pass me a banana and a pint of local beer，please.,1.Which of the followings produces the smallest carbon footprints? A.A pint of local beer. B.A bottle of imported beer. C.A banana before a 1.5 km bike ride. D.Bacon before a 1.5 km bike ride.,解析细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The local beer only produces

47、 300g of CO2，but the imported beer produces 900g！”和第四段中的“So，if we eat a banana and then ride a kilometer and a half，our footprint is 65g of CO2.However，if we eat bacon before the bike ride，its 200g.”可知，吃一根香蕉然后骑1.5公里自行车产生的碳足迹最小，故选C。,1,2,3,2.According to the article，the author suggests choosing the lo

48、cal food because it is . A.more tasty B.easier to buy C.better packaged D.more energy-saving,解析推理判断题。根据第三段中的“This is because the imported beer has been transported from far away，and it uses more packaging.The local beer only produces 300g of CO2，but the imported beer produces 900g! So，one pint of lo

49、cal beer is better for the environment than three cans of cheap foreign beer from the supermarket.”可推断出，作者建议选择当地的食物，因为它更节能，故选D。,1,2,3,3.The purpose of writing this article is to . A.promote a new book B.advertise the imported beer C.instruct how to measure the carbon footprint D.encourage people to

50、reduce the production of CO2,解析写作意图题。通读全文，尤其是文章第一段可知，文章是鼓励大家采取行动，减少温室气体的排放的，故选D。,1,2,3,【2】,You return from work on an August evening.Your unwashed teenage son is on the sofa watching TV，as he has been doing for the past eight hours.Your daughter，glued to the iPad，acknowledges your presence with a gr

51、unt(咕哝).Not for the first time，you ask yourself：Why are school summer holidays so insufferably long?,This is a more serious question than it sounds.Many children will return from the long break having forgotten much of what they were taught the previous year.One study found that this “summer learnin

52、g loss” could be as high as a quarter of the years education. Poor children tend to be the worst affected，since rich ones typically live in homes full of books and are packed off to summer camp to learn robotics，Latin or piano.A study from Batimore found that variations(差别) in summer loss might poss

53、ibly account for two-thirds of the achievement gap between rich and poor children by the age of 1415.Long holidays surely strain the budgets of poor families，since free school meals stop and extra child care kicks in.,More time in school need not mean repeating the same old lessons.Some extra practi

54、ce would be beneficial，particularly for those falling behind.But the summer could also be a time for different kinds of learning：critical thinking，practical skills，internship(实习)schools should be free to experiment.Space should not be a problem.Many school buildings sit vacant in the summer. Well-of

55、f children often already use the summer to broaden their minds and polish their college applications a pricy camps or doing summer jobs found through connections.Schools should help the rest catch up.Other public services do not simply disappear for a quarter of the year.It would be unthinkable for

56、hospitals or the police to do so.So why do schools get away with it?,语篇解读本文是一篇议论文。文章论述了放暑假给学生带来的一些问题，并呼吁学校在暑假期间为学生们提供一些额外的学习项目。,4.Paragraph 2 mainly discusses the different influence of on childrens “summer learning loss”. A.finance B.intelligence C.culture D.activities,解析推理判断题。根据第二段内容可知，该段主要讲述家境好的孩

57、子在暑假期间可以学习拉丁舞、钢琴或者参加夏令营，而家境贫穷的孩子则无法通过暑期学习增长知识、开阔眼界；再结合该段最后一句中的“Long holidays surely strain the budgets of pour families”可推知，本段主要论述了家庭经济条件的不同给孩子们的暑假生活带来的不同影响。故选A。,4,5,6,解析细节理解题。根据第三段第二、三句中的“Some extra practice would be beneficial”和“a time for different kinds of learning”可知，学校可以在暑假期间给学生提供一些额外的学习机会。故选C

58、。,5.What could schools do during summer holidays? A.Reviewing previous lessons. B.Offering various internship. C.Providing extra learning. D.Tutoring poor students.,4,5,6,6.What does the author suggest by mentioning “hospitals and the police” in the last paragraph? A.Hospitals and the police deserve

59、 praise for their service. B.Schools should remain in service during summer holidays. C.Children could take advantage of public service for summer jobs. D.Some functions of hospitals and the police could be served in schools.,解析推理判断题。根据最后一段最后三句可知，其他公共服务机构不会每年消失一个季度，而是全年开放。如果医院和警察局每年也有一个季度不开放的话，那简直无法想象，所以为什么学校可以是个例外呢？由此可推知，作者举医院和警察局的例子是建议学校在暑假期间也应该开放。故选B。,4,5,6,【3】,A bargain is something offered at a low and advantageous price.A more recent definition is：a bargain is a dirty trick to force money out of the pockets of silly and innocent people. The cost of p