西方思想经典.ppt

1、a,1,Renaissance,a,2,The word Renaissance means “rebirth”. The idea of rebirth originated in the belief that Europeans had rediscovered the superiority of Greek and Roman culture after many centuries of what they considered intellectual and cultural decline. The Renaissance was a cultural movement th

2、at spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. Historians often argue this intellectual transformation was a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era. As a cultural movement, it encompass

3、ed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures, beginning with the 14th-century resurgence of learning based on classical sources. Humanist subjects consisted of the main body of education, the praise of human, human nature, and human life turned into the key note of literature. In poli

4、tics, feudalism is replaced by centralized power, nations of modern concept was formed. In economic field, this period witnessed the gradual establishment of capitalism, and the fast development of business and industry.,a,3,In religious area, the unification of the Catholic church was broken: the a

5、bsolute power of religion no longer exists; priests lost control over peoples mind; and even in countries of Catholicism believers, secular power overweighed the church. In the domain of ideology, theology gave way to science, scholasticism was challenged by humanism. In social sphere, the newly-eme

6、rging townspeople and bourgeois became rising class, which led to elevation of peoples social status through individual struggle and success. It is perhaps best known for its artistic developments. Though availability of paper and the invention of metal movable type sped the dissemination of ideas f

7、rom the later 15th century, the changes of the Renaissance were not uniformly experienced across Europe.,a,4,Contents,Renaissance Ideas Birth Place Humanists and Artists in Italian Renaissance Renaissance in Other European Countries Geographic Discovery,a,5,Renaissance Ideas,Humanism Individualism S

8、ecularism,a,6,Humanism,Humanism is a group of rational thoughts which focuses on human and human nature, including the value, dignity and talents of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers individual thought and evidence (rationalism, empiricism), over established doctrine

9、 or faith. The purpose of humanism is to liberate human beings from the bondage of religion through the advocation of equality among human, the affirmation of this life, and the assertion of peoples right to persure property and happiness. Under the influence of humanism, scholastic education gave w

10、ay to classics: rhetoric, grammar, poetry, history, Latin, Greek.,a,7,Individualism,It is the basic idea and important component of humanism, it is replacement of God standard by human standard. During the Renaissance, as a political and social philosophy, it stresseed not selfishness but individual

11、 freedom and will, personnality and uniqueness, which actually establish a set of moral ideas accomdating to captilism. Focus on individual thought: Renaissance humanists believed that people should be themselves and not the same as everybody else. This not only shows how humanists wanted people to

12、follow their dreams, but also strengthens peoples inner confidence and enterprising spirit. It also paves the way for individual equality. Though individualism in the Renaissance put emphasis on individual, it doesnt mean discard of social obligation and others interest. Instead, it calls for indivi

13、duals service and contribution to society, thus living a positive and honest life.,a,8,Secularism,The second key character of humanism is close correlation with realitic life and the proposal of secularism. Secularism or Secular Humanism is a way of life and thought that is pursued without reference

14、 to God or religion. “Secular” came to mean “belonging to this age, worldly.” In general terms, secularism involves an affirmation of this-worldly realities, along with a denial or exclusion of transcendent, other-worldly realities. It is a world view and life style oriented to the profane rather th

15、an the sacred, the natural rather than the supernatural. Secularism is a nonreligious approach to individual and social life. It lays stress on abundance and goodliness of real life. It lead people to reevaluate the value of possession. Affected by this idea, the Renaissance culture is more secular-

16、oriented than that in middle ages.,a,9,Birth Place of Renaissance,Society and cities changed in the 1300s. Specialization in agriculture increased, resulting in more trade. Urban areas became centers of commerce, particularly in Italy. Italy did not exist as a political entity in the early modern pe

17、riod. Instead, it was divided into smaller city states and territories: the Kingdom of Naples controlled the south, the Republic of Florence and the Papal States at the center, the Milanese and the Genoese to the north and west respectively, and the Venetians to the east, and these city republics we

18、re devoted to notions of liberty. Italy appeared to have exited from Feudalism and its society was based on merchants and commerce. The relative political freedom they afforded was conducive to academic and artistic advancement. Likewise, the position of Italian cities made them intellectual crossro

19、ads.,a,10,Venice was Europes gateway to trade with the East, while Florence was a capital of textiles. Milan, west of Venice, is one of the richest cities, it controls trade through the Alps. During the Renaissance, money and art went hand in hand. The wealth such business brought to Italy meant lar

20、ge public and private artistic projects could be commissioned and individuals had more leisure time for study. Besides, presence of antiquity was stronger in Italy than elsewhere in Europe.,a,11,Humanists and Artists in Italian Renaissance,Humanists Artists,a,12,Humanists,Leonardo Bruni (1370-1444)

21、Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457) Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola (1463-1494) Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527),a,13,Leonardo Bruni (1370-1444),Brunis most notable work is History of the Florentine People, in which he glorified the republican system of Florence and its cultural achievement, attributed the prosp

22、erity of Florence to businessmen, politicians and cultural artists rather than churches and theologians. By doing this, he broke the Medieval tradition of treating history as Gods will, thus this book has been called the first modern history book. Bruni was the first historian to write using the thr

23、ee-period view of history: Antiquity, Middle Ages, and Modern, which laid the conceptual groundwork for a tripartite division of history. While it probably was not Brunis intention to secularize history, the three period view of history is unquestionably secular and for that Bruni has been called th

24、e first modern historian.,a,14,Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457),Lorenzo Valla was an Italian humanist, rhetorician, educator, and most important linguist. He is best known for his textual analysis that proved the Donation of Constantine was a forgery. The Donation of Constantine is an eighth-century forger

25、y which supported the papacys claim to supreme political authority in western Europe.,a,15,Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola (1463-1494),Giovanni Pico della Mirandola was an Italian Renaissance philosopher. He is famed for writing the famous Oration on the Dignity of Man, which has been called the “Mani

26、festo of the Renaissance”, and a key text of Renaissance humanism. Pico believed that man is Gods masterpiece, a unique being, and that man had the free choice to shape his destiny. The greatest dignity of humanity is the boundless power of self-transformation.,a,16,Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527),N

27、iccol di Bernardo dei Machiavelli was an Italian historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist and writer. He was regarded as a founder of modern political science, and more specifically political ethics for his masterpiece, The Prince. His political theory is based on his dim view of human

28、 nature. Under his theory that “the end justifies the means”, ruler must do whatever necessary, even if cruel, to maintain political power without worrying about conscience. He also advises rulers to separate morals from politics. His ideas became foundation for later political philosophy.,a,17,Rena

29、issance Art,The art is a reflection of the new humanist spirit. Medieval art and literature focused on the Church and salvation. Renaissance art and literature focused on individuals and worldly matters, along with Christianity.,a,18,Renaissance Artists,Renaissance Artists embraced some of the ideal

30、s of Greece and Rome in their art. They wanted their subjects to be realistic and focused on humanity and emotion. New Techniques also emerged: Frescos: Painting done on wet plaster became popular because it gave depth to the paintings. Sculpture emphasized realism and the human form. Architecture r

31、eached new heights of design.,a,19,Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519),True Renaissance Man His paintings are still studied and admired Wrote out ideas, filling 20,000 pages of notes His interests, enthusiasm boundless Highly talented in all fields Scientist, inventor, engineer and naturalist Dissected Co

32、rpses,a,20,Mona Lisa,a,21,The Last Supper,a,22,Notebooks,a,23,Michelangelo,Studied anatomy Sculpture communicates grief, love, acceptance, immortality Marble statue of David Most famous painting, artwork on ceiling of Sistine Chapel Scenes from Old Testament (Genisis) considered one of greatest achi

33、evements in art history,a,24,David,Michelangelo created his masterpiece David in 1504.,a,25,Sistine Chapel,About a year after creating David, Pope Julius II summoned Michelangelo to Rome to work on his most famous project, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.,a,26,Raphael(1483-1520),Man of great sensi

34、tivity and kindness Died at the age of 37 Most famous work is The School of Athens in the Vatican Palace Also well known for many paintings of the Madonna, mother of Jesus,a,27,Pythagoras,Plato and Aristotle,Socrates,a,28,Renaissance in Other European Countries,Renaissance in other European countrie

35、s mainly refers to Renaissance in northern European nations, such as France, Germany, Spain and Britain. The fast development of European society promoted ideological and cultural communications. So Renaissance thoughts were widely spreaded. Growing wealth in northern Europe supported Renaissance id

36、eas. Differnet from Italian humanists, who turned to Greek-Roman classicism directly, northern Renaissance thinkers merged humanist ideas with Christianity. So the northern Renaissance was marked by strong secular characters.,a,29,Renaissance in France,Frequent wars with Italy (1515-1547) brought ba

37、ck a large number of arts and books of Italian Renaissance, which enlarged French peoples horizon and helped dissemination of Renaissance ideas. In 1530, the establishment of The French Academy signified the beginning of French Reaissance, after that a group of literaturers and scholars gathered to

38、study Greco-Roman culture. Calvinism was also an aspect of French Renaissance, but it will be elaborated in the Religious Reformation.,Law Jurist : Jean Bodin The first man who systematically elaborate on national sovereignty, which became the foundation of western politics.,a,30,Literature,Novelist

39、: Francois Rabelais Gargantua and Pantagruel is a popular novel that stands at the beginning of French novels. Poets: the French Renaissance “Pliade” a group of radical young noble poets Defense and Illustration of the French Language maintained that French was a worthy language for literary express

40、ion and advocated the use of French, thus made contribution to unification of France and formation of French poem. Essayist: Michel Montaigne Essais He writes about his disgust with the religious conflicts of his time, reflecting a spirit of skepticism and belief that humans are not able to attain t

41、rue certainty, which imposed effect on later Descartes.,a,31,Renaissance in Germany,Renaissance in Germany started from the study of ancient linguistics. Humanists first care concerned with whether the religious doctrines reaching them were credible or not. So they put emphasis on research of langua

42、ge and translations. Thus many German humanists were linguists. The key figures of German Renaissance were Desiderius Erasmus and artist Albrecht Durer.,a,32,Desiderius Erasmus The Praise of Folly An ironicial work on ignorance of religious church. Greek editions of the New Testament In the middle a

43、ges, churches and priests explianed The Bible and its predictions randomly, this book provides an authoritative version for later peoples correct research on The Bible. Albrecht Durer The greatest artist of the Northern Renaissance The Apocalypse series,a,33,Renaissance in Spain,Under the influence,

44、 Spainish literature entered into its golden period, with great achievements in novel and drama, picaresque novel was created in this period. Litterateur Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra His influence on the Spanish language has been so great that the language is often called the language of Cervantes.

45、His most important work Don Quixote belongs to picaresque novel. Drama Most popular cultural activity.,a,34,Renaissance in Britain,Novel Thomas More Utopia Poetry Edmund Spenser The Faerie Queene Qualities of capitalists Essay Francis Bacon To express humanism and materialism through essays,Drama Th

46、omas Kyd The Spanish Tragedy Christopher Marlowe The Jew of Malta Both were members among “university talents.” William Shakespeare Greatest writer in the English language and the worlds pre-eminent dramatist Also called Englands national poet,a,35,Reasons for Geographic Discovery,The Renaissance co

47、incided with the Age of Exploration in European history. The Age of Discovery, along with its contemporary Renaissance movement, can be seen as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era, triggering the early modern period and the rise of European nation-states. There are many reasons for i

48、t: 1) Economic motivation 2) The Medieval geographic view and existance of series of myth relating to sea islands 3) Religion 4) Improvement of voyage and shipbuliding skills 5) Capitalists enterprising spirit,a,36,Process,Portuguese exploration 1487: Discovery of the Cape of Good Hope(Africa) provi

49、ng false the view that had existed since Ptolemy that the Indian Ocean was land-locked. 1497: Vasco da Gama discovered the route directly from Europe to India encouraged Europeans resolution and confidence, leading to further eastern expansion to South eastern Asia, Japan, and even China; occupied Macao of China in 1553. Sp