第一章第三节解析.ppt

1、第一章 第三节 汉英语比较,课前活动 (p17),一、汉英词汇对比,梅妻鹤子 迎来送往 friend / son / come / go,疏影横斜水清浅，暗香浮动月黄昏。林逋,take a plum tree for ones wife and cranes for children; a lofty scholar,welcome the coming visitors and see them off,（1）词性变化,（2）单复数与量词,一颗星，两颗星，三颗星 one star, two stars, three stars 一只鹿，两只鹿，三只鹿 one deer, two deer,

2、three deer,（3）人称与时态,The manager books / (has) booked a magic show for his guests. He goes home. He went home. He is/was going home. He has gone home.,（4）动宾搭配,学 文化 学 知识 学 外语 学 鸟叫,learn to read and write acquire knowledge study a foreign language imitate birds crying,develop our economy develop the wa

3、ter resources develop a film develop an idea develop a rash develop the play into a movie,发展经济 开发水资源 冲洗胶卷 展开说明（某一概念） 染上皮疹 把戏剧改编成电影,（5）定语排列与位置,英语多个定语前置时的排列顺序： a charming small round old brown French oak writing desk 数量 描绘 规模 形状 新旧 颜色 地点 材料 性质 中心词,（6）状语的排列,他们在村子中央靠近白马旅社的一棵老槐树下集合。 （大/外小/里） They gathere

4、d under the old pagoda tree near the White Horse Hotel in the middle of the village. （小/里大/外）,二、汉英句法对比,1. 竹竿结构与树形结构 意合（汉）形合（英）,我们过了江，进了车站。我买了票， 他忙着照看行李。（朱自清背影） We entered the railway station after crossing the River. While I was at the booking office buying a ticket, father saw to my luggage. (张培基译）

5、 We crossed the Yangtze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to my luggage. (杨宪益译）,汉语重视“意合”，即重视语句内部各要素之间意义的 融会贯通，句内成分的排列顺序往往和我们观察、 感知世界的顺序相对应，需要读者去意会。,英语重视“形合”， 形式结构十分清晰，句子总是以 主谓结构为轴心，通过非谓语结构、名词 结构、介词结构和从句来进行扩展或连接。,Hypotaxis(形合法) vs parataxis(意合法） So far as English and Ch

6、inese are concerned, the most important difference linguistically is the contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis. E.A. Nida,如何表达多层逻辑思维？,1) 人不犯我，我不犯人。 We will not offend unless were offended. 2) In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors. 门口放着一堆雨伞，少说也有十二把， 五颜六色，大小不一。 比较：门口放

7、着至少十二把五颜六色、大小不一的雨伞。,英语多用三种手段：形态变化、词序和虚词， 即树形结构,汉语主要是借用词序和虚词， 常用短句、分句和流水句，即竹竿结构。,2. 省略,（1）I was at once interested in this finger play and tried to imitate it. 我马上对这种用手指在手心写字的游戏产生了兴趣， 接着就模仿起来。 （2）Several times on his trip to China, which he made as a guest of the Chinese Government, Bills birthday oc

8、curred while he was in Bejing. 比尔作为中国政府的客人访问中国， 好几次都赶上在北京过生日。,不仅名词短语可以有代称，状语、谓语乃至宾语从句， 都可以有代称。 （3) We saw John at eight on Monday evening. We told him then that we would be coming to the party. （ 4) A: John drives a car. B: So does Tom.,（5） 为了推动中美关系的发展， 中国需要进一步了解美国， 美国也需要进一步了解中国。 To promote the deve

9、lopment of China-U.S. relations, China needs to know the United States better and vice versa.,3. 主语无灵主语有灵主语impersonal-personal,1）见丈人在眼前，恐怕又要挨骂。 （儒林外史） The sight of his father-in-law made Fanjin afraid that he was in for another cursing. 2) Dawn found him well along the road. 东方破晓时，他已上路了。,汉语注重主体性描述，

10、多用有生命的人或物作主语，即有灵主语。,英语兼顾主体性和客体性描述， 倾向于客体性描述，较多抽象的词汇作主语， 即无灵主语。,4. 语态 （p.21）,英语被动语态较多，汉语主动语态较多。,5. 主语突出（英） 主题突出（汉）,1)I knew nothing about it. 关于这件事， 我可一点儿也不知道。 2）他会干这等事，我不相信。 I dont believe that he should have done such things.,主语-谓语（英）话题-评论（汉） subject-predicate vs. topic-comment,为了取得一定的修辞效果，英语中有时也会使

11、话题突出。 His pride and prejudice had led him into great error. That error he determined to recant. 他的傲慢与偏见使他犯了很大的过失。这个过失他是决心挽回的。,6. 重要信息的前置与后置 (p.22) 汉语：铺叙在前， 主旨在后； 英语: 开门见山，补充说明。,7. 抽象（英）具体（汉）,（1）What they wanted most was an end of the uncertainties. 他们迫切需要结束这种动荡的局面。 （2）I talked to him with brutal fra

12、nkness. 我跟他说的话虽然刺耳，却都是忠言。,英语的词汇可以通过前缀、尾缀、名词化 等手段将词加以变化产生一些抽象的词。 汉语多用具体的词汇来承载内涵。,8. 浓缩（英）扩展（汉）,英语的句式常为浓缩式，而汉语的常为扩展式。 1）He kept in anxious silence. 他焦急万分，一言不发。 2）She took a tearful leave of her father. 她泪流满面， 和父亲告别。,9. 静态（英）动态（汉）,1）He is a good eater and sleeper. 他能吃能睡。/他吃得香，睡得着。 2）Since he lost his job, hes been a loner. 自从他失业后， 就变得离群索居了。,练习（汉译英）：,1.真是一个钱撕成八瓣用，心里总想着怎样能够改善家里的困境。 Each single copper had to be eked out, and _ kept racking _ brains for ways to improve _ difficult conditions.,I,our,my,2.哈佛是最早接受中国留学生的美国大学之一。中国教育界、科学界、文化界一直同哈佛大学保持者