外教英语启蒙运动the enlightenment课件

1、The Enlightenment,1,学习交流PPT,What Was the Enlightenment?,The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 17th and 18th century that led to a whole new world view.,2,学习交流PPT,According to the 18th- century philosopher Immanuel Kant, the “motto” of the Enlightenment was “Sapere aude!

2、 Have courage to use your own intelligence!” (Kant, “What Is Enlightenment?” 1784),Immanuel Kant,3,学习交流PPT,Key Vocabulary,Enlightenment: a period during the 1600s and 1700s in which educated Europeans changed their outlook on life by seeing reason as the key to human progress. Age of Reason: another

3、 name for the Enlightenment Salons: in France, a simple meeting of philosophers to discuss ideas during the Enlightenment Philosopher: a scholar or thinker Reason: Using logical thinking, not superstition,4,学习交流PPT,Roots of the Enlightenment,The Enlightenment grew out of the Renaissance, Reformation

4、, and the Scientific Revolution. Whats the same?: Like all of these other movements, much Enlightenment thinking challenged accepted beliefs. Whats new?: Enlightenment philosophers wanted to use the ideas and reason of the Scientific Revolution for problems in government and society.,5,学习交流PPT,The S

5、cientific Revolution,The Enlightenment grew largely out of the new methods and discoveries achieved in the Scientific Revolution,The equatorial armillary, used for navigation on ships,6,学习交流PPT,Light out of the Darkness,A Frenchman, Bernard de Fontenelle, expressed this optimistic faith in reason an

6、d progress. In 1702, he wrote that the new century “will become more enlightened day by day, so that all previous centuries will be lost in darkness by comparison.”,7,学习交流PPT,Enlightenment Principles,Religion, tradition, and superstition limited independent thought Accept knowledge based on observat

7、ion, logic, and reason, not on faith Scientific and academic thought should be secular,A meeting of French Enlightenment thinkers,8,学习交流PPT,The Salons,In France, thinkers called philosophes (French for “philosophers”) championed the idea of reason in government. Philosophers often gathered in inform

8、al meetings, called salons. There they exchanged and debated ideas for hours. Many salons were organized by women. Gatherings like these helped to shape and spread the ideas of the Enlightenment.,9,学习交流PPT,Enlightenment and Government,Enlightenment thinkers criticized accepted ideas about government

9、. Some questioned the medieval belief in the divine right of kings the idea that God chose a countrys king, and that the king got his authority from God. Many Enlightenment thinkers stressed individual rights that governments must respect. Enlightenment thinkers also felt that people should have a s

10、ay in their government.,10,学习交流PPT,Enlightenment and Religion,Enlightenment thinkers believed humans were capable of discovering truth for themselves. Many believed in an all powerful deity (or God), but not in a specific church or holy book. Some called themselves Deists Dee-ists. Right and Wrong s

11、hould be based on rational insight.,11,学习交流PPT,Enlightenment Thinkers,12,学习交流PPT,Thomas Hobbes,Hobbes believed people are naturally selfish, cruel, and greedy. In 1651, he published a book called Leviathan. In this book, he wrote that people are driven by a restless desire for power. Without laws, p

12、eople would always be in conflict. In such a “state of nature”, life would be “nasty, brutish, and short.” His idea: Governments were created to protect people from their own selfishness.,13,学习交流PPT,Hobbes continued.,Later Enlightenment thinkers might not have agreed with Hobbes But, he was importan

13、t because he was one of the first thinkers to apply reason to the problem of politics His ideas may sound harsh, but it was based on his own observations of human nature and reasoning.,14,学习交流PPT,John Locke: Social Contract and Natural Rights,He wrote Two Treatises of Government in 1690. He believed

14、 the purpose of government was to protect peoples natural rights. He said government should protect,” his life, liberty, and propertyagainst the injuries and attempts of other men.” His idea: The true basis of government was a social contract between people and their government. If the government di

15、dnt respect peoples rights, it could be overthrown.,15,学习交流PPT,John Locke: Social Contract and Natural Rights,In exchange protection, people gave government the power to rule on their behalf. We call this idea the “consent of the governed.” Lasting Impact: the idea that government could be overthrow

16、n if it failed to respect peoples rights had wide influence and was ultimately echoed in the American Declaration of Independence.,16,学习交流PPT,Lockes ideas in England,Locke was in favor of constitutional monarchies. This meant laws or a constitution limited the power of the monarchs (or kings). In 16

17、89, the English set down a new set of rules called the English Bill of Rights. This strengthened the power of the people and their representatives in Parliament (an English congress.),17,学习交流PPT,Montesquieu: Separation of Powers,Like Locke, Montesquieu was concerned with how to protect liberty from

18、a bad government. He Wrote The Spirit of Laws in 1748. In this book, he described how governments should be organized. His idea: The separation of powers: By dividing different powers among more than one branch of government, no one group in the government could grow too powerful.,18,学习交流PPT,Montesq

19、uieu continued.,Each branch of government checked the other branches. When powers were not separated this way, Montesquieu warned, liberty was soon lost. He said: “When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, there can be no liberty.” Lasting Impact: He greatly influenced

20、 the men who wrote the U.S. Constitution. We now have a separate legislative (Congress), judicial (courts), and executive (President) branch.,19,学习交流PPT,Voltaire: Religious tolerance and free speech,Voltaire was an Enlightenment writer. His most famous novel was Candide, in which he poked fun at old

21、 religious ideas. Voltaire was especially concerned with freedom of thought and expression. His idea: He had a strong belief in religious tolerance and free speech. Tolerance means the acceptance of different beliefs and customs.,20,学习交流PPT,Voltaire Continued,Voltaire said, “I disapprove of what you

22、 say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” Lasting Impact: Voltaire met Benjamin Franklin, and when the U.S. Bill of Rights was written, the ideas of freedom of religion and freedom of speech were added to our 1st amendment to the Constitution.,21,学习交流PPT,Cesare Beccaria: The Rights

23、 of the Accused,In the Middle Ages, torture of criminals was common. The rack was often used, as well as devices like thumbscrews. Beccaria, an Italian, wrote a book called On Crimes and Punishments in which he argued against brutal punishments.,22,学习交流PPT,Beccaria continued.,His ideas: A person acc

24、used of a crime should receive a fair and speedy trial. Torture should never be used. Capital Punishment (death sentences) should be done away with. “For a punishment to be just it, should consist of only such gradations of intensity as to suffice to deter men from committing crimes.” This means tha

25、t “punishment should fit the crime” and not be more than necessary to stop someone else from doing it again.,23,学习交流PPT,Beccarias impact,Beccarias ideas were adopted straight into our Constitutions Bill of Rights. In fact our 8th amendment prevents “cruel and unusual punishment” for crimes, and our

26、6th amendment provides for a speedy trial. (The only exception is the Death Penalty, which we still have in the United States today.),24,学习交流PPT,Ren Descartes (15961650),French philosopher and mathematician Questioned the basis of his own knowledge “Cogito ergo sum”,25,学习交流PPT,Francis Bacon and the

27、Scientific Method,The scientific method Observation and experimentation Testable hypothesis,Sir Francis Bacon,26,学习交流PPT,Isaac Newton and the Scientific Method,Used the scientific method to make a range of discoveries Newtons achievements using the scientific method helped inspire Enlightenment thin

28、kers,Sir Isaac Newton,27,学习交流PPT,The Marquis de Condorcet,French mathematician Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Spirit,28,学习交流PPT,Condorcet (continued),Universal education Progress and “perfectibility”,29,学习交流PPT,The French Salon and the Philosophes,Madame de Pompadour,Ma

29、dame de Pompadour Salons: gatherings for aristocrats to discuss new theories and ideas Philosophes: French Enlightenment thinkers who attended the salons,30,学习交流PPT,Voltaire (16941778),Most famous philosophe Wrote plays, essays, poetry, philosophy, and books Attacked the “relics” of the medieval soc

30、ial order Championed social, political, and religious tolerance,31,学习交流PPT,The Encyclopdie,Major achievement of the philosophes Begun in 1745; completed in 1765,Frontspiece to the Encyclopdie,32,学习交流PPT,The Encyclopdie (continued),Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond dAlembert Banned by the Catholic Churc

31、h,Encyclopdie editor Denis Diderot,33,学习交流PPT,Deism,Deists believed in God but rejected organized religion Morality could be achieved by following reason rather than the teachings of the church,Lord Edward Herbert of Cherbury, founder of deism,34,学习交流PPT,Deism (continued),The “great watchmaker” Thom

32、as Paine,Thomas Paine,35,学习交流PPT,Jean-Jacques Rousseau(17121778),Philosophized on the nature of society and government The Social Contract,36,学习交流PPT,Women and the Enlightenment,Changing views Role of education Equality,Mary Wollstonecraft,Olympe de Gouges,37,学习交流PPT,Abigail Adams,Wife to John Adams

33、, who was a leader of the American Revolution and later President. She reminded John not to forget women in the Revolution. “Remember, all men would be tyrannts if they could. If particular care and attention is not paid to the Ladies, we are determined to start a rebellionwe will not hold ourselves

34、 bound to any Laws in which we have no voice.”,38,学习交流PPT,Mary Wollstonecraft,An English writer. In 1792, she argued that women deserved the same rights and opportunities as men. Wollstonecraft believed education was the key for women wanting equality and freedom. She inspired many later leaders of

35、the womens rights movement in America.,39,学习交流PPT,Wollstonecraft (continued),Education Womens rights movement,Title page of Wollstonecrafts Thoughts on the Education of Daughters,40,学习交流PPT,Olympe De Gouges,Criticized the French Revolution The Rights of Women “Declaration of the Rights of Woman and

36、the Female Citizen” Executed in 1793,41,学习交流PPT,Impact of the Enlightenment on Government,Modern views of government owe a great deal to Enlightenment thinkers. The Enlightenment influenced monarchs in Europe, especially enlightened despots, and greatly affected revolutions in America and France.,42

37、,学习交流PPT,Enlightened Rule by Monarchs,Despot: a king or other ruler with absolute, unlimited power. The Enlightenment did not change Europe overnight. Many countries still had kings. Some of them became “enlightened despots” by using enlightenment ideas in their countries. Examples: Some kings ended

38、 the use of torture, started universities, and used religious tolerance. They wanted to keep the people happy without losing their power.,43,学习交流PPT,“Enlightened Monarchs”,Most of Europe ruled by absolute monarchs Receptive to Enlightenment ideas Instituted new laws and practices,Enlightened Monarch

39、s Frederick II, Prussia Catherine the Great, Russia Maria Theresa, Austria Joseph II, Holy Roman Empire Gustav III, Sweden Napoleon I, France,44,学习交流PPT,Frederick the Great (ruled 17401786),Prussian ruler Had a strong interest in Enlightenment works Induced Voltaire to come to Prussia,45,学习交流PPT,Fre

40、derick the Great (continued),Wanted to make Prussia a modern state Reforms,Painting titled “Frederick the Great and Voltaire.”,46,学习交流PPT,Catherine the Great(ruled 17621796),Russian ruler Well-versed in Enlightenment works “Westernizing” Russia,47,学习交流PPT,Catherine the Great(continued),Domestic refo

41、rms Peasant revolt,48,学习交流PPT,Maria Theresa (ruled 17401780),Austrian ruler Government reforms The serfs SonJoseph II,49,学习交流PPT,Joseph II (ruled 17651790),Ruled as coregent with his mother until 1780 Josephs reforms Religious toleration Control over the Catholic Church Abolition of serfdom,50,学习交流P

42、PT,Gustav III (ruled 17711792),Swedish ruler Read French Enlightenment works Reforms Absolutism,51,学习交流PPT,Napoleon I,French ruler Military career Rise to power,52,学习交流PPT,Napoleon I (continued),Reforms Education Law,53,学习交流PPT,The American and French Revolutions,Both America and France had revoluti

43、ons overthrowing their kings. However, the revolution in France was much more violent.,54,学习交流PPT,The Enlightenment and the American Revolution,Influence of Locke, Montesquieu The Declaration of Independence,Thomas Jefferson,55,学习交流PPT,The Enlightenment and the American Revolution,Enlightenment idea

44、s had a major influence on the leaders of the American Revolution. English leaders in America shared with John Locke the traditions of the Magna Carta and the English Bill of Rights. When the Americans rebelled in 1775, they pointed to the abuse of their rights by the English king. The Declaration o

45、f Independence echoed Lockes ideas on natural rights and the purpose of government.,56,学习交流PPT,The U.S. Constitution,Separation of powers Checks and balances,Painting depicting the Constitutional Convention,57,学习交流PPT,“We the People”,Other Enlightenment ideas can be seen in the U.S. Constitution. Americas basic law includes Montesquieus idea of separation of powers. The Bill of Rights protects the freedom of religion and speech championed by Voltaire. It also includes some of the rights supported by Beccaria, such as the r