商务英语翻译(第二讲).ppt

1、商务英语翻译,第二讲 翻译技巧,一. 英汉句子结构差异 英语：形合型（hypotaxis)语言，以主谓结构为主干，通过大量反映形式关系的动词不定式、分词、介词、连词、关系代词、关系副词等把句子其他成分架起来，呈现出由中心向外扩展的空间图式。 汉语：意合型 (parataxis)语言，通过多个动词的连用或“流水句”，按时间顺序，一件一件事情叙述，呈现的是一个时间顺序的流水图式。 英语句子结构是语法的，汉语句子结构是语义的。,第一节 英汉句子结构差异与翻译,1. 英语重形合，汉语重意合。 It was quite late when the sales representatives got ba

2、ck, nearly eleven oclock in the evening. 销售人员回来时已经很晚，将近晚上十一点了。 Why waste breath on them, who have turned such an unwilling ear? （既然）他们不愿意听，何必对其白费口舌呢？,例： Monetarists, led by University of Chicago Professor Emeritus Friedman armed themselves with evidence showing that free markets on their own produce

3、 as much growth and employment as an economy can sustain. 以芝加哥大学荣誉教授弗里德曼为首的货币学派找出证据，支持自己的论点。他们的证据是：自由市场本身就能创造经济增长和就业机会，其高低多寡则视国民经济所能承受的幅度而定。 （分析：带有明显聚合特点的英语长句，汉语译文理清各层意思的脉络，将“evidence”（证据）重复翻译两遍，从而把各从句分离出去独立成句，用多个离散句清晰地表达原文意思，符合汉语的表达方式。）,英语句子结构：主语突出、常用虚主语、叙述呈静态、句式成树式结构、思维重逻辑、句式严谨规范。 汉语句子结构： 主题突出、常用实

4、主语、叙述呈动态、句式成竹式结构、思维重语感、句式灵活多变。,It is not difficult to ensure high-speed growth of the national economy through expanded investment on a large scale, but it is difficult to realize effective economic growth and raise the enterprises capital profit rate and productivity. It is better to change investm

5、ent structure and orient the investment to infrastructure industries of the national economy such as agriculture, energy, and communications than to blindly channel capital into real estate and securities；however, investment in the infrastructure industry will not (at least in the short term) bring

6、high economic benefits. It is imperative to orient the investment to enterprises with better economic benefits, but in China, enterprises with better economic benefits, State-owned enterprises in particular, have been concentrated on the highly monopolized industries such as tobacco, petrochemicals

7、and telecommunications, and the high speed development of these enterprises will play a limited role in promoting the whole of society.,译文：要通过大规模地扩大投资来保证国民经济的高速增长并不难，难就难在要实现经济的有效增长以及提高企业的资本利润率和生产力。最好是改变投资结构，将投资转向国民经济中诸如农业、能源、通信等基础结构工业，而不是盲目地将资本投资到房地产和有价证券中。然而，对基础结构工业的投资不会（至少在短期内）带来较高的经济效益，因此，有必要将投资转

8、向具有较好经济效益的企业中。 但是在中国，具有较好经济效益的企业，尤其是国有企业，一直只集中于如烟草、石化、通讯等高度垄断的行业，而这些企业的高速发展在促进整个国家经济的发展方面只起着非常有限的作用。,1. 拆句法 汉语强调意合，简单句较多；英语强调形合，长句较多。英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系较为松散时，如果按原文翻译，会使译文结构松散，意义不明确。这时可以按照汉语多短句的习惯，把英语长句中的从句或短语转化成短句分开来叙述。为了使语义连贯，有时需将句子结构打乱，重新组合，甚至在译文中适当增加表示逻辑关系的词语，以此顺应现代汉语中长短句交替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。 可以拆分的句子通常带

9、有从句、较多短语或较多并列成分。有时意义比较复杂的形容词或副词也可被译为短句，甚至拆分成独立的句子。,句子英汉翻译技巧,例：If a Party breaches any of the representations or warranties given by it in Article 18.1, then in addition to any other remedies available to the other Party under this contract or under Applicable Laws, it shall indemnify the other Party

10、 and the company against any losses, damages, costs, expenses, liabilities and claims that such Party or the Company may suffer as a result of such breach.,如果一方违反任何其根据第18.1条所作的陈述或担保，则另一方除根据本合同或使用法律寻求任何可能的其他救济之外，违约方应当赔偿另一方或合营公司因此种违约行为而招致的任何损失、损害、费用、开支、责任或索赔。 （分析：英语合同文本中的长句首先要仔细分析句子的内部结构，判断句子是简单句、并列句、

11、复合句，还是并列复合句。其次是找出句中的主要成分，即主语和谓语动词。）,例： And confidence is growing in the debt-restructuring process, the infuriatingly slow and untidy effort that puts debtor nations on the International Monetary Funds stringent diet of hard-nosed monetary policy, curtailed government spending, and fewer imports. 人们

12、对一下诸方面的信心正在增加：重新确定债务偿还期限的进程；债务国在执行国际货币基金组织严厉的货币紧缩政策时所持的令人气愤的拖拉疲沓作风有所改变削减政府开支；减少进口。,（翻译技巧分析： 1， 句子主干： 2， 四个并列状语 3， 定语从句 这个主从复合句如果照一般习惯先翻译状语“在方面”，重复四遍，则太啰嗦，反而忽略了原句意中的核心部分。不如将其拆分为一个总说加四个分说的短句进行翻译，这样意义更清晰。）,2. 词性转换法。 商务英语中最常见的是名词、介词、形容词、副词及动词间的转换。 英语的名词在词汇中占绝对优势，常用名词来表达汉语中动词表达的概念（如抽象的行为名词），而汉语中却是动词占优势，而

13、且一个句子不限于用一个动词，可以几个动词连用。因此，英译汉时许多名词可译成汉语的动词。英语中具有抽象动作意义的名词汉译时常常译成动词。 英语中介词短语作表语时，汉译时常常可以转换为动词。,例1：An increase in business requires an increase in the amount of money coming into general circulation . 译文：交易增加，要求流通的货币量也增加。,例2：And we would recommend subsidies, consistent with GATT, only for a demonstrab

14、ly competitive industry whose products are used in a variety of manufactured goods. 译文：我们建议在进行补贴时，要符合关贸总协定的规定，并只限于明显有竞争力的，其产品用于加工各种制成品的产业。,例3：We shall advise you to get in touch with them for your requirements. 建议你方与他们取得联系，洽购所需商品。 例4：Such materials are characterized by good insulation and high resis

15、tance to wear. 这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。,例5： Before the payment of these tariffs, the imported goods will be in the custody of the customs and storage charges are for the importers account. 交关税前，进口货物由海关保管，存储费由进口商负担。,3. 肯定否定转换译法 汉语中否定的标志比较明显，常用“无、非、莫、否”等否定词； 而英语中的否定方式较多，否定词、表示否定意义的特殊动词、前缀、后缀、短语、结构等均可表示否定。

16、例1： Please withhold the Letter of Credit for the time being. 请暂时不要发这份信用证。 （withhold:扣下）,例2： Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen come there by specific request. 在线文化赞赏这样的主张：不经用户特别请求，别把广告发到用户的屏幕上。 例4： We should stop treating the sea as dump for human

17、 and industrial effluent. 我们不应当再（应当停止）把海洋当成人类排放生活污水和工业污水的垃圾场了。,例5： The inflation distorts our economic decisions, penalizes thrift and crushes the struggling young and the fixed-income elderly alike. 通货膨胀使我们在经济方面的决定不能顺利执行，使节俭的人反而受到惩罚，并且使挣扎的年轻人和靠固定收入的老年人都受到严重打击。 （distorts:扭曲、歪曲，“歪曲了我们的经济决定”汉语不通顺，晦涩难懂

18、）,4. 语序重组法 英语语篇中，某些句子的主语常常可以省略，有些主语难以辨识，因而在英译汉过程中需要确定主语，调整语序。 其次，英译汉时为了突出信息焦点而重组语序。,英语前重心，汉语后重心。 Anyone involved could not escape from the net. 任何有牵连的人都无法漏网。 揭穿这种老八股、老教条的丑态给人民看，号召人民起来反对老八股、老教条，这就是五四运动时期的一个极大功绩。 A tremendous achievement of the May 4th Movement was its public exposure of the ugliness

19、of old stereotype and the old dogma and its call to the people to rise against them.,例1： I believe strongly that it is in the interest of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community. 我坚信，英国依然应该是欧共体中的一个积极的和充满活力的成员，这是符合我国人民利益的。,例2： Some companies a

20、re limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the companys private intranet. 译文： 为了限制风险，有些公司只跟向他们开发公司内部局域网的老交易伙伴在网上做生意。 （分析：原句中are limiting the risk 是谓语，by conducting是状语，译成汉语时，将原来的谓语译成状语，而将状语译成谓语）。,例3：Until now the U.S. school

21、bus market has been dominated by the reassuring shape of John Lloyds yellow buses which have been made familiar to many all over the world through appearances in countless Hollywood films and American T.V. series. 迄今为止，美国的校车市场一直由约翰.劳埃德公司一统天下，那黄颜色的汽车外形令人感到信赖可靠，通过不计其数的好莱坞电影和美国电视连续剧，已经为世界上很多人所熟知。,例4： S

22、uch is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers. 许多人宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位，这在西方倒是人之常情。,用拆句法翻译下列句子。 1. The great difficulty of introducing radically new computer architectures which requires cust

23、omers to rewrite most of their software excluded the possibility these techniques to find their way to the commercial marketplace. 2. The work hereof shall be commenced in compliance with the construction work of Party As plant, and shall be completed within thirty days after the completion of Party

24、 As plant including the completion on inner part of the plant when the plant be in the condition that trial run for air conditioning mechanism is possible.,作业：,运用词类转换翻译下列句子。 1. Extremely keen competition between American and German vehicle manufacturers in the European market has compelled us to change our investment plan. (动词） 2. The export trade is subject to many risks. Ships may sink or consignments be damaged in transit, exch