Renaissance文艺复兴时期的英国文学

1、Literature of the Renaissance,(1485 early 17th century),The Renaissance,Three Stages 1485 to 1558 1509 Henry VIII 1534 Anglican Church (established church) The Elizabethan Age (1558-1603) 1588 Defeat of the “Spanish Armada ” The Jacobean period (1603-1625),Literature - prose,Thomas More (1478-1535)

2、William Tyndale (1495-1536) John Lily (1554-1606) Philip Sidney (1554-1586) Arcadia (1590) Thomas Nash (1567-1601) The Unfortunate Traveller (1594) King James Bible (1611) Francis Bacon (1561-1626),Literature - poetry,Court poets Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503-1542) Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (1517-1547)

3、Elizabethan poets Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1586) William Shakespeare (1564-1616) Edmund Spencer (1552-1599) Early 17th century Ben Johnson and “Sons of Ben” John Donne and the Metaphysical poets,Literature - drama,Morality plays and interludes Thomas Kyd “The Spanish Tragedy” Christopher Marlowe Will

4、iam Shakespeare Ben Johnson John Webster,Poetic drama: the dialogue is written in verse, which in English is usually blank verse,Thomas More (1478-1535),Utopia,Brief History of Utopia,Plato: Republic Tammaso Campanella: City of the Sun (1602) Francis Bacon: New Atlantis (1627) Edward Bellamy: Lookin

5、g Backward (1888) William Morris: News from Nowhere (1890) Karel Capek: R. U. R (1920) Andy Wachowski: The Matrix (1999),Other works,Jonathan Swift: Gullivers Travels Samuel Butler: Erewhon Aldous Huxley: Brave New World George Orwell: Nineteen Eighty-Four Anthony Burgess: A Clockwork Orange,William

6、 Tyndale and King James Bible,John Lily (1554-1606),Euphues or the Anatomy of Wit, 1578 Euphues and His England, 1580 Euphuistic style The Sunne shineth upon the dounghill, and is not corrupted: the Diamond lyeth in the fire, and it is not consumed: the Christall toucheth the Toade and is not poyson

7、ed: the birde Trochilus lyueth by the mouth of the Crocodile and is not spoyled: a perfect wit is never bewitched with lewdnesse, neither entised with lasciuousnesse.,Sir Thomas Wyatt (1503-1542),Love lyric Sonnet,lyric,A lyric is any fairly short poem, consisting of the utterance by a single speake

8、r, who expresses a state of mind or a process of perception, thought, and feeling.,Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (1517-1547),Love lyrics Sonnet Blank verse,Tottels Miscellany (1557),Sonnet,A lyric poem consisting of a single stanza of 14 iambic pentameter lines linked by an intricate rhyme scheme. Th

9、ere are two major patterns of rhyme in sonnets written in the English language: Italian or Petrarchan sonnet English or Shakespearean sonnet M. H. Abrams,Sonnet 1,Origin Dante (1265-1321) Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) Italian sonnet Content Form English sonnet Content Form,Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1

10、586),Astrofil and Stella (1582) Penelope Devereux “With How Sad Steps, O Moon”,William Shakespeare (1564-1616),154 sonnets Sonnet 12 When I look at the clock and notice time ticking away Sonnet 18 Shall I compare thee to a summers day?,John Donne (1572-1631),Holy Sonnet 10 Death, be not proud,John M

11、ilton (1608-1674),“On the Late Massacre in Piedmont”,Later sonneteers,William Wordsworth Percy Bysshe Shelley Elizabeth Browning William Butler Yeats ,Edmund Spenser,Spenserian stanza in The Faerie Queene eight lines in iambic pentameter a single ninth line in iambic hexameter ababbcbcc Other users

12、of Spenserian stanza Lord Byron John Keats Shelly ,The cavalier poets,Ben Johnson (1572-1637) Robert Herrick (1591-1674) “For them life is far too enjoyable for much of it to be spent sweating over verses in a study. The poems must be written in the intervals of living, and are celebratory of things

13、 that are much livelier than mere philosophy or art.” - Robin SkeltonThe Cavalier Poets,Robert Herrick (1591-1674),To the Virgins , to Make Much of Time,Gather ye rose-buds while ye may,Old Time is still a-flying:And this same flower that smiles today,Tomorrow will be dying.The glorious lamp of heav

14、en, the Sun,The higher hes a-getting,The sooner will his race be run,And nearer hes to setting.,That age is best which is the first,When youth and blood are warmer;But being spent, the worse, and worstTimes, still succeed the former.Then be not coy, but use your time:And while ye may, go marry:For h

15、aving lost but once your prime,You may for ever tarry.,Inspiration/source,Decimus Magnus Ausonius (AD 310-394 or 395) Collige, virgo, rosas, dum flos novus et nova pubes, / et memor esto aevum sic properare tuum. Maidens, gather roses, while blooms are fresh and youth is fresh, and be mindful that y

16、our life-time hastes away.,carpe diem,Horace (65 BC-8 BC) carpe diem, quam minimum credula postero. Seize the day, trusting as little as possible in the future.,Similar poems,“The Flower That Smiles Today” (Percy Bysshe Shelley) “Since feeling is first” (e. e. cummings),The metaphysicals,Time (the e

17、arly and mid-17th century) Witty Conceit Originally meaning a concept or image, “conceit” came to be the term for figures of speech which establish a striking parallel, usually ingeniously elaborate, between two very dissimilar things or situations. M. H. Abrams Circulation of works,The metaphysical

18、 poets,John Donne George Herbert Andrew Marvell,“To His Coy Mistress,Had we but world enough, and time.This coyness, lady, were no crime.We would sit down and think which wayTo walk, and pass our long loves day;Thou by the Indian Ganges sideShouldst rubies find; I by the tideOf Humber would complain

19、. I wouldLove you ten years before the Flood;And you should, if you please, refuseTill the conversion of the Jews.My vegetable love should growVaster than empires, and more slow.,But at my back I always hearTimes winged chariot hurrying near;And yonder all before us lieDeserts of vast eternity. Now

20、let us sport us while we may;And now, like amrous birds of prey,Rather at once our time devour,Than languish in his slow-chappd power.,Problems Complicated Conceit/sexuality Samuel Johnsons comment “The most heterogeneous ideas are yoked by violence together.” Influence T. S. Eliot (poetic subject),

21、Drama,15th and 16th century Drama among the other characters are personifications of virtues, vices, and Death, as well as angels and demons who contest for the prize of the soul of Mankind.,- M. H. Abrams,Interlude,Latin: between the play It is a term applied to a variety of short stage entertainme

22、nts, such as secular farces and witty dialogues with a religious or political point. In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, these little dramas were performed by bands of professional actors; it is believed that they were often put on between the courses of a feast or between the acts of a longe

23、r play.,- M. H. Abrams,Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593),Tragedies Tamburlaine (1587-88) Doctor Faustus (1589) The Jew of Malta (1590) Edward II (1592-93) Theme Ambition; infinite desire Blank verse,Blank verse,consists of lines of iambic pentameter (five-stress iambic verse) which are unrhymed hence

24、the term “blank.” Of all English metrical forms it is closest to the natural rhythms of English speech, and at the same time flexible and adaptive to diverse levels of discourse; as a result it has been more frequently and variously used than any other type of versification.,- M. H. Abrams,Is it not

25、 passing brave to be a King, and ride in triumph through Persepolis?,University wits (wiki),The University Wits were a group of late 16th century English playwrights who were educated at the universities (Oxford or Cambridge) and who became playwrights and popular secular writers. Prominent members

26、of this group were Christopher Marlowe, Robert Greene, and Thomas Nashe from Cambridge, and John Lyly, Thomas Lodge, George Peele from Oxford. Thomas Kyd is also considered sometimes as one of the University Wits but Kyd did not read in any university. Nevertheless, the plays of Kyd show close resem

27、blance to those of other members of the group.,Ben Johnson,Neo-Aristotelian unities Time Place Action Theme Money Major Works Volpone (1606) The Alchemist (1610),John Webster (1580-1634),The Duchess of Malfi (1612-1613),William Shakespeare (1564-1616),Period of stability Family Education Marriage (1

28、582) ? (1585-1592) London (1592-1610) Last years Shakespeare or?,Mary and Elizabeth,Stratford-upon-Avon,Grammar School,Anne Hathaway,London,The Taming of the Shrew (1593) Petrutio Katherine “Thy husband is thy lord, thy life, thy keeper, Thy head, thy sovereign; one that cares for thee.” Much Ado about nothing (1598) Beatrice Strong women,Measure for Measure (1604) Claudio Isabella An